Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune – 411043

Academic Year: 2023-24

 Project Based Learning Report
on

Solving the Partial Differential Equations

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the Project based learning in (Engineering Mathematics-I)
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By

PRN Name of the Student

Under the guidance of Course In-charge

Prof. Narayan M. Phadtare

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune – 4110043

Academic Year: 2023-24

 Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune – 411043

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Project Based Learning report entitled, “Solving the Partial Differential
Equations” is work done by

PRN Name of the Student

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of credits for Project Based Learning
(PBL) in Engineering Mathematics-I of Bachelor of Technology Semester I, in Branch name.

Date: 30/10/23

Prof. Narayan M. Phadtare Dr. Arundhati A.Shinde

Course In-charge Professor & Head

 INDEX
SL.NO. TOPICS PG.NO.

1. Introduction 1

2. Partial Differential Equations 2-3

3. Linear Partial Differentials Equations of 1st Order 4

4. Solved Examples 5-8

5. Conclusion 9
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Prof Narayan M. Phadatare Sir, who
gave the golden opportunity to do this wonderful Project Based Learning (PBL) on the topic
of SOLVING THE PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

Who also guided me in completing my project. We came to know about many new things for
which we are really grateful to him.

Secondly, I would like to thank the team for their contribution in this project.
 INTRODUCTION
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) are the mathematical backbone of countless scientific
and engineering endeavors, governing phenomena as diverse as heat diffusion, wave
propagation, and fluid dynamics. They are, in essence, the language of change and evolution,
describing how various quantities evolve over space and time. In this report, we embark on a
journey into the realm of PDEs, aiming to demystify their intricacies and explore the myriad
techniques used to solve them.

PDEs have left an indelible mark across a broad spectrum of fields, from physics and
engineering to economics and biology. They enable us to understand and predict complex,
dynamic processes in the natural world, making them indispensable tools for both theoretical
exploration and practical problem-solving. Yet, solving PDEs remains a formidable challenge,
requiring a deep understanding of mathematical concepts, analytical prowess, and
computational acumen.

The formidable nature of PDEs lies in their diversity and complexity. These equations
encompass a wide array of forms, and each type demands its own unique solution approach.
The challenge extends to determining the most suitable method for solving a particular PDE,
whether through analytical means or numerical techniques. Our aim is to shed light on this
intricate landscape, equipping readers with the knowledge to approach PDEs with confidence
and proficiency.

Understanding PDEs and their solutions is more than an academic pursuit; it is the key to
unraveling the mysteries of the physical world and driving innovation across numerous
industries. From simulating climate patterns to optimizing drug delivery systems, the power of
PDEs in shaping our world cannot be overstated.

1
 Partial Differential Equation
Definition: A partial differential equation is a mathematical equation that involves two or more
independent variables, an unknown function (dependent on those variables), and partial
derivatives of the unknown function with respect to the independent variables.

The order of a partial differential equation is the order of the highest derivative involved. For
𝜕2 𝑢
example, = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 is a partial differential equation of order 2.
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

A solution (or a particular solution) to a partial differential equation is a function that solves
the equation or, in other words, turns it into an identity when substituted into the equation. A
solution is called general if it contains all particular solutions of the equation concerned.

Partial differential equations are used to mathematically formulate, and thus aid the solution
of, physical and other problems involving functions of several variables, such as the
propagation of heat or sound, fluid flow, elasticity, electrostatics, electrodynamics, etc.

The general linear partial differential equation of order 2 in two independent variables has the
form

where A, B, C, D, E, F, and G may depend on

x and y (but not u). If a second-order equation
with independent variables x and y does not have the form of equation, it is nonlinear. If G =
0, the equation is homogeneous; otherwise it is nonhomogeneous. Generalizations to higher-
order equations are easily made.

Because of the nature of the solutions of Equation, the equation is

A linear second-order partial differential equation (PDE) in the two independent variables x
and y has the form

where the solution is u(x, y). If G(x, y) = 0 for all x and y, we say that the equation is
homogeneous. Otherwise, the equation is nonhomogeneous.

2
Partial differential equations differ from ordinary differential equations in that the equation has
a single dependent variable and more than one independent variable. We focus on three main
types of partial differential equations in this text, all linear.

1. The heat or diffusion equation (first-order derivative in time t, second-order derivative in

distance x)

2. The wave equation (second-order derivative in time t, second-order derivative in distance

x)

3. The Laplace equation (second-order derivative in both distance variables x and y)

3
Linear Partial Differential Equations of 1st Order
If in a 1st order PDE, both ‘p’ and ‘q’ occur in 1st degree only and are not multiplied together,
then it is called a linear PDE of 1st order, i.e. an equation of the form Pp + Qq = R; P Q R are
functions of x,y,z is a linear PDE of 1st order.

Langrange’s Method to Solve a Linear PDE of 1st Order (Working Rule):

1. Form the auxiliary equations

2. Solve the auxiliary equations by the method of grouping or the method of multipliers* or

both to get two independent solutions: u = a, v = b where a and b are arbitrary

constants.

3. is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R

4
EXAMPLES

5
6
7
8
 CONCLUSION
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) have a wide range of applications in real life, spanning
various fields. Here are some notable examples of how PDEs are used in practical applications:

Physics:

Heat Conduction: PDEs model the distribution of heat in materials. This is crucial in designing
heat transfer systems, such as radiators and electronic cooling systems.

Wave Propagation: PDEs describe the behavior of waves, including electromagnetic waves,
sound waves, and seismic waves. They are essential in fields like optics, acoustics, and
seismology.

Engineering:

Fluid Dynamics: PDEs are fundamental in understanding and predicting fluid flow in areas like
aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and weather modeling.

Structural Mechanics: PDEs help analyze the deformation and stresses in structures, aiding in
the design of buildings, bridges, and mechanical components.

Quantum Mechanics:

PDEs, such as the Schrödinger equation, play a central role in quantum mechanics, describing
the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels. They are essential for
understanding the behavior of electrons in atoms and molecules.

Electrical Engineering:

Electromagnetism: Maxwell's equations, a set of PDEs, describe the behavior of electric and
magnetic fields. They are fundamental in the design of electrical circuits and devices.

PDEs are used in computer graphics for simulating fluid dynamics, cloth and hair movement,
and realistic animations.

These applications highlight the versatility and importance of PDEs in solving complex
problems and advancing various scientific, engineering, and technological fields. Solving
PDEs enables us to gain a deeper understanding of natural phenomena, make informed
decisions, and develop innovative solutions to real-world challenges.