Agenda

• Last week
• Deflections and rotations
– Double integration method
– Moment area theorems
– Conjugate beam
Last week
 One question
• Is developing the statically determinate model of the
statically indeterminate model considered part of the
approximate analysis?

• No. We are not changing the statically indeterminate

structure to a statically determinate one.
• We are using methods to approximately analyse the
structure.
• These are approximate axial forces, shear forces, and
bending moments
Deflections
 Deflections occur due to
• Loads
• Temperature
• Fabrication errors
• Settlement

Structures that have a linear elastic response

to loads applied will return to their original
size and shape when the load is removed
• Deflections in beams and frames are caused by
internal bending moments, whereas internal axial
forces cause deflections in trusses

• Before the slope (q) or displacement (deflection

(Dv)) in a structure can be determined it is useful
to draw the deflection diagram, this represents the
elastic curve for the points at the centroid of the
cross section area along the structure (this
provides a visual check when the slope and
displacement are calculated)
 Supports

Roller
• q # 0, D = 0

Pin
• q # 0, D = 0
 Supports

Fixed
• q = 0, D = 0
 Connections
Elastic Materials
Fixed connection
• Angle is the same,
before and after loading

Pin connection
• Angle is not the same,
before and after loading
Deflections
deflections_01.exe

deflections_02.exe

deflections_03.exe

deflections_04.exe
• On the deflection diagram points of
inflection occur where bending moment
=0
• There are several methods to determine
the slope and displacement of a structure
– Double integration method
– Moment area theorem (Beams)
– Conjugate beam method
– Method of virtual work: Trusses
– Method of virtual work: Beams and frames
– Castigliano’s theorem: Trusses
– Castigliano’s theorem: Beams and Frames
Moment Diagram – Elastic Shape
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
• Overhanging beam
• Reactions at A and C
• Bending moment diagram
• Curvature is zero at points where the bending
moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
1 M ( x)

 EI
• Beam is concave upwards where the bending
moment is positive and concave downwards
where it is negative.
• Maximum curvature occurs where the moment
magnitude is a maximum.
• An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve
is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope.
 Elastic Beam Theorem

•  = radius of curvature
Elastic Beam Theorem
(   y )dq  dq

dq
1 
or 
 y


Since 
E
and My Curvature

I 2
1 M d v M
 
 EI dx 2
EI
• Note: if the loading on the beam is
discontinuous (consists of several UDL or
point loads) then several functions need
to be written for the internal bending
moment
• A positive q is measured counter
clockwise from the x axis and a positive v
indicates the deflection is upwards
Example

Determine equation of the elastic curve of the

cantilever

Solutions
At any point, M = M0
 d 2v
EI 2  M 0
dx
dv
EI  M 0 x  c1
dx
M 0 x2
EIv   c1 x  c2
2
• Boundary Conditions deflections_05.exe

dv M 0 x
v0 @ x0 
dx EI
dv
0 @ x0 M0x 2
dx v
2 EI
• The constants of integration in the double
integration method are determined by evaluating
the functions of slope or displacement at points on
the beam where the value of the function is
known. These are known as boundary or
continuity conditions ie
• v = 0 for a roller, rocker or pin support
• v = 0 and q = 0 for a fixed support
• At point of discontinuity (where 2 functions meet)
in the beam point v1 = v2 and q1 = q2
 • Constants are determined from boundary
conditions
x x
EI v   dx  M x  dx  C1 x  C2
vA  0 vB  0 0 0

• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

– Simply supported beam
v A  0, vB  0

vA  0 vB  0 – Overhanging beam
v A  0, vB  0
– Cantilever beam
v A  0, q A  0
• More complicated loadings require multiple
vA  0 integrals and application of requirement for
qA  0 continuity of displacement and slope.
 • For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
dM d 2M dV
 V x  2
   w x 
dx dx dx

• Equation for beam displacement becomes

vA  0 VB  0
d 2M d4y
qA  0 MB  0 2
 EI 4
  w x 
dx dx

• Integrating four times yields

EI v x     dx  dx  dx  w x dx
 16 C1 x 3  12 C2 x 2  C3 x  C4

• Constants are determined from boundary

vA  0 vB  0 conditions.
MA  0 MB  0
Example

Displacement at C?

Solution
P
0  x  2a M  x
2
deflections_06.exe
P 3P
2a  x  3a M  x ( x  2a )
2 2
 Px  3Pa
0  x  2a
2
P d v
M   x  EI 2
2 dx

dv Px 2
EI   c1 (1)
dx 4
Px 3
EIv    c1 x  c2 ( 2)
12
d 2v
2a  x  3a M  EI 2  Px  3Pa
dx
dv Px 2
EI   3Pax  c3 (3)
dx 2
Px 3 3
EIv   Pax 2  c3 x  c4 (4)
6 2
Boundary Conditions

v0 @x0
Continuity
v  0 @ x  2a Equation
dv dv
 @ x  2a
dx dx
• Equation 2 Px 3
EIv    c1 x  c2 ( 2)
12

v=0@x=0 c2 = 0

Eq. 2, v = 0 at x = 2a P ( 2a ) 3
EI (0)    c1 (2a )
12
Also, v = 0 at x = 2a, eq 4
Px 3 3
EIv   Pax 2  c3 x  c4
6 2
3
P ( 2a ) 3
0  Pa (2a ) 2  c3 (2a )  c4
6 2
Finally, v’ = v’ (at x = 2a)
2 2
P ( 2a ) P ( 2a )
  c1   3Pa(2a)  c3
 4   2   
equation1 equation 3

solving we get

Pa 2
c1  c2  0
3
10 2
c3  Pa c4   Pa 3
3
for 2a  x  3a
2 3
P 3 3 Pa 2 10 Pa 2 Pa
v x  x  x
6 EI 2 EI 3EI EI

at C, x = 3a

3
Pa
v
EI
Poll Double Integration I
 Exercise
• Derive the equations of the deflection curve,
and the deflection where the moment Mo is
applied.
Poll Double Integration II
 Moment Area Theorems
Theorem 1

The change on slope between two points on

the elastic curve equals the area of M/EI
diagram between these two points.
• Geometric properties of the elastic curve can
be used to determine deflection and slope.

• Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,

• First Moment-Area Theorem:

area under (M/EI) diagram between
C and D =

qC q D
Theorem 2
The vertical deviation of the tangent at a
Point (A) on the elastic with respect to the
tangent extended from another Point (B)
equals the moment of the area under the M/EI
diagram between the two points (A and B).
This moment is computed about point A (the
point on the elastic curve), where the
deviation tA/B is to be determined.
• Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P’ intercept a
segment of length dt on the vertical through C.

tC / D = tangential deviation of C
with respect to D

• Second Moment-Area Theorem:

The tangential deviation of C with respect to D
is equal to the first moment with respect to a
vertical axis through C of the area under the
(M/EI) diagram between C and D.
Application to Cantilever Beams and Beams With
Symmetric Loadings
• Cantilever beam - Select tangent at A as the
reference.

• Simply supported, symmetrically loaded

beam - select tangent at C as the reference.
The picture can't be display ed.
 Example
• Slope at B and C?
E = 28 GPa

bh 3
I
12
250(600) 3
  4.5  109 mm 4
12 deflections_07.exe
 qB  qB/ A
qC  qC / A

1  1 
qB  6  3  (6)(3)
EI  2 
27

EI
27

4.5 109
 28  10 6

1012
 0.000214rad
 1 1
qC  qC / A  (12)(6)
2 EI
1 72
 
2 EI
1  72
 
2 4.5 10 9
 28  10 6

1012
1
  0.000571 rad
2
Example

• IAB = 8*106 mm4

• IBC = 4*106 mm4
• E = 200 GPa

• Calculate DB and DC.

 Solution
• Draw the bending
moment diagram
D B  tB / A
0.500
 (4)(2)
EI AB
0.5(4)(2)

8  10 6
200 106 
1012
 0.0025 m  2.5 mm
D C  tC / A
1  0.500 0.500 
  (4)(5)  (3)(1.5)
E  I AB I BC 
 
1  0.5(20) 0.5(4.5) 
 6 
 6 
200  10  8  10 6
4  10 
 1012 1012 
 0.00906 m  9.06 mm
Example

SOLUTION:
• Determine the reactions at supports.
RB  RD  wa

• Construct shear, bending moment and

(M/EI) diagrams.
wa 2  L  wa 2 L
A1    
2 EI  2  4 EI

1  wa 2  wa 3
A2  
 
a   
3  2 EI  6 EI
• Slope at E:
q E  qC  q E C  qE C

wa 2 L wa 3
 A1  A2   
4 EI 6 EI
wa 2
qE   3L  2a 
12 EI

• Deflection at E:
vE  t E C  t D C
  L  3a    L 
  A1  a    A2     A1  
  4  4    4  
 wa 3 L wa 2 L2 wa 4   wa 2 L2 
       
 4 EI 16 EI 8 EI   16 EI 

wa 3
vE   2 L  a 
8EI
 Exercise
Determine the angle of rotation qB and
deflection dB at the free end B.
Solution

3
PL
dB 
3EI
 Exercise
Find the angle of rotation qB and deflection dB
at the free end B.
 Solution

1  L  qL 2
 qL3
A1     
3  2  8 EI  48EI

 
L  qL 2
 qL3
A2     
 2  8 EI  16 EI

1  L  3qL2 qL2  qL3

A3      
2  2  8 EI 8 EI  16 EI
Solution rotation as B

First moment area theorem

7 qL3
q B  A1  A2  A3 
48 EI
 Solution – deflection at B
Second moment area theorem
d B  A1 x1  A2 x2  A3 x3

3  L  3L L L 3L
x1     x2   
4 2 8 2 4 4

L 2  L  5L
x3     
2 3 2 6

qL3  3L  qL3  3L  qL3  5 L 

dB       
48EI  8  16 EI  4  16 EI  6 
41qL4

384 EI
Poll Moment
Area
 Conjugate Beam Method
dV d 2M
 w 2
 w
dx dx

dq M d 2v M
 
dx EI dx 2
EI
• Integrating
M     wdx dx
V    wdx  
 
 
 M 
q 
M
dx v   EI dx dx
EI  
 Theorem 1
• The slope at a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the shear at the
corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
 Theorem 2
• The displacement at a point in the real
beam is numerically equal to the moment at
the corresponding point in the conjugate
beam.
Conjugate
Beam vs
Real Beam
 Real Beam

Conjugate Beam
 Real Beam

Conjugate Beam
 Real Beam

Conjugate Beam
 To analyse a beam for slope and
displacement:
• Draw the conjugate beam, with the same
length as the real beam and the
corresponding supports as listed above
• Load the conjugate beam with the M/EI
diagram from the real beam, if M/EI is
positive the direction of the load is upwards,
if M/EI is negative the direction of the load
is downwards
To analyse a beam for slope and
displacement: (Cont)
• Determine the reactions in the conjugate beam
• Section the conjugate beam at the point where the
slope (q) and displacement (v) in the real beam are
to be determined
• Solve for internal shear and moment in the
sectioned conjugate beam and equate them to the
slope (q) and displacement (v) respectively in the
real beam
 Example

• Determine the
rotation and
displacement at B
 Draw the BM diagram

rotation at B = Shear at B
in the conjugate beam
1  15  45
q B    3  
2  EI  2 EI

displacement at B = moment at B in the

conjugate beam
1  15  112.5
D B    3  2  3  
2  EI  2 EI
 Example

• E = 200 GPa
• I = 60*106 mm4

Determine the maximum deflection

 1 1
(9)(18)(3  3)  (3)(18)(2)
2 2 45
RA   
12 EI EI

63
RB  
EI
 • In the real beam, point of maximum
deflection is the point of zero slope
• In the conjugate beam it is the point of zero
shear
at any point x, the load intensity is
18  x  2 x
 
EI  9  EI

to find x where the shear = zero

 18  x  2 x
at any point x, the load intensity is  
EI  9  EI

F y 0

45 1  2 x 
V '    x 
EI 2  EI 

45  x  x  6.71
2

which is within (0-9) m from the left portion

of the left beam. OK
 18  x  2 x
at any point x, the load intensity is  
EI  9  EI

1  1  45
M '   2(6.71)(6.71)  (6.71)   (6.71)
2 EI  3  EI
201.2

EI
 201.2

60  10 6
200 10 6 
1012
 0.0168 m
  16.8 mm
 Example

• Rotation and displacement at C?

 rotation at C = shear at
C in the conjugate beam

120 1 360
qC   6  rad
EI 2 EI

1  120  1440
DC     6 4   kN .m 
3

2  EI  EI
 Exercise

• Calculate the deflection and rotation at

point B
Poll 3 Conjugate Beam
Method
 Which Method to Use?
• If you are asked to derive an equation for
deflection, then you have to use the double
integration method.
• For calculating the deflection or rotation at
a given point, then the nature of the problem
will decide. You need to remember that all
methods will work for all beam problems,
but some methods are more suitable and
efficient than others for certain problems.
 Example

• If you use double integration, then you need to

establish three equations, six constants of
integration. Conjugate beam or moment area
theorems are the best.