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The Human Endocrine System and Homeostasis Grade 12

The human endocrine system and homeostasis are maintained through negative feedback loops. The endocrine system secretes hormones that regulate processes like water balance, salt concentration, blood glucose levels, and body temperature. Key glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, as well as the thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands. Endocrine disorders can occur if glands produce too much or too little of certain hormones, leading to diseases such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and others.

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2K views30 pages

The Human Endocrine System and Homeostasis Grade 12

The human endocrine system and homeostasis are maintained through negative feedback loops. The endocrine system secretes hormones that regulate processes like water balance, salt concentration, blood glucose levels, and body temperature. Key glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, as well as the thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands. Endocrine disorders can occur if glands produce too much or too little of certain hormones, leading to diseases such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and others.

Uploaded by

manolitolanadelrey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The human

endocrine system
and homeostasis
Grade 12
Introduction:
➢ Various human mechanisms enable us to respond and react to the outside
environment to maintain a constant internal environment.

➢ It is very important for the human body to always have a constant internal
environment (blood and tissue fluid).

➢ Homeostasis is the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal conditions,


usually by a system of feedback controls, to stabilize health and functioning, regardless
of the outside changing conditions.

➢ Homeostasis is largely controlled by negative feedback systems which operate in the


human body to detect changes or imbalances in the internal environment and to
restore the balance. Important secretory glands play the biggest role in maintaining
homeostasis.
There are two important type of secretory
glands:
1) Exocrine glands 2) Endocrine glands
The difference between the important
secretory glands:

Exocrine Endocrine
• Have ducts • Do not have ducts

• secretions released into a cavity • hormones released into the


or on a surface bloodstream

• Examples: salivary glands • Examples: pituitary (ADH),


(saliva), sweat glands(sweat) thyroid (TSH), pancreas (insulin)

• Pancreas secretes digestive • Pancreas secretes insulin and


enzymes into the small intestine glucagon into the bloodstream
as exocrine function. as endocrine function.
The main systems controlling homeostasis:

The nervous and endocrine systems helps to maintain homeostasis.

The nervous system responds via the use of electrical impulses and
neurotransmitters.

The endocrine response is controlled by the endocrine glands situated


throughout the body that releases various hormones.
The endocrine system secretes hormones.
What are hormones?

Hormones are organic compounds that act as messengers in the body.


Most hormones are proteins with some being steroids (type of lipids). They
are only needed in small amounts, and they give a more lasting response
than a nerve response.
Hormones may be over-secreted or under secreted resulting in certain
disorders.

The basic functions of hormones are:


➢ reproduction, growth and development

➢ maintenance of the internal environment (by stimulating or inhibiting the

functioning of cells / organ)


➢ regulation of metabolism by controlling production, usage and storage of

energy.
The endocrine glands found in humans:
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland:
Hypothalamus:

The hypothalamus is a small area of the human brain, located above and
connected to the pituitary gland. It produces and secretes important
hormones and is a link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.

Hormone Target organ Function of the


hormone
ADH (antidiuretic Kidneys • stimulates the
hormone), also re-absorption of
called H2O into the
vasopressin tubules
• protects the
body against
dehydration
Pituitary gland:
Adrenal glands:
Adrenal glands:
The reproductive glands:
Let us revise the glands and the hormones they
secrete:
Negative feedback :

A negative feedback mechanism is an interaction between two hormones in


which one hormone stimulates an increase in another hormone which then
inhibits the first hormone, thus restoring balance.
The following is the general sequence of events in a negative feedback
mechanism:

1. an imbalance is detected by the receptor


2. a control centre is stimulated
3. the control centre responds
4. a message sent to target organ/s which are the effectors
5. the effector responds
6. it opposes (reverses) the imbalance
7. balance is restored
Homeostatic mechanisms that will be
discussed:

1. maintenance of water levels

2. maintenance of salt levels

3. regulation of thyroxin levels

4. maintenance of glucose levels

5. regulation of the CO2 concentrations

6. regulation of body temperature


Negative feedback in the control of water
balance – OSMOREGULATION
Negative feedback in the regulation of salt
concentration
Negative feedback regulating of carbon
dioxide concentrations
Negative feedback mechanism regulating
blood glucose levels
Negative feedback in the regulation of
thyroxin levels
Thermoregulation:
Lets revise negative feedback mechanisms
Endocrine system disorders:

Pituitary gland disorders:


Acromegaly Dwarfism Gigantism

hypersecretion of GH hyposecretion of GH hypersecretion of GH

too much GH secreted too little GH produced too much GH secreted


after puberty during childhood during childhood

enlargement of the hands and well-proportioned but of long bones and connective tissue
feet short stature grow very fast
additionally: enlargement of the retarded growth and person may grow up to 2,1 to 2,5 m
forehead, jaw and nose delayed puberty. tall
heart and other organs also enlarge,
causing high blood pressure
Thyroid gland disorders

Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Graves disease Goitre Cretinism Myxoedema

autoimmune disease – which goitre – condition linked to caused by lack of thyroxin caused by underactive
occurs when the immune elevated from birth thyroid gland in adulthood
system attacks the thyroid thyroid activity
and causes it to overproduce
the hormone thyroxin

bulging eyes increased metabolic rate physical, mental retardation mental, physical tiredness
weight loss increased cardio-vascular low metabolic rate
fast metabolism activity increase in dermal fat
increased anxiety roughening of skin
swollen thyroid gland in
neck
Pancreas disorders: Diabetes

A person with continued (chronic) high glucose levels is said to be hyperglycemic.


Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with high blood glucose levels.

The long-term effect of diabetes is damage to all the blood vessels which eventually
leads to circulatory problems and multiple organ damage. Wounds on the skin do
not heal well. The eyes are negatively affected, leading to poor vision and eventually
blindness.

● Type 1 diabetics might inject insulin as a treatment. There are sophisticated


insulin pumps available which are directly attached to the patient and are
effective in controlling glucose levels.

● Type 2 diabetics can in most instances control their sugar levels by watching
their diet, losing excess weight and exercising.
Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes

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