DM Experiment No 1

Experiment No.
1
Title:. Introduction to SQL
Theory:
Introduction to SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language and is a computer language that we use to
interact with a relational database. SQL is a tool for organizing, managing,
and retrieving archived data from a computer database. The original name was given by IBM
as Structured English Query Language, abbreviated by the acronym SEQUEL. When data
needs to be retrieved from a database, SQL is used to make the request. The DBMS processes
the SQL query retrieves the requested data and returns it to us. Rather, SQL statements
describe how a collection of data should be organized or what data should be extracted or
added to the database.
PL/SQL Introduction
PL/SQL is a block structured language that enables developers to combine the power of SQL
with procedural statements.All the statements of a block are passed to oracle engine all at
once which increases processing speed and decreases the traffic.
Oracle Forms and oracle graphs
Oracle Forms is a software products for creating screens that interact with product with an
oracle database. It has an IDE that includes an object navigator, property sheet, and code editor
that uses PL/SQL. It was originally developed to run server-side in character-mode terminal
sessions.
Oracle Graph is a complete graph database for the enterprise. A feature of Oracle Database, it
provides a rich set of Property Graph and RDF Graph features, delivering extreme performance
and scalability for graph query and analytics in enterprise applications.
SQL Datatypes:
They define the types of values that can be stored in a column
SQL commands
o SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is also
used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
o SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the table,
modify the table, set permission for users.
Types of SQL Commands:
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a
table, etc.
o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the
changes in the database.
DDL Commands:
o CREATE
o ALTER
o DROP
o TRUNCATE
a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);
Example:
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHAR2(100), DOB D
ATE);
b. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to
modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.
Syntax:
To add a new column in the table
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;
To modify existing column in the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_definitions....);
Example
ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));

ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));
c. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.
Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;
d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing
the table.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
2. Data Manipulation Language

o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of
changes in the database.
o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save all
the changes in the database. They can be rollback.
DML Commands:
o INSERT
o UPDATE
o DELETE
a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of a
table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME
(col1, col2, col3,.... col N)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
Or
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
For example:
INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Sonoo", "DBMS");
b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE

CONDITION]
For example:
UPDATE students
SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'
WHERE Student_Id = '3'
c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
For example:
DELETE FROM javatpoint

WHERE Author="Sonoo";
3. Data Control Language
DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.
DCL Commands:
o Grant
o Revoke
a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.
Example
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;
b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.
Example
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;
4. Transaction Control Language
TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
only.
These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they cannot be used
while creating tables or dropping them.
Here are some commands that come under TCL:
o COMMIT
o ROLLBACK
o SAVEPOINT
a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.
Syntax:
COMMIT;
Example:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE = 25;
COMMIT;
b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been saved
to the database.
Syntax:
ROLLBACK;
Example:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE = 25;
ROLLBACK;
c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling back
the entire transaction.
Syntax:
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
5. Data Query Language
DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.
It uses only one command:
o SELECT
a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used to
select the attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.
Syntax:
1. SELECT expressions
2. FROM TABLES
3. WHERE conditions;
For example:
1. SELECT emp_name
2. FROM employee
3. WHERE age > 20;
Conclusion: Thus , we Studied Introduction to SQL

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Experiment No.

Types of SQL Commands:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);

To add a new column in the table

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;

To modify existing column in the table:

ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));

DROP TABLE table_name;

DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;

2. Data Manipulation Language

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

(col1, col2, col3,.... col N)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME

INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Sonoo", "DBMS");

UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

DELETE FROM javatpoint

3. Data Control Language

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;

4. Transaction Control Language

Here are some commands that come under TCL:

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

5. Data Query Language

DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:

Conclusion: Thus , we Studied Introduction to SQL

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