UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking
power."AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a great scope in
future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software
think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks and how humans learn, decide, and work while
trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent
software and systems.
Definitions may be organized into four categories.

1. Systems that think like humans.

2. Systems that act like humans.
3. Systems that think rationally
4. Systems that act rationally
Philosophy of AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a
machine think and behave like humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we
find and regard high in humans.

AI Vocabulary
Intelligence relates to tasks involving higher mental processes, e.g. creativity, solving problems, pattern
recognition, classification, learning, induction, deduction, building analogies, optimization, language
processing, knowledge and many more. Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve
goals.

Intelligent behavior is depicted by perceiving one’s environment, acting in complex environments,

learning and understanding from experience, reasoning to solve problems and discover hidden
knowledge, applying knowledge successfully in new situations, thinking abstractly, using analogies,
communicating with others and more.

Science based goals of AI pertains to developing concepts, mechanisms and understanding biological
intelligent behavior. The emphasis is on understanding intelligent behavior.

Engineering based goals of AI relate to developing concepts, theory and practice of building intelligent
machines. The emphasis is on system building.
AI Techniques depict how we represent, manipulate and reason with knowledge in order to solve
problems. Knowledge is a collection of ‘facts’. To manipulate these facts by a program, a suitable
representation is required. A good representation facilitates problem solving. Learning means that
programs learn from what facts or behavior can represent.

Learning denotes changes in the systems that are adaptive in other words; it enables the system to do the
same task(s) more efficiently next time.

Applications of AI refers to problem solving, search and control strategies, speech recognition, natural
language understanding, computer vision, expert systems, etc.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI
and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.

o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google
Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.

Importance of AI
Game Playing You can buy against people mainly through brute force computation--looking at hundreds
of thousands of positions. To beat a world champion by brute force and known reliable heuristics requires
being able to look at 200 million positions per second.

Speech Recognition In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a practical level for limited
purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for flight information by a system using
speech recognition of flight numbers and city names. It is quite convenient. On the other hand, while it is
possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone back to the keyboard and the
mouse as still more convenient.

Understanding Natural Language Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough.
Parsing sentences is not enough either. The computer has to be provided with an understanding of the
domain the text is about, and this is presently possible only for very limited domains.

Computer Vision The world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye
and computers' TV cameras are two dimensional. Some useful programs can work solely in two
dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information that is not just a set of
two-dimensional views. At present there are only limited ways of representing three-dimensional
information directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use.
Expert Systems A ‘knowledge engineer'' interviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody their
knowledge in a computer program for carrying out some task. How well this works depends on whether
the intellectual mechanisms required for the task are within the present state of AI. When this turned out
not to be so, there were many disappointing results. One of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974,
which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments. It did better than medical
students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed. Namely, its ontology included
bacteria, symptoms, and treatments and did not include patients, doctors, hospitals, death, recovery, and
events occurring in time. Its interactions depended on a single patient being considered. Since the experts
consulted by the knowledge engineers knew about patients, doctors, death, recovery, etc., it is clear that
the knowledge engineers forced what the experts told them into predetermined machines that can play
master level chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play well Framework.
The usefulness of current expert systems depends on their users having common sense.

Heuristic Classification One of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the present knowledge of
AI is to put some information in one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of information. An
example is advising whether to accept a proposed credit card purchase. Information is available about the
owner of the credit card, his record of payment and also about the item he is buying and about the
establishment from which he is buying it (e.g., about whether there have been previous credit card frauds
at this establishment).

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

 To Create Expert Systems − the systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate,
explain, and advice its users.

 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand, think,

learn, and behave like humans
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and action
 Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic

 Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science,
Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the
development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and
problem solving. Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent
system. Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of
other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is
composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.To achieve the above factors for a
machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the following discipline:

o Mathematics
o Biology
o Psychology
o Sociology
o Computer Science
o Neurons Study
o Statistic

Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where
machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that understands
natural language spoken by humans.
 Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special
information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
 Vision Systems − these systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the
computer. For example,
o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or
map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored
portrait made by forensic artist.
 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the
language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle
different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
  Handwriting Recognition − the handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper
by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into
editable text.

 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to
detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump,
and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit
intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the
new environment.
Identification Technologies - ID cards e.g., ATM cards o can be a nuisance and security risk: cards can
be lost, stolen, passwords forgotten, etc.Biometric Identification, walk up to a locked door – Camera –
Fingerprint device – Microphone – Computer uses biometric signature for identification – Face, eyes,
fingerprints, voice pattern This works by comparing data from person at door with stored library –
Learning algorithms can learn the matching process by analyzing a large library database off-line, can
improve its performance. .

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

 High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making; because of that AI
systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times
with high accuracy.
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
  Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.
 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural
language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and the same goes for Artificial intelligence. Being so
advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind while
creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:

o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot
work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not
have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI
machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This technology is
much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and
Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey from the
AI generation to till date development.

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and
Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength
between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning
in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he
proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent
to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence
program “Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52
Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist John
McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were invented. And
the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical
problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as
WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the
time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from government
for AI researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987)
o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were
programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
 o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost but not
efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and
became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Face book, Twitter,
and Netflix also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the
complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural
language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to
provide information to the user as a prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous
"Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master
debaters and also performed extremely well.
o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had
taken hairdresser appointment on call and lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking
with the machine.

Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and data science are
now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Face book, IBM, and Amazon are working
with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with
high intelligence.

Types of Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main categorization
which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI.Following is flow diagram which
explains the types of AI.
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The most
common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes
beyond its limits.
o Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range of
functions.
o IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system approach
combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like
a human.
o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think like a
human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can perform any
task as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research and it will take lots of efforts and time to
develop such systems.

3. Super AI:
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an
outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to reason,
solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
 o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such systems in
real is still world changing task.

Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

1. Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
o Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
o These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
o Google's Alpha Go is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory
o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can store
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to
navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind
o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.
o This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and
improvement for developing such AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent,
and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
o These machines will be smarter than human mind.
o Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.