EY Pas rls) PCM Waveforms The process of Pulse code Modulation converts the analog signal into the sequence of bits. Bits are only the representation of data without any physical existence. The bits must be represented by a voltage level if they are to be transmitted. These bits can be represented using pulses and transmitted using a baseband channel. Generally a bit ‘1’ is represented by the presence of pulse and a ‘0’ is represemted by the absence of pulse. The pulse width can have any value up to the maximum of bit interval/time. The details of pulse width and its effect on the receiver design will be discussed later. When this pulse modulation is applied to the bits obtained from PCM, it is known as PCM waveform.PCM Waveforms * There are four major types of PCM waveforms which include — Non Return to Zero (NRZ). — Return to Zero (RZ). — Phase Encoded, - Multijevel Binary. * These waveforms are used in telephony systems and are also known as line codes. * There are certain line codes which are applied to non binary 3/27/2020 OMeNon-Return to Zero (NRZ) + NRZ is the most commonly used + NRZ-Level or NRZ-L waveform type and divided into 3 — A binary ‘1’ is represented by one subgroups. voltage level. — NRZ-Level OR NRZ-L - A binary ‘0’ is represented by — NRZ-Mark OR NRZ-M another voltage level — NRZ-Space OR NRZ-S — There is a change in level whenever there is a change in data (from ‘1’ to ‘0 or from 0’ to ‘1'). — Used in digital logic circuits. 10314 10008717 0°1 +V -~v NRZ-LNon-Return to Zero (NRZ) * NRZ-Mark or NRZ-M * NRZ-Space or NRZ-S — Abinary ‘1’ or mark is represented by — Complement of NRZ-M a change in (evel. — Abinary ‘0’ or space is represented - Abinary ‘0’ or space is represented by a change in level. by no change in level. — Abinary ‘1’ or mark is represented - Also referred to as Differential by no change in level. Encoding. — Used in Magnetic Tape Recording. 701410007 47 0°71 NAZM Ot ~ -v +v NRZ-S -vNon-Return to Zero (NRZ) 101100031101 +V NRZ-L NRZM tC " -V +V NRZ-S wvReturn to Zero (RZ) RZ waveforms are subdivided into * Unipolar RZ 3 groups — A binary ‘1’ is represented by — Unipolar RZ. pulse having a width equal to — Bipolar RZ. half of bit time. = ream © — A binary ‘0’ is represented by the absence of pulse. Used in baseband transmission and magnetic recording. 70141000 471747 0 1 Unipolar RZ 0Return to Zero (RZ) * Bipolar Return to Zero (RZ) * RZ- Alternate Mark Inversion — Binary ‘1’ and ‘0’ are represented by opposite polarity pulses. — These pulses are half bit wide. Bipolar RZ RZ-AMI 3/27/2020 Sklac Distal Communications & © Muhammad (AMI) Binary ‘1s’ are represented by equal amplitude alternate pulses. Binary ‘Qs’ are represented by the absence of pulse. Used in telephone systems. °o o 7 7 o 1 i ations 2° Ecition BwReturn to Zero (RZ) 7017000 4114 0 1 Unipolar +V RZ 0 Bipolar +v RZ 0 -V +V RZ-AMI 0 3/27/2020 © Muhammad TilalBi-phase Bi-phase waveforms are further divided into 03 sub groups — Bi-phase-Level (L). — Bi-phase-Mark (M). — Bi-phase-Space (S) — Used in systems, Communications telemetry systems. magnetic recording Optical and satellite 1 Bi-phase Level (L) — Abinary ‘1’ is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned during the first half of bit interval. R — Abinary ‘0’ is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned during the second half of bit interval. 0001101Bi-phase Bi-phase Mark (M) — Atransition occurs at the start of every bit interval. — Abinary ‘1’ is represented by a second transition one half bit interval later. — Abinary ‘0’ is represented by no second transition. 17071 Bem +V i-$- _v Bi +V -V ard Siar, Digital Communicatic Bi-phase Space (S) — A transition occurs at the start of every bit interval. — Abinary ‘0’ is represented by a second transition one half bit interval later. — Abinary ‘1’ is represented by no second transition. ooottoid stale and Applications 2° EditionParameters of PCM Waveforms DC Component — Elimination of DC component can enable the systems to be AC coupled. — The systems using transformer coupling have low sensitivity to low frequency signal. — Such systems can frequency information, lose low Self Clocking — Symbol or bit synchronization is crucial for digital systems. — Some PCM signals provide inherent clocking signal. — Example? Error Detection — Certain PCM waveforms provide some form of error detection. — Example? Bandwidth Compression — Some PCM waveforms provide better bandwidth efficiency by using multi-level codes. Noise Immunity — Some PCM waveforms have better noise immunity than others. — NRZ better than uni-polar RZQuantizer Saturation Due to quantization, there is a difference between the input and output values. This difference must be reasonable for a good quantizer. The range of inputs for which the above mentioned difference is small is referred as the operating range of the quantizer. If the input exceeds this range, the difference between the input and output becomes large. This phenomenon where the difference between the input and output is large due to a signal exceeding the input range is known as quantizer saturation. Quantizer saturation can be prevented with the use of Automatic Gain Controller (AGC) which adjust the input signal to limit it in the operating range. Among ‘Quantization Noise’ and ‘Quantizer Saturation’, which one causes more degradation?Encoding Code Quantization number 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -28 ° -35 Natural sample value 1.3 as 23 07 -0.7 34 Quantized sample value 1.5 a8 25 os 05 -3.5 Code number 5 7 6 4 3 1 ° PCM sequence 101 4 110 100 on 001 000, ‘Bernard Sklar, Digtal Communications: Fundamentals and Applications 2~ EditionUniform Quantization The quantizer in which all the quantile intervals are equal is known as the ‘Uniform Quantization’. R For a uniform quantizer, the quantization noise is equal for all the levels. For speech signals, low volume (Amplitude) signals occur for 50 % of the time. Usually the signal amplitudes are less than % of the RMS value. Only 15% of the time, the signal value exceed the RMS value. is exceeded Probability that abscissa If the SNR is calculated for uniform quantizer, the SNR for low amplitudes signals is poor as compared to the high amplitude signals. This is because of the uniform distribution of the noise across all quantization levels. OS 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 ‘Speech signal magnitudes relative to the rms of such magnitudNon-Uniform Quantization * In order to prevent the poor signal to quantization noise ratio, non-uniform quantization is used. * In non-uniform quantization, the quantization levels for low amplitude speech signals are finely distributed which improves the SNR by reducing the quantization noise. Uniform quanizadon Nonuniform quantization ‘Gerrard Sar, Cigttl Commurications- Fandemantals wed Applications, 7" dition.Non-Uniform Quantization One way to perform the non- uniform quantization is by first distorting the input signal with logarithmic compression and then using the uniform quantization. At the receiver, the inverse compression characteristics known as expansion is applied to recover the signal. This compression and expansion characteristics pair is known as ‘Companding’. There are two companding laws Law’ and A-Law’. types. of known as ‘u-Non-Uniform Quantization coe Output voltage Compression (transmit) Input 4) Input |, Input Output Oucet voltage voltage Expansion (receive) Input Output a voltage Compression and expansion curves Figure 2.19 (a) Nonuniform quantizer characteristic. (>) Compression charactors (¢) Uniform quantizer characteris ic, Louis €. 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