Proofs 1

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Introduction to proofs :

We need to use a sequence of logical statements ,


one
implying
another , which gives an explanation of why a
given
statement is true
.

If P, then G .

the condition
↳ P is
given
↳ G is what we want to prove

Common mistakes :


Dividing by O
the when
↳ Not
chang ing inequality dividing by a

number .
negative
↳ I nuts
square
Example 1:

Prove that I =
2 .

x-O
Let y +
-

y
. x
=

to each side
uty Ly by adding y
-
,
In to each side
city-2u 2y-2u by subtracting
:
,

x =

2(y
-
u) L
-

y
-

by dividing by y-u
.
1 :
2,
the above proof ?
Where is the mistake in
Exercise :

Prove that I-2 3.4


=.... =

2xH (xH)2
2(kH)(x 2) (n 2)
+
+ =
+ +
x
b) + (x y) (x (2
+

1)(x
-

+ =
+
2(x +
x2 + 2x +
((x (n 2)]2
-

5) RH) + 1) +

(x
2 = -

222 In 1
+
+
22 2 +
-

LHS
-

+ 2
-

x 2n(x E) (2 5)2
+
-
+ +
=

(x -

(x +
It
: (HS -
RH)

(n (x z)]2 ((n
-
+ = + 1) -

(n E)] +

=]
(x t)
(x 5) + - +
+ =
x
x
-

x
=
x+ 1
Direct Proof :
If P, then G
that P is true
We want to suppose
also true

G is
Then proceed
to prove
Example 2:
rica!
a) Prove that
129 Q ④ x & x .. x(8)
8 <9y9 9 ..* 9
Nic
s
· | x [x] x 4 X
+ /
229

-
..

-
8 times
729 : 8! 98 G

429 8! (21) " 90 (8 ) :

829 ④ (b)"(91)
b) Show that tan = 2-5
tann-tany
tan(x-y) -

Ittanntany
Example 3 :

Prove that if Ch
+2
+ y3h is
Letl be a
positive integer .

divisible by 5 then 2ht3 jiht3 also divisible by 5


,
+ is

+2
2n +
j34 :
Je
Exercises :

tan (i) + tan (E)


1) Show that
tan() tan (tan (t) + tan" (i))
=....

2) Prove that the product of two odd integers is odd


.
Proof by Cases :

4 Proof by exhaustion or case study


↳ The aim is to exhaust all possibilities
and each part
problem into parts prove

Split the
separately
Common cases :

↳ Take even or odd cases

Divisiblity by an integer
Divisible by 4 4h
Case 1 n =
:
.
e
g.
,

Care 2 Not divisible


:
by 4

46 +, na4h + 2 n :
4h+ ]
no ,
Example 4 :

that if thenwith is even.


Prove a is an
integer ,
Exercises :
4 is
that of n n +2 n+
1) For any integer
one
n
, prove , ,

divisible 3
by
Contradiction
Proof by
:

fale
Assume the statement being proved is ,

.i e E is irrational
. To prove ,

assume z is rational
Reach a conclusion that is impossible
Typically, odd = even

1 =
2
1 8
divisible number not divisible
by
=
a

Our assumption issake and therefore the original


statement is tre
Example 5:
and b such
a) Prove that there exists no
integers a

that 18 a 66 1
+ =
.

b) Prove that 52 is irrational .


Exercises :
the fact
irrational. You may use
1) Prove that J is
divisible
that ifnt is divisible by 3 then ,
n is

3
by
irrational
2) Prove that log 5 is
,

Assume that loy ,


5 is rational
: -

log25 E:

, p
Statements
Logic
:

↓ -

For all E - Implies

7 -
There exists u

T
-

Negation
R -
Real Es -
Iff

-Integers -

-
-

Congment
④ -
Rational

K-Complex
of
E-Element
1 1 -
And

V U-OR/Union
Consider the 'not operation on

"for all real numbers n 2210"


that 22 "
,

2
real number such
- There exists a ,

(6) (kuEIR 2
20)
(UER ,
2 E ,
x

~
(P1G) EUPVnG

u(PVG) = UPRUG
Conditional Statements
↳ If P ,
then G

P = G
Gif P
p implies G
Gis for P
necessary
P is sufficient for G
Example 6:
that is the statement 'Jach does Ext L.

suppose p
Maths' and q is the statement 'Jack is Crazy'
sentences.
Write the following as
English
a) p =
q

b) u(p = g)

c) up +
q
Converse :
↳ Converse of PEG is GEP

If multiple of 10 , then n is an

Original : a is a

number.
even

If n is an even number then n is


Converse : ,

divisible by 18

↳ In
general ,
the converse is not necessarily
true .
>
Example :

What is with the following "proof"


of Pythagoras
wrong
a 26
?
Theorem ,

the cosine rule ,


By
c =
a b2 -Cabecs 900
Butcas 900-8
· Chatb
Logical Equivalence
:

its converse are


both true
↳ If statement and
a ,

then the statements are


logically equivalent

& EG} Logically equivalent


e

↳ P and G are
logically equivalent
PEG Or PEG

P iff G
P + G and G + P
Example 8 :

then form) the two converse


Write down Cin if ...

statement.
statements equivalent to each it and
only
a) A number is divisible by 15 if and
only it it is

divisible
by both 3 and 5 O

has equal
b) A triangle two
angles if and
only it it has
two equal sides .
Negation :

↳ n(P + G) = P14G

One statement is tre the other


,
is false

"You live in Sydney" ,


"You don't live in Sydney"
Example 9 :

the fol
Determine the negation of loving statements
true false
and justify if
they are or .

In is even
a) knED ,

that n=
b) FUER such
Contraposition :

The contrapositive of if P, then G is if no G, then

not A
the
logically equivalent
to
↳ The contra positive is
statement.
original instead
To prove a conditional
statement , you can

if it is easier
to .
prove
the contra positive
prove
Example 10 :

Write down the contrapositive


.
will
a) If I water my plants
then
, they grow

then has
b) If a
triangle has three equal sides ,
it

three equal angles .


Existence :
Proving "

"Prove J
the condition
example which satisfies
.....

↳ Find an
and outcome
I
to prove
↳ Do not use

Examples :

there differentiable
1) Show exists a nonzero

function f such that 2 f(n) 5 f(x) =

Le + f(x) 25 =
(H) 2 x f(x)
= RH6 < 5 f(n)
f(x) 5x4=
=
n + Jn4 25x5
:
Jus
f(n) 25 In t Prove that f(nIO Sur Of Me
2)
+
Let - .
Exercises :

such that Inth


1) Show that there integer
exists an a

cube
is a perfect .

function
2) Show that there exists a non-zero

that
such S i s cal c o
Juscal

L
Counter examples :

statements
" "

Disprove ...

the condition but


↳ Find something satisfying
not the outcome .
Examples :
the statement "For all real
Determine whether
1) then "is true
b, if acubc , and
numbers a
,
2 ,

or false
an

&
Exercises :

are true or fake


.

state whether the following


counterexample
sale give
a
Is ,

a) G :
E E sinG :
I

b) In + 2 is
If ever
,
then his odd
Proof Contrapositive
by the
:

of the statement and


↳ Take contrapositive
that instead
prove
also
↳ If the contrapositive is true , the original is

tre
Example :
the . Use
m bEIR with m+ 0
Letf(n) math where + d(y)
then f(x)
,
:

to prove that if ray


,

contrapositive
,
Exercises :

1) Let nEK Use the contrapositive to prove that is


it
--
.

is even ,
then n is even

+ ]n + 1 that n is odd
2) Suppose nEC
. If
a is even
, prove
Logical
Proving PECG Equivalence :

To prove PEG and DEP


, prove
Example :
Prove that F'() =

be non-zero function
Let y 6)
.

: a

aet where EIR


if f(n)
only
a
5(2) it and =

Prove f(n) -(2) < -


f(n)-de"
and

L f(n) ne" = = f (n) f(n)

lyl ent

en (otea-
:

n y =

jag .
Jan

· ya In(y) + 2 =
x -de
,
a : Fe

Intylax-C f(n) ac
-
Exercises :

Prove that n is old it and


1) Let n be a positive integer .

ifI n + 6 is odd
only isodd
S2) Tn 6 is odd
+ > 1
-

Tn 6
+
is odd
Si) nis odd

is defined triangle with


2) An isoceles triangle
as a

that is isoceles
two equal . Prove
sides a
triangle
of its angles equal.
only if two
are
it and
be Prove thatis is odd if
3) Lee a an
integer .

and
only if n is .
odd
Inequalities :

1) a+ b =ab

2) + btc+ d 44-
abo
a

Lits-a + btctd
= Zab + 2 Jac
:
2 (Tab Tal+

=
2 (2 (abca) *
=
↳ Tabl
-

RA)
LHS = RHd
3) a+ b + c=] Taba

atbetd : 4absol

a
+
b +c
Le+
d
--

(a b c) 5(a
+ + + + btc) = 4 a)
# (a + btc) : 44
babic
" * *
(a+ b c) 4 atb (a + b + c)
#
+ = c

jt
*
(Ca + b + = Xabbic)
4

3
b
btc)
(a +

Catbtc) Jab
a+ b 23abc +

4) Catbtc) (a 5 5)
+ +
= 9 ,
ab, O

(H) -

3+ G b
+
q E
+ + +
t
= 3 + 2 + 2+ 2 n+
4 = 2

9
=

-
RHS
5) a
<+ b2 + sab actbe +

6) Show that since for no


,
sinx-x0 E

I
Let f(n) :
sinn-n
--
&

f(x) cosx 1 0
-
-
= -
=

coss/
-
I [colx I
: - f(n) ! 8
:
S(n) is always decreasing or stationary
f (22ksin 22 - 2 a
za CO
--
7) 8(n) n- In (Hat
a) Show that f'(n)O for all n + )

b) Deduce that ecla for all aco

x
-

InC( + x2) > O


f(0) =
0

Using part al ,
f(x) is always increasing
.. n nC1+22 = 0
, x10

x + n(( +x2) >0 ,


x8

x((( + x2)
e > It42
Given m =

() , (i) and

a
+ b +c-9

Prove a bltc2227

m. (m//y)

(i)(i) = b x T

atbtc
a2 b2tx5 +

9: btc

8/23(a2 + b2+ 22)


2) actbitc
Prove a
b+ 2
+
1
att
+
3
= =2 btc taty-1
=

atbot=i ablei
=

abtc-I ate
atc
- -2

Catbtc) (stc +atte"ath) =


atbteTabe
+
btc
+ +
atc
+ +z
atb 3
atc
+
b+ 2
x + x
+
at b

= 33
Ter
2m
+
25
bz
*
t
ac
-
t
ab

23] - -
Saba
Tabex3
3 b

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