Proofs 1
Proofs 1
Proofs 1
If P, then G .
the condition
↳ P is
given
↳ G is what we want to prove
Common mistakes :
↳
Dividing by O
the when
↳ Not
chang ing inequality dividing by a
number .
negative
↳ I nuts
square
Example 1:
Prove that I =
2 .
x-O
Let y +
-
y
. x
=
to each side
uty Ly by adding y
-
,
In to each side
city-2u 2y-2u by subtracting
:
,
x =
2(y
-
u) L
-
y
-
by dividing by y-u
.
1 :
2,
the above proof ?
Where is the mistake in
Exercise :
2xH (xH)2
2(kH)(x 2) (n 2)
+
+ =
+ +
x
b) + (x y) (x (2
+
1)(x
-
+ =
+
2(x +
x2 + 2x +
((x (n 2)]2
-
5) RH) + 1) +
(x
2 = -
222 In 1
+
+
22 2 +
-
LHS
-
+ 2
-
x 2n(x E) (2 5)2
+
-
+ +
=
(x -
(x +
It
: (HS -
RH)
(n (x z)]2 ((n
-
+ = + 1) -
(n E)] +
=]
(x t)
(x 5) + - +
+ =
x
x
-
x
=
x+ 1
Direct Proof :
If P, then G
that P is true
We want to suppose
also true
↳
G is
Then proceed
to prove
Example 2:
rica!
a) Prove that
129 Q ④ x & x .. x(8)
8 <9y9 9 ..* 9
Nic
s
· | x [x] x 4 X
+ /
229
-
..
-
8 times
729 : 8! 98 G
829 ④ (b)"(91)
b) Show that tan = 2-5
tann-tany
tan(x-y) -
Ittanntany
Example 3 :
Prove that if Ch
+2
+ y3h is
Letl be a
positive integer .
+2
2n +
j34 :
Je
Exercises :
Divisiblity by an integer
Divisible by 4 4h
Case 1 n =
:
.
e
g.
,
46 +, na4h + 2 n :
4h+ ]
no ,
Example 4 :
divisible 3
by
Contradiction
Proof by
:
fale
Assume the statement being proved is ,
.i e E is irrational
. To prove ,
assume z is rational
Reach a conclusion that is impossible
Typically, odd = even
1 =
2
1 8
divisible number not divisible
by
=
a
that 18 a 66 1
+ =
.
3
by
irrational
2) Prove that log 5 is
,
log25 E:
, p
Statements
Logic
:
↓ -
7 -
There exists u
T
-
Negation
R -
Real Es -
Iff
-Integers -
-
-
Congment
④ -
Rational
K-Complex
of
E-Element
1 1 -
And
V U-OR/Union
Consider the 'not operation on
2
real number such
- There exists a ,
(6) (kuEIR 2
20)
(UER ,
2 E ,
x
~
(P1G) EUPVnG
u(PVG) = UPRUG
Conditional Statements
↳ If P ,
then G
P = G
Gif P
p implies G
Gis for P
necessary
P is sufficient for G
Example 6:
that is the statement 'Jach does Ext L.
suppose p
Maths' and q is the statement 'Jack is Crazy'
sentences.
Write the following as
English
a) p =
q
b) u(p = g)
c) up +
q
Converse :
↳ Converse of PEG is GEP
If multiple of 10 , then n is an
↳
Original : a is a
number.
even
divisible by 18
↳ In
general ,
the converse is not necessarily
true .
>
Example :
↳ P and G are
logically equivalent
PEG Or PEG
P iff G
P + G and G + P
Example 8 :
statement.
statements equivalent to each it and
only
a) A number is divisible by 15 if and
only it it is
divisible
by both 3 and 5 O
has equal
b) A triangle two
angles if and
only it it has
two equal sides .
Negation :
↳ n(P + G) = P14G
the fol
Determine the negation of loving statements
true false
and justify if
they are or .
In is even
a) knED ,
that n=
b) FUER such
Contraposition :
not A
the
logically equivalent
to
↳ The contra positive is
statement.
original instead
To prove a conditional
statement , you can
if it is easier
to .
prove
the contra positive
prove
Example 10 :
then has
b) If a
triangle has three equal sides ,
it
"Prove J
the condition
example which satisfies
.....
↳ Find an
and outcome
I
to prove
↳ Do not use
Examples :
there differentiable
1) Show exists a nonzero
Le + f(x) 25 =
(H) 2 x f(x)
= RH6 < 5 f(n)
f(x) 5x4=
=
n + Jn4 25x5
:
Jus
f(n) 25 In t Prove that f(nIO Sur Of Me
2)
+
Let - .
Exercises :
cube
is a perfect .
function
2) Show that there exists a non-zero
that
such S i s cal c o
Juscal
L
Counter examples :
statements
" "
Disprove ...
or false
an
&
Exercises :
a) G :
E E sinG :
I
b) In + 2 is
If ever
,
then his odd
Proof Contrapositive
by the
:
tre
Example :
the . Use
m bEIR with m+ 0
Letf(n) math where + d(y)
then f(x)
,
:
contrapositive
,
Exercises :
is even ,
then n is even
+ ]n + 1 that n is odd
2) Suppose nEC
. If
a is even
, prove
Logical
Proving PECG Equivalence :
be non-zero function
Let y 6)
.
: a
lyl ent
en (otea-
:
n y =
jag .
Jan
· ya In(y) + 2 =
x -de
,
a : Fe
Intylax-C f(n) ac
-
Exercises :
ifI n + 6 is odd
only isodd
S2) Tn 6 is odd
+ > 1
-
Tn 6
+
is odd
Si) nis odd
that is isoceles
two equal . Prove
sides a
triangle
of its angles equal.
only if two
are
it and
be Prove thatis is odd if
3) Lee a an
integer .
and
only if n is .
odd
Inequalities :
1) a+ b =ab
2) + btc+ d 44-
abo
a
Lits-a + btctd
= Zab + 2 Jac
:
2 (Tab Tal+
=
2 (2 (abca) *
=
↳ Tabl
-
RA)
LHS = RHd
3) a+ b + c=] Taba
atbetd : 4absol
a
+
b +c
Le+
d
--
(a b c) 5(a
+ + + + btc) = 4 a)
# (a + btc) : 44
babic
" * *
(a+ b c) 4 atb (a + b + c)
#
+ = c
jt
*
(Ca + b + = Xabbic)
4
3
b
btc)
(a +
Catbtc) Jab
a+ b 23abc +
4) Catbtc) (a 5 5)
+ +
= 9 ,
ab, O
(H) -
3+ G b
+
q E
+ + +
t
= 3 + 2 + 2+ 2 n+
4 = 2
9
=
-
RHS
5) a
<+ b2 + sab actbe +
I
Let f(n) :
sinn-n
--
&
f(x) cosx 1 0
-
-
= -
=
coss/
-
I [colx I
: - f(n) ! 8
:
S(n) is always decreasing or stationary
f (22ksin 22 - 2 a
za CO
--
7) 8(n) n- In (Hat
a) Show that f'(n)O for all n + )
x
-
Using part al ,
f(x) is always increasing
.. n nC1+22 = 0
, x10
x((( + x2)
e > It42
Given m =
() , (i) and
a
+ b +c-9
Prove a bltc2227
m. (m//y)
(i)(i) = b x T
atbtc
a2 b2tx5 +
9: btc
atbot=i ablei
=
abtc-I ate
atc
- -2
= 33
Ter
2m
+
25
bz
*
t
ac
-
t
ab
23] - -
Saba
Tabex3
3 b