ASEAN LITERATURE: THE

MEANING, QUALITIES, AND

IMPORTANCE OF
LITERATURE; ELEMENTS
ASEAN COUNTRIES

Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos

the
Malaysia Myanmar Singapore
Philippines

Thailand Vietnam.
What is Literature?
 INTRODUCTION

 Literature (the origin of the term

litera which means letters) deals
with ideas, thoughts, and
emotions of man – thus it can be
said that literature is the story of
man.
 Seven Literary
Standards of
Literature

Artistry
 It has an aesthetic appeal to
everyone and thus possesses a
sense of beauty. Artistry
describes literature that is
aesthetically appealing and
reveals or conveys hidden truth
and beauty. This type of
literature appeals to broad
audiences and possesses a
sense of beauty in the writing
that could even feel poetic.
Seven Literary Standards of
Literature
Intellectual Value
 Literature stimulates critical thinking that enriches
mental processes of abstract and reasoning,
making man realize the fundamental truths of life
and its nature.
Suggestiveness
 Literature unravels and conjures man’s emotional
power to define symbolisms, nuances, implied
meanings, images and messages, giving and
evoking visions above and beyond the plane of
ordinary life and experience.
Seven Literary Standards of
Literature
Spiritual Value
 Literature elevates the spirit and the soul
and this has the power to motivate and
inspire, drawn from the suggested morals
or lessons of the different literary genres.
Permanence
 Literature endures across time and draws
out the time factor: timeliness, occurring at
a particular time, and timelessness,
remaining invariable throughout time.
Seven Literary Standards of
Literature
Style
 Literature represents peculiar way/s on how man sees
life as evidenced by the formation of his ideas, forms,
structures, and expressions which are marked by their
memorable substances.
Universality
 It appeals to everyone regardless of culture, race, sex,
and time which are considered significant. Universality
describes a piece of writing that appeals to the hearts
and minds of almost any reader. The appeal is
considered universal due to its ability to cross gender,
racial, and cultural barriers, regardless of the time it’s
written.
TWO MAIN DIVISION OF LITERATURE

PROSE POETRY

• It is generally • It expresses a
concerned with an strong emotion or a
idea, concept or lofty thought
point of view in a compressed and
more ordinary and intense utterance.
leisurely manner
Genre of Literature

Fiction
 The word is from the Latin FICTIŌ,
“the act of making, fashioning, or
molding.”
 A literature created from the
imagination, not presented as fact,
though it may be based on a true
story or situation.
 Narrator /
Narrative Voice
 Omniscient - a story told in the third
person; the narrator's knowledge, control,
and prerogatives are unlimited, allowing
“authorial” subjectivity.
 Limited Omniscient - a story told in the
third person in which the narrative voice
is associated with a major or minor
character who is not able to “see/know”
all, may only be able to relate the
thoughts of one or some characters but
not others, may not know what happened
“off stage” or in the past.
Narrator / Narrative Voice

Framed Narrative – some narratives, particularly

collections of narratives, involve a frame narrative that
explains the genesis of, and/or gives a perspective on,
the main narrative or narratives that follow

First Person - the story is told from the first person "I”
personal point-of-view, usually that of the main
character.
 Narrator / Narrative Voice

 Interior Monologue – first-person, train of

thought “overheard” by the reader (NOT
spoken out loud as is a monologue), or
sometimes “overheard” and reported by an
omniscient narrator; other times it occurs as a
stream of consciousness.

 Subjective Narration - first person, the narrator

seems unreliable, tries to get readers to share
his/her side or to assume values or views not
usually presumed by the reader.
Narrator / Narrative Voice

 Detached Autobiography - first

person, a reliable narrator that guides
the reader. The narrator is the main
character, often reflecting on a past
"self” – sometimes an adult recounting
an event from childhood. When it is the
latter, it is important to notice “how” the
adult voice affects the child’s story.
 Narrator /
Narrative Voice
 Memoir or Observer Narration -
first person, the narrator is an
observer rather than a main
participant; the narrator can be
confidant(e), eyewitness or
"chorus" (provides offstage or
background information). This
narrator can be reliable or
unreliable.
Elements of Fiction
(CHARACTERS)
 Character is the mental, emotional, and
social qualities to distinguish one entity from
another (people, animals, spirits,
automatons, pieces of furniture, and other
animated objects).
 Character development is the change that a
character undergoes from the beginning of a
story to the end. The importance of a
character to the story determines how fully
the character is developed.
Elements of Fiction
(CHARACTERS)
 Characterization – the techniques
that the author uses to develop the
personality of a character in a literary
work.
 Physical appearance and personality
 Speech, behavior, and action
 Thoughts and feelings
 Interaction with other characters
Elements of Fiction (CHARACTERS)

 The protagonist is the character who drives the

action--the character whose fate matters most.
In other words, they are involved in —and often
central to—the plot or conflict of the story, but
are also usually the emotional heart of the
narrative.
 the antagonist is the opposer or combatant
working against the protagonist's or leading
characters' goal (“antagonizing”) and creating
the main conflict. The antagonist can be one
character or a group of characters. In traditional
narratives, the antagonist is synonymous with
 Elements of Fiction
(CHARACTERS)

A static character
is one that doesn't
change from the start
of the story through
to the end.
Elements of Fiction
(CHARACTERS)

A dynamic character
is one who changes and
evolves throughout the
story.
Elements of Fiction
(CHARACTERS)

Flat characters are two-

dimensional in that they
are relatively
uncomplicated and do not
change throughout the
course of a work.
Elements of Fiction
(CHARACTERS)

 A round character refers to a

character in a fictional work with
depth or a complex personality. This
character type seems lifelike to
readers because they learn many
details about them, such as their
history, thoughts, emotions and
personality traits .
Elements of
Fiction (Setting)
The time and place in
which the action occurs.
Elements of Fiction (Plot)

The action element in fiction. The arrangement of

conflicts that make up a story.

Five basic parts of plot:

Rising Falling
Exposition Climax denoument
Action action
Approaches to Literary
Criticism
Formalism
 Formalism compels readers to judge the artistic merit of
literature by examining its formal elements, like language and
technical skill. Formalism favors a literary canon of works that
exemplify the highest standards of literature, as determined
by formalist critics.

Moral-philosophical criticism
 This literary criticism style approaches literature based on its
ethical merits. Moral-philosophical critics evaluate literary
works based on the moral statements and judgments the
characters and author express throughout the literary text.
Approaches to Literary
Criticism
New Historicism
 Deals with the cultural context during the writing of the piece of
literature. - this approach interprets literature for its meaning or
idea in a particular sociohistorical atmosphere - how the history
happened
Feminist criticism
 Looks at literature assuming its production from a male-
dominated perspective. It re-examines canonical works to show
how gender stereotypes are involved in their functioning. It
examines (and often rediscovers) works by women for a possible
alternative voice.
Approaches to Literary
Criticism
The Marxist criticism
 An approach to diagnosing political and social
problems in terms of the struggles between
members of different socio-economic classes.
Drawing from this approach, criticism does not
aim at the flaws of particular individuals, even if
they have attained positions of power.
Thank you!
LITERATURE

- Literature (the origin of the term litera which 6. Style

means letters) deals with ideas, thoughts,
✓ Literature represents peculiar way/s on how
and emotions of man – thus it can be said
man sees life as evidenced by the formation
that literature is the story of man.
of his ideas, forms, structures, and
expressions which are marked by their
memorable substances.
SEVEN LITERARY STANDARS OF LITERATURE
7. University
1. Artistry
✓ It appeals to everyone regardless of culture,
✓ It has an aesthetic appeal to everyone and
race, sex, and time which are considered
thus possesses a sense of beauty.
significant.
✓ describes literature that is aesthetically
✓ Universality describes a piece of writing that
appealing and reveals or conveys hidden
appeals to the hearts and minds of almost
truth and beauty.
any reader.
✓ This type of literature appeals to broad
✓ The appeal is considered universal due to its
audiences and possesses a sense of beauty
ability to cross gender, racial, and cultural
in the writing that could even feel poetic.
barriers, regardless of the time it’s written.
2. Intellectual Value

✓ Literature stimulates critical thinking that

TWO MAIN DIVISION OF LITERATURE
enriches mental processes of abstract and
reasoning, making man realize the 1. Prose
fundamental truths of life and its nature.
Form: written into paragraph form
3. Suggestiveness
Language: common one language na maiintindihan
✓ Literature unravels and conjures man’s ng lahat regardless of the profession.
emotional power to define symbolisms,
Aim: To convince, to narrate, and to inform
nuances, implied meanings, images and

messages, giving and evoking visions above and

beyond the plane of ordinary life and experience. 2. Poetry
4. Spiritual Value Form: written into stanzas or verses form
✓ Literature elevates the spirit and the soul and Language: using symbols, example ay yung mga nasa
this has the power to motivate and inspire, parts of the speech.
drawn from the suggested morals or lessons
of the different literary genres. Aim: To evoke emotions
✓ Examples: Folktales or legends to the kids

5. Permanence

✓ Literature endures across time and draws out

the time factor: timeliness, occurring at a
particular time, and timelessness, remaining
invariable throughout time.
GENRE OF LITERATURE 3.Framed Narrative

1. Fiction - telling a story from a different time of situation

- Latin “FICTIO” means the “the act of making, - particularly collections of narratives, involve a frame
fashioning, or molding” narrative that explains the genesis of the main
narrative
- A literature created from the imagination, not
presented as fact, though it may be based on a true - example: Titanic Story
story or situation.
4. First Person
2. Non-Fiction
- the story is told from the 1st person
- prose writing that is based on facts, real events and
- “I” (subjective) personal point of view, usually to the
real people
main character
- examples: Biographies, documentaries, diaries and
5. Interior Monologue
travelogues.
- 1st person

- train of thought “overheard” by the reader (NOT

NARRATOR / NARRATIVE VOICE
spoken out loud as is a monologue), or sometimes
1.Omniscient “overheard” and reported by an omniscient narrator;
other times it occurs as a stream of consciousness.
- a story told in the 3rd person.
- passing thoughts of a character in the story in a
- the narrator's knowledge, control, and prerogatives
certain situation
are unlimited, allowing “authorial” subjectivity.
- like kung ano iniisip ng character nay un kung asan
- has the full access to the thoughts of the feeling of
ba sya or ano ba iniisip nya
the character or the author itself
6. Inner Monologue
2. Limited Omniscient
- pagkausap ng isang character sa kanyang sarili
- a story told in the 3rd person, in which the narrative
voice is associated with a major or minor character 7. Subject Narration
who is not able to “see/know” all, may only be able to
- 1st person
relate the thoughts of one or some characters but not
others, may not know what happened “off stage” or - the narrator unreliable, tries to get readers to share
in the past. his/her side or to assume values or views not usually
presumed by the reader.
- one or 2 characters ang na-access ng author sa isang
story- EXAMPLE: Harry potter na si main character
lang ang nakapoint of view sa story.

8. Detached Autobiography

- 1st person

- a reliable narrator that guides the reader

- narrator- is the main character, often reflecting on a

past “self” - sometimes an adult recounting an event
from childhood. When it is the latter, it is important to
notice “how” the adult voice affects the child’s story.
Autobiography ELEMENTS OF FICTION (CHARACTERS)

- sino ang nagkukwento or nagsulat ng CHARACTER

kwento.
- Is the mental, emotional, and social qualities
- Or it is the story of the author like narrating
to distinguish one entity from another
its story based on his/her past self, like
(people, animals, spirits, automatons, pieces
childhood events
of furniture, and other animated objects).
- Notice how the adult voice influences the
- DOERS OR PERFORMER OF THE ACTIONS
retelling of the child’s story.
- TONE/VOICE: Present self of adult voice CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT
9. Memoir or Observer Narration - is the change that a character undergoes
from the beginning of a story to the end. The
- 1st person
importance of a character to the story
- the narrator is an observer rather than a main determines how fully the character is
participant; developed.
- CHANGES OF THE CHARACTER
- the narrator can be confidant(e), eyewitness or
"chorus" (provides offstage or background
information). CHARACTERIZATION

- This narrator can be reliable or unreliable. - the techniques that the author uses to
develop the personality of a character in a
- si narrator ay isang by standard kung ano ba ang
literary work.
nakikita nya sa nangyayari kay character a at b
- MAHALAGA TO TO DIFFERENTIATE THE
CHARACTERS IN THE STORY
a. Physical appearance and personality
b. Speech, behavior, and action
c. Thoughts and feelings
d. Interaction with other characters
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION (CHARACTERS)
4. ROUND CHARACTER
A. Protagonist
- refers to a character in a fictional work with
- character who drives the action--the
depth or a complex personality.
character whose fate matters most.
- This character type seems lifelike to readers
- In other words, they are involved in —and
because they learn many details about them,
often central to—the plot or conflict of the
such as their history, thoughts, emotions and
story, but are also usually the emotional
personality traits
heart of the narrative.
- Able to know about the personality,
- BIDA SA ISANG STORY
thoughts, emotions and personality traits ng
isang character.
B. Antagonist
- Example: mga main characters basta
- the opposer or combatant working against
ipinakita mga thoughts, history chuchu.
the protagonist's or leading characters' goal
(“antagonizing”) and creating the main
conflict.
ELEMENTS OF FICTION (SETTING)
- can be one character or a group of
characters. (SETTING)
- In traditional narratives, the antagonist is
synonymous with - The time and place in which the action
- KONTRABIDA SA ISANG STORY occurs.
- Example; characters sa NOLI ME TANGERE
especially to the girls in the story
TYPES OF CHARACTER
Noon: it talks about the physical appearance or
1. STATIC CHARACTER kasuotan ng mga kababaihan, the way kung pano
- is one that doesn't change from the start of magsalita mga character. (BARONG AT SAYA)
the story through to the end.
- Example: The character of Belle in movie Ngayon: MODERNIZED NA MGA CLOTHES

2. DYNAMIC CHARACTER
- is one who changes and evolves throughout FIVE BASIC PARTS OF A PLOT
the story.
- Example: Naruto 1. Exposition
- Start of the story
3. FLAT CHARACTER 2. Rising Action
- are two-dimensional in that they are - Events before the climax or series of events
relatively uncomplicated and do not change that build tension and develop the plot of the
throughout the course of a work. story
- Example: Dory in finding nemo; Romeo and 3. Climax
Juliet (Lady Capulet and Montague) - Exciting part of the story or conflict plot of
the story
4. Falling Action
- Resolving the conflict in the story
5. Denoument
- Resolution or final outcome or conclusion ng
story
APPROACHES TO LITERARY CRITICISM - CRITICS FOCUS ON THE HISTORICAL AND
CULTURAL CONTEXT OF LITERARY WORK TO
1. Formalism
UNDERSTAND ITS MEANING IN RELATION TO
- compels readers to judge the artistic merit of
THE TIME IT WAS WRITTEN
literature by examining its formal elements,
- TO UNDERSTAND THE INTELLECTUAL
like language and technical skill.
HISTORY
- Formalism favors a literary canon of works
- Example: White Supremacy
that exemplify the highest standards of
literature, as determined by formalist critics.
- FOCUSES ON THE FORM, LANGUAGE AND
4. Feminist criticism
STRUCTURE OF THE STORY
- Looks at literature assuming its production
- Formalist critics- disregard yung history and
from a male-dominated perspective.
background ng author
- It re-examines canonical works to show how
gender stereotypes are involved in their
functioning.
2. Moral-philosophical criticism - It examines (and often rediscovers) works by
- This literary criticism style approaches women for a possible alternative voice.
literature based on its ethical merits.
- Moral-philosophical critics evaluate literary
works based on the moral statements and
5. The Marxist criticism
judgments the characters and author
- An approach to diagnosing political and
express throughout the literary text.
social problems in terms of the struggles
- WHAT KIND OF LESSONS ANG MAKUKUHA
between members of different socio-
BASED SA STORY.
economic classes.
- ANALYZE LITERATURE FOR ITS ETHICAL
- Drawing from this approach, criticism does
CONTENT, CONSIDERING THE MORAL
not aim at the flaws of particular individuals,
PERSPECTIVES PRESENTED IN THE WORK
even if they have attained positions of power
- Example: BIBLES and FABLES
- INTERPRET LITERATURE BY EXAMINING THE
REPRESENTATION OF CLASS STRUGGLES AND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES, EMPHASIZING
3. New Historicism THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT WITHIN THW
- Deals with the cultural context during the WORK.
writing of the piece of literature. - Example: TITANIC STORY – mga nasa upper
- - this approach interprets literature for its class people, yung unang pinasakay sa
meaning or idea in a particular bangka yung mayayaman compare sa lower-
sociohistorical atmosphere - how the history class people.
happened
- HIGHLIGHTS THE SOCIO HISTORICAL
ATMOSPHERE.
POETRY
 ◦Poetry may be described as
rhythmic imaginative language
expressing invention, thought,
Poetry imagination, taste, passion,
and insight of the human soul.
Its purpose is “enthrallment.”
 Kinds of Poetry

1. Lyric 2. Narrative

3. Descriptive
 ◦It is the “utterance of the
human heart in poetic
form.” It is described as
“brief and subjective,
Lyric Poetry
marked by imagination,
melody, and emotion, and
creating a single unified
expression
 Narrative Poetry
◦The narrative poem is a form
of poetry that is used to tell a
story. The poet combines
elements of storytelling—like
plot, setting, and characters—
with elements of poetry, such
as form, meter, rhyme, and
poetic devices.
 ◦ A descriptive poem is one that
mainly describes the subject —
Descriptive whether it be a person, an
animal, or an inanimate
Poetry object — often in great detail,
rather than telling a story or
expressing one's feelings.
Midnight and Moonlight by Kelly Roper

◦ "Her hair as dark as midnight

Sleek and wavy, trailing down.
Her skin as pale as moonlight
Projects a silvery glow all around.
The night so cool and quiet,
As the stars twinkle in the sky.
And all of nature stands in awe,
As this beauty passes by."
Subtypes of Poetry

Sonnet
Petrarchan or
Shakespearean Haiku Elegy
Italian
or English

Ode
Limerick Ballad
Subtypes of Poetry
Sonnet Shakespearean or English
◦ Divided into three quatrains plus a couplet with a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg.
The idea is developed in the three quatrains and is summarized and reinforced in the
closing couplet.

Petrarchan or Italian
◦ Italian or Petrarchan, named after talian poet Francesco Petrarch, consists of an octave
which develops the problem, followed by a sestet which recapitulates the solution. The
octave has a rhyme scheme of abba abba and the sestet, cde cde, cdc dcd, cdc cdc .
 Subtypes of Poetry

Haiku is a Japanese verse form most

Elegy is a lamentation or an
often composed, in English versions,
expression of mourning for the dead.
of three unrhymed lines of five, seven,
By its very nature, the poem’s mood is
and five syllables. A haiku often
solemn and sorrowful, yet it usually
features an image, or a pair of images,
contains suggestions of hope and faith
meant to depict the essence of a
to allay the sorrow.
specific moment in time.
 Limerick. A popular form of short, humorous verse that
is often nonsensical and frequently ribald. It consists of
five lines, rhyming aabba, and the dominant metre is
anapestic, with two metrical feet in the third and fourth
lines and three feet in the others.

Ballad. A short simple narrative poem composed to be

Subtypes of sung, and altered as it was orally transmitted from
generation to generation until it was written down much
Poetry later.

Ode. The most majestic type of lyric poetry. It is exalted

in tone and expresses lofty praise for some person, event,
object or idea. It is elaborately designed and is formal in
structure and content.
 Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound at the start of
a series of words in succession whose purpose is to provide
an audible pulse that gives a piece of writing a lulling, lyrical,
and/or emotive effect.
Assonance Assonance is the repetition of the vowel sound
across words within the lines of the poem creating internal
rhymes.

Sound Devices Consonance the repetition of the same consonant sounds in

a line of text.

Onomatopoeia is the use or creation of a word that

phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it
describes.
Figurative Devices
A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things. Similes differ from metaphors
by highlighting the similarities between two things using comparison words such as "like", "as",
"so", or "than“.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn't literally
true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison.

Personification is a figure of speech that is used to attribute human characteristics to

something that is not human.
 Irony is the expression of one's meaning by using
language that normally signifies the opposite,
typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

Figurative Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a word is

substituted for another word that it is closely
Devices associated with.

Synecdoche (pronounced sin-ek-duh-kee) is a

figure of speech in which a specific part of
something is used to refer to the whole thing.
ASEAN
LITERATURE
PHILIPPINES
What do I know about
the Philippines?
• The Philippines is a culture
in which the East meets the
West.
• The modern Filipino culture
developed through influence
from Chinese traders,
Spanish conquistadors, and
American rulers.
Family
• The family is the basic and most important
aspect of Filipino culture.
• Filipinos take pride in their families.
• Divorce is prohibited and annulments are
rare.
• The family is the safety net for individuals,
especially older people, during difficult
economic times.
• Children will often stay with their parents
into adulthood, only leaving when they get
married.
• Family relationships often influence political
and business ties.
 Filial Piety
• Filial piety means to be good to one's
parents; to take care of one's parents; to
engage in good conduct not just towards
parents but also outside the home so as
to bring a good name to one's parents
and ancestors
• It is understood as essential in order to
maintain the collective face of the family
and to avoid experiencing hiya. Many
Filipinos hold the belief that each family
member has several duties and
responsibilities they must uphold.
Social Class
Social inequality is characterized
by the existence of unequal
opportunities and rewards for
different social positions or statuses
within a group or society. It contains
structured and recurrent patterns of
unequal distributions of goods,
wealth, opportunities, rewards, and
punishments.
Tata Selo
(Rogelio Sikat)
Rogelio Sikat
• Rogelio Sicat (June 26, 1940 – 1997) sometimes referred to
as “Rogelio Sikat”, was a prolific Filipino novelist, playwright
and short story writer.
• Sikat was born on June 26, 1940, in the town of San Isidro in
the province of Nueva Ecija, as the sixth of eight children of
Estanislao Sikat and Crisanta Rodriguez. For his college
education, Sikat went to Manila to study in the University of
Santo Tomas.
• In 1962, Sikat's Impeng Negro won the first prize in Liwayway
magazine's best short story and the prized Carlos Palanca
Award both in the same year.
•
 Summary

The short story “Tata Selo” by Rogelio Sicat is about a farmer named after
the title of story. Tata Selo is a widower, he lost his wife due to a sickness
and left the daughter named Saling to be alone with his father. Tata Selo
wanted to reclaim his land because he sold it for the sake of his wife who
was sick at the time. But he did not have any money therefore he has to
work to reclaim the land that he once had. The conflict of the story started
when Kabesang Tano forces Tata Selo to leave his land because he already
has other farmers on his land. While begging Tata Selo is begging to not to
be dismissed, Kabesang Tano keeps hitting him on the forehead. Defending
himself, he struck Kabesang Tano and accidentally killed him. From that
point, a lot of oppression and inequality can be perceived against the
protagonist of the story.
VIETNAM
 Cultural Values

Vietnamese cultural values

emphasize the importance of
family and community. Its core
values, which embrace the
principles of Confucianism, are
harmony, duty, honor, respect,
education and allegiance to the
family.
 • Family is the most important aspect of life in
Family
Vietnam.
• The Vietnamese often feel a heightened sense of
belonging and loyalty to their family.
• Families are recognized as having a collective
whereby the act of a single individual may impact
the perception of the family name by others.
 Duty and Honor
• The duties and roles of each family member
are well-defined. They govern the actions of
the individual and are the sacrifices one
makes to one’s family.
• For example, the role of parents is to raise
their children properly, provide them with
food and shelter, and educate and instill
them with moral values.
• The children’s duty is to obey their parents
and never to question their authority or
teaching. When the parents get older, it is
the duty of the children to take care of them.
Marriage
• Traditionally, parents arranged marriages through
middlemen, and marriages are viewed primarily as a
social contract. The welfare of the lineage weighed
highly in the parents' decision-making process rather
than the individual members' wants.
• Factors to be seriously considered when choosing a
marital partner in Vietnam are the social status of the
families and the astrological-mystical affinities of the
marriage partners.
• Another major factor in the choosing of marriage
partners is the consulting of horoscopes. This is often
done by a Buddhist monk who practices the art.
Marriage
• Astrology is an important consideration
in choosing a marriage partner among
ethnic Vietnamese. Compatible mystical
affinities between bride and groom will
allow them to marry in keeping with the
harmony of the universe.
• Bride-price. The arrangement was
formally sealed with the payment of
bride price to a fund controlled by the
village or community where the girl
lived.
 lasting prosperity.
The Cherished Daughter
• Quan - originates
in Vietnamese language and it
means "army man“
• Matchmaker - a person who
arranges relationships and
marriages between others, either
Vocabulary informally or, in certain cultural
communities, as a formal
occupation.
• Areca nuts - In Vietnam,
the areca nut and the betel leaf are
such important symbols of love and
marriage
 The Cherished Daughter
• Mother, I am eighteen this year
and still without a husband. • Mother, I am thirty-two this year
What, Mother, is your plan? and still without a husband.
The magpie brought two matchmakers What, Mother, darling, is your plan?
and you threw them the challenge: The magpie brought two matchmakers
not less than five full quan, and you threw them the challenge:
five thousand areca nuts, five fat pigs,
and five suits of clothes. not less than one full quan,
one thousand areca nuts,
• Mother, I am twenty-three this year one fat dog this time,
and still without a husband. and one suit of clothes.
What, Mother, dear, is your plan?
The magpie brought two matchmakers • Mother, I am forty-three this year.
and you threw them the challenge: Still without a husband.
not less than three full quan, Mother, look, Mother,
three thousand areca nuts,
three fat pigs,
will you please just give me away?
and three suits of clothes.
 The Cherished Daughter

Do you believe that the daughter is cherished? Defend your answer.

What is the present-day equivalent of magpie from the context?

What culture of the Vietnamese is shown in the poem?

How do you feel for the daughter at forty-three?

Does obedience always give optimistic results?

Brun
ei
Darussalam
facts
• Brunei Darussalam means "abode of
peace.“
• The literacy rate in Brunei is estimated at
97.2 percent of the population.
• Citizens in Brunei receive free education
and medical services from the government.
• Brunei is considered to be the most
observant Islamic nation in Southeast Asia.
• Much of Shell's oil comes from offshore
drilling platforms in Brunei.
 Members of the extended family are expected to
remain loyal to each other and the family.

As a result of this Brunei is a hierarchical culture.

Brunei
Age and position are revered.

Family From a young age, children are taught to subjugate

their own desires for the good of the entire family
and to respect elders without question. I
In addition they also learn that it is through family
support that they accomplish goals.
The Concept of
Face
• The role of face, shame,
and honor is crucial to
Bruneians. Consequently,
they are very polite and
well-mannered.
Maintaining face is of
utmost importance and
they do their best not to
cause issues or problems
that could jeopardize this.
Meeting Etiquette
• The common greeting depends upon the
ethnic origin and the age of the person.
• In general, many men you meet will have
adopted the western concept of shaking
hands, although this is not always the case
with older Bruneians or with women.
• It is considered respectful to bow your
head when someone who is senior to
yourself in age or position.
• It is considered disrespectful and rude to
stare into another person’s eyes,
particularly those of a person who is senior
to you in age or status.
 • Alcohol is banned from the country however pork is allowed for
non-Muslims.
• Gender relations are also governed by Islamic principles and
etiquette.
• Shaking hands across genders is rare.

Religion
• As such, if you are visiting Brunei, then consider placing your right
hand over your heart and giving a small bow if meeting someone
of the opposite sex.
• Bruneians practice a devout but tolerant brand of Islam, which
includes devotion, yet allows other faiths and beliefs.
• Muslims must pray five times a day
• The Sultan encourages the recital of the Quran each morning prior
to the start of work to obtain Allah’s blessing and guidance.
 The green heart of Borneo
Kieran Cooke
• There is something of a paradox in Bru-nei’s approach to
environmental issues. By pumping out large volumes of fossil fuels,
the country can be seen to be adding to the ever-increasing amounts
of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the world’s atmosphere. Yet the central
role played by the oil and gas sector in generating the nation’s wealth
has meant that Brunei’s natural habitat – in particular its tropical
rainforests – has been largely spared much of the destruction and
many of the environmental problems seen elsewhere in the region.
“The oil industry sustains the economy of Brunei and has prevented
the need for wide-scale logging,” says a government official.
Furthermore, Brunei’s forests are sequestrating CO2, thus helping in
the fight against climate change and increased global warming.
• The green heart of Borneo.html
 The green heart of Borneo
Kieran Cooke
• Brunei, on the island of Borneo, forms part of one of the richest and most
biodiverse regions in the world. Its waters make up part of what is known
as the ‘Coral Triangle’ – a vital part of the earth’s marine ecosystem. The
country’s forests are home to some 6,000 species of plants, more than 450
types of birds, 150 different mammals, and over 70 reptiles. As with other
regions of high biodi-versity, many species – especially in the in-sect world
– have either yet to be discovered or have not been categorized.
• There’s no doubt that Brunei’s forests are considerably better preserved
than those in neighboring countries on the island of Borneo. Satellite
images show dense green forest in much of Brunei’s territory, while large
parts of the forest elsewhere on Borneo are pockmarked by bare patches
of cleared jungle, with logging roads creating vein-like patterns as they
crisscross the terrain.
 The green heart of Borneo
Kieran Cooke
• The Heart of Borneo (HoB) initiative, which links Brunei, Malaysia and
Indonesia under the slogan of ‘Three Countries, One Conservation Vision’,
is designed to try to save a central part of the island – including a
substantial slice of Brunei territory – from any further deforestation and
preserve the area’s vital biodiversity.
• There is no doubt that Brunei is making great strides to ‘green’ its economy.
As well as its conservation efforts, the government is investigating various
renewable energy projects and there are proposals for a pho-tovoltaic
manufacturing facility. There are also plans for a waste-to-energy plant and
for harnessing wind power. Officials emphasize the importance of having
young people involved in moves to a green economy, al-tering attitudes –
particularly in relation to Bruneians’ ongoing love affair with cars.
 A gem of a nation
An abode of peace
A treasure of empire
A haven of tranquility
Borneo' A kingdom of treasures
An oasis of modern empire
s Green A space of warmth greeting
A den of hospitable people
Heart A neoclassical form of politics
A gateway to beyond comports
An avenue of understanding
An environment of treasures
An ancient Sultanate kingdom
An indeed pampering Brunei
Darussalam
• From your readings, does each
moniker fit Brunei? Name proofs
• What is the intention of this of this
piece? Why do you think it is created?
• Does it serve its purpose?
• Based on the poem, would you
expound whether the people of
Brunei are proud of
their country or not? Should this be
the case?
FamilyID=Office_ArchiveTorn

Thailand
Facts about
Thailand
• Thailand is the only Southeast Asian
country that was never colonized by a
European country. In fact, in the Thai
language, the country’s name is
Prathet Thai which means “land of the
free.”
• Showing respect for another person’s
head is imperative in Thailand.
• Around 95 Percent Of Thais Are
Buddhist
• Thailand Was Known As Siam And
Siamese Cats Came From There
FAMIL
Y
Family is considered to be the
foundation of social life for most
Thais. The Thai concept of family
is often wide and inclusive, and
whilst the nuclear family is the
core of the domestic unit, it may
include members of the extended
family or close neighbors or
friends.
Religion

• According to 2010 estimates,

the vast majority of the Thai
population (93.6%) identify as
Buddhist. Public signs of
reverence for the religion are
evident throughout the
culture.
Challenges of Dating Across Different
Educational Backgrounds

Thais generally have a high However, this perception is not

respect for education, which can universal and can vary depending
play a significant role in dating on the individual and their beliefs
and relationships. There is often and values. Some Thais may
a perception that those with a prioritize other qualities, such as
higher level of education or from personality and shared interests,
more affluent backgrounds are over educational background or
more desirable partners. financial status.
 Conforming to Gender
Roles when Dating in
Thailand
• In Thailand, traditional gender
roles still play a significant role in
the dating scene.
• Generally, Thais expect men to be
the ones who initiate and pursue
relationships, while women are
expected to be more passive and
demure.
• This is often reflected in the way
that Thais approach dating, with
men taking on more dominant and
assertive roles while women are
expected to be more submissive.
• Have you ever fall in love?
• How do you express your
love?
• What are the signs of love
that you see manifested in
people every day?
• How would you describe a
great love?
Boatman’s Love Song?
• A happy and reckless youth I am • Thy eyebrow black, I’m sure that each
As I ply boat on the deep. Menam; Is a shiny as any healthy leech;
My song shall end and my song begin No elephant, white, black, short, or tall,
In praise of there, my darling. Can boast of such eyes, so loving and small
• CHORUS: Begin with the head and end • CHORUS: Begin with the head and end
with the toes; My praise shall be strong as with the toes; My praise shall be strong as
the tide the tide
That flows. That flows.
• Who that has been e’er forgot • As for thy nose, I’m certain that
Thy pretty hair tied in a sweet knot? None other has come has one so wide and flat;
• CHORUS: Begin with the head and end
with the toes; My praise shall be strong as • And the ebony’s bark in its core beneath’
the tide Was never so black as thy shiny teeth
That flows
Boatman’s Love Song?
• CHORUS: Begin with the head and • Thy frame is as light as the forest stag
end with the toes; My praise shall be And as strong and firm as a rocky
strong as the tide crag;
That flows. Thy feet and toes (the more good luck)
• Complexion of gold and a high cheek- As pretty and broad as the web-footed
bone, duck .
Such a lovely bride as my darling Chin. • CHORUS: Begin with the head and
end with the toes;
• CHORUS: Begin with the head and My praise shall be strong as the tide
end with the toes; That flows.
My praise shall be strong as the tide
That flows.
• What descriptions can you give to
the feelings of the boatman?
• What figures of speech are used in
the song? In what part of the song it
is evident?
• What does the chorus mean? Does it
support the poet's view on love?
Why
• Compare the feelings of the
boatman to the feelings of Filipinos.