Lpde 108

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Second-Order Parabolic Partial Differential Equations > Linear Schrodinger (Schrödinger) Equation
2
1.8. Schrodinger Equation ih̄ ∂w = – h̄ ∂ w2 + U (x)w
2
∂t 2m ∂x
1.8-1. Eigenvalue problem. Cauchy problem for the Schrodinger’s equation.
The Schrodinger’s (Schrödinger’s) equation is the basic equation of quantum mechanics; w is the
wave function, i2 = −1, h̄ is Planck’s constant, m is the mass of the particle, and U (x) is the potential
energy of the particle in the force field.
1◦ . In discrete spectrum problems, the particular solutions are sought in the form
µ ¶
iEn
w(x, t) = exp − t ψn (x),
h̄
where the eigenfunctions ψn and the respective energies En have to be determined by solving the
eigenvalue problem
d2 ψn 2m £ ¤
+ 2 En − U (x) ψn = 0,
dx2 h̄ Z ∞ (1)
ψn → 0 at x → ±∞, |ψn |2 dx = 1.
−∞
The last relation is the normalizing condition for ψn .
2◦ . In the cases where the eigenfunctions ψn (x) form an orthonormal basis in L2 (R), the solution
of the Cauchy problem for Schrodinger’s equation with the initial condition
w = f (x) at t=0 (2)
is given by
Z ∞ ∞
X µ ¶
iEn
w(x, t) = G(x, ξ, t)f (ξ) dξ, G(x, ξ, t) = ψn (x)ψn (ξ) exp − t .
−∞ h̄
n=0
Various potentials U (x) are considered below and particular solutions of the boundary value
problem (1) or the Cauchy problem for Schrodinger’s equation are presented.
1.8-2. Free particle: U (x) = 0.

The solution of the Cauchy problem for the Schrodinger’s equation with the initial condition (2) is
given by
Z ∞ · ¸ ½ √
1 (x − ξ)2 h̄t √ eπi/4 √|a| if a > 0,
w(x, t) = √ exp − f (ξ) dξ, τ= , ia =
2 iπτ −∞ 4iτ 2m e−πi/4 |a| if a < 0.
1.8-3. Linear potential (motion in a uniform external field): U (x) = ax.

Solution of the Cauchy problem for the Schrodinger’s equation with the initial condition (2):
Z · ¸
1 ¡ ¢ ∞ (x + bτ 2 − ξ)2 h̄t 2am
w(x, t) = √ exp −ibτ x − 13 ib2 τ 3 exp − f (ξ) dξ, τ = , b= 2 .
2 iπτ −∞ 4iτ 2m h̄
1
2 LINEAR SCHRODINGER (SCHRÖDINGER) EQUATION
1
1.8-4. Linear harmonic oscillator: U (x) = 2
mω 2 x2 .
Eigenvalues: ¡ ¢
En = h̄ω n + 12 , n = 0, 1, . . .
Normalized eigenfunctions:
r
1 ¡ ¢ x h̄
ψn (x) = 1/4 √ n exp − 12 ξ 2 Hn (ξ), ξ= , x0 = ,
π 2 n! x0 x0 mω
where Hn (ξ) are the Hermite polynomials. The functions ψn (x) form an orthonormal basis in
L2 (R).
1.8-5. Isotropic free particle: U (x) = a/x2 .

Here, the variable x ≥ 0 plays the role of the radial coordinate, and a > 0. The equation with
U (x) = a/x2 results from Schrodinger’s equation for a free particle with n space coordinates if one
passes to spherical (cylindrical) coordinates and separates the angular variables.
The solution of Schrodinger’s equation satisfying the initial condition (2) has the form
£ ¤Z ∞ µ 2 ¶ µ ¶
exp − 21 iπ(µ + 1) sign t √ x + y2 xy
w(x, t) = xy exp i Jµ f (y) dy,
2|τ | 0 4τ 2|τ |
r
h̄t 2am 1
τ= , µ= + ≥ 1,
2m h̄2 4
where Jµ (ξ) is the Bessel function.
1.8-6. Morse potential: U (x) = U0 (e–2x/a – 2e–x/a ).

Eigenvalues:
· ¸2 √
1 a 2mU0
En = −U0 1 − (n + 21 ) , β= , 0 ≤ n < β − 2.
β h̄
Eigenfunctions:
√
a −2mEn
ψn (x) = ξ s e−ξ/2 Φ(−n, 2s + 1, ξ), ξ = 2βe−x/a , s= ,
h̄
where Φ(a, b, ξ) is the degenerate hypergeometric function.
In this case the number of eigenvalues (energy levels) En and eigenfunctions ψn is finite:
n = 0, 1, . . . , nmax .
References
Krein, S. G. (Editor), Functional Analysis [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow, 1972.
Landau, L. D. and Lifshits, E. M., Quantum Mechanics. Nonrelativistic Theory [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow, 1974.
Miller, W. (Jr.), Symmetry and Separation of Variables, Addison-Wesley, London, 1977.
Tikhonov, A. N. and Samarskii, A. A., Equations of Mathematical Physics, Dover Publ., New York, 1990.
Polyanin, A. D., Handbook of Linear Partial Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists , Chapman & Hall/CRC,
2002.
Linear Schrodinger (Schrödinger) Equation
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c 2004 Andrei D. Polyanin http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/en/solutions/lpde/lpde108.pdf

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EqWorld http://eqworld.ipmnet.

Exact Solutions > Linear Partial Differential Equations >

w = f (x) at t=0 (2)

1.8-2. Free particle: U (x) = 0.

1.8-3. Linear potential (motion in a uniform external field): U (x) = ax.

1.8-5. Isotropic free particle: U (x) = a/x2 .

1.8-6. Morse potential: U (x) = U0 (e–2x/a – 2e–x/a ).

Linear Schrodinger (Schrödinger) Equation

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