CE4 Module 4

MODULE 4
Unit 2
CLASSICAL METHODS OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS FOR TRANSITIONS
(DEFLECTIONS) AND ROTATIONS OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
48 | P a g e CE 4 – Structural Theory
MODULE 4
Module 4: CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

The conjugate beam method is developed by Otto Mohr in 1868. Essentially, this
method requires the same amount of computation as the moment-are method. However,
it is considered to be a more convenient method in determining slope and deflections of
beam because conjugate beam method relies only on the principles of statics and hence
application is more familiar.
The conjugate-beam method is based on the comparison between the
relationships among load, shear, and bending moment and the relationships among M/EI,
slope, and deflection. These relationships have the same form, therefore, the slope and
deflection can be determined from M/EI by the same operations as those performed to
compute shear and bending moment, respectively, from the load. Furthermore, if the
M=EI diagram for a beam is applied as the load on a fictitious analogous beam, then the
shear and bending moment at any point on the fictitious beam will be equal to the slope
and deflection, respectively, at the corresponding point on the original real beam.
From the above analogy, the two theorems related to conjugate beam are stated
as follows:
Theorem 1. The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the shear at a
corresponsing point in the conjugate beam.
Theorem 2. The displacement at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the
moment at the corresponsing point in the conjugate beam.
Properties of Conjugate Beam
Conjuate beam correspondding a real beam is a fictitious beam having the

following properties:
1. The length of a conjugate beam is always equal to the length of the real beam
2. The load on the conjugate beam is the M/EI diagram of the loads on the real
beam.
3. A simple support in the real beam remains a simple support for the conjugate
beam.
4. A fixed end in the real becomes a free end in the conjugate beam and
conversely.
5. The point of zero shear for the conjugate beam corresponds to a point of zero
slope for the real beam.
6. The point of maximum moment for the conjugate beam corresponds to a point
of maximum deflection for the real beam.
7. An interior knife-edge support of a continuous real beam becomes an
unsupported hinge in the conjugate beam and conversely.
MODULE 4
8. Statically determinate real beam always has its corresponding statically

determinate conjugate beam. In addition, even if the real beam is statically
indeterminate the corresponding conjugate beam wil still be statically
determinate.
Table 4.1. Conjugate counterparts of the various types of real supports
Sign Convention
If the positive ordinates of the M/EI diagram are applied to the conjugate beam as
upward loads (in the positive y direction) and vice versa, then:
1. a positive shear in the conjugate beam denotes a positive (counterclockwise)
slope of the real beam with respect to the undeformed axis of the real beam.
2. a positive bending moment in the conjugate beam denotes a positive (upward
or in the positive y direction) deflection of the real beam with respect to the
undeformed axis of the real beam and vice versa.
MODULE 4
Example 4.1
A simply supported beam having a span of 8m, carries a concentrated load of 40kN at
6m from the left support. Using EI = 80000 kN-m2, determine the following:
a. Slope at the left support
b. Slope at a point 2m from the left support
c. Deflection at the point of application of the load
Solution:
a. Slope at the left support

∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
1 1
𝑅𝐴 (8) = (92)(60)(1.33) + (6)(60)(4)
2 2
8𝑅𝐴 − 79.8 + 720
𝑅𝐴 = 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
Using conjugate beam

𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐴 = 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴
𝑅𝐴 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜃𝐴 = =
𝐸𝐼 80000 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝑅𝐴 100 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜃𝐴 = =
𝐸𝐼 80000 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜽𝑨 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅
b. Slope at a point 2m from the left support

1
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐷 = 𝑅𝐴 − (2)(20)
2
1
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝐷 = −100 + (2)(20)
2
− 80 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜃𝐷 =
80000 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜽𝑫 = − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅`
c. Deflection at point C
𝐸𝐼 𝛿𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶
1 6
𝐸𝐼 𝛿𝐷 = −𝑅𝐴 (6) + (6)(60) ( )
2 3
𝐸𝐼 𝛿𝐷 = −240 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚3
−240 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚3
𝛿𝐷 =
80000 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝜹𝑫 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝒎 = −𝟑𝒎𝒎
MODULE 4
Example 4.2
Using conjugate beam method, detemine the maximum deflection of the beam shown in
the figure. EI is constant, E = 200 GPa and I = 6 x 106 mm4.
Solution:
Draw the M/EI diagram by parts using the

principle of supperposition and use this as
applied load in the conjugate beam.
Using FBD of BCD

1 1
𝑅𝐵 (4.8) = (1.2)(0.36) ( ) (1.2)
4 5
5.4𝑥10−3
𝑅𝐵 = ↑
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝑅𝐵 (4.8) = (4.8)(17.28) ( ) (4.8)
3 4
6.912
𝑅𝐵 = ↑
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝑅𝐵 (4.8) = − (28.44)(4.8) ( ) (4.8)
2 3
1 1 1
2.16(4.8)2 ( ) + (4.8)(8.64) ( ) (4.8)
2 2 3
10.656
𝑅𝐵 = ↓
𝐸𝐼
Assuming maximum deflection

is located between B&C
@ point of max. deflection θ = V = 0

1 5.4𝑥10−3 + 6.912 − 0.25𝑥 3 − 1.656
𝑉= ( )
𝐸𝐼 −2.16𝑥 + 2.063𝑥 2
0 = −3.739 + 2.063𝑥 2 − 2.16𝑥 − 0.25𝑥 3
By trial and error: 𝑥 = 0.544𝑚
MODULE 4
5.4𝑥10−3 (2.544) + 6.912(2.544)

1 1
𝑀= − (2.544)4 − 10.656(2.544)
𝐸𝐼 16
[ −1.08(2.544)2 + 0.688(2.544)3 ]
−7.791 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚3
𝑀=
𝐸𝐼
−7.791
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
1
(200𝑥106 )(6𝑥106 )(1000)4
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −0.00649𝑚
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝒎𝒎 ↓ 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑩
MODULE 4
Self Assessment Question 4
1. Using conjugate beam method, determine the displacement at C and slope at support
B of the beam shown in the figure. EI is constant
2 kN/m 2 kN/m
C
A B
2m 1m 1m 2m
2. Determine the maximum deflection along span AB for the overhanging beam shown
in the figure usinh conjugate beam method. EI is constant
7 kN/m
10 kN
B
A
5m 2m
MODULE 4
Answer to Self Assessment Question 4
1. Using conjugate beam method, determine the displacement at C and slope at support
B of the beam shown in the figure. EI is constant
2 kN/m 2 kN/m
C
A B
2m 1m 1m 2m
Answers:
9.33 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 16.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚3
𝜃𝐵 = , 𝛿𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
2. Determine the maximum deflection along span AB for the overhanging beam shown
in the figure usinh conjugate beam method. EI is constant
7 kN/m
10 kN
B
A
5m 2m
Answers:
−1.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚3
𝛿max(𝐴𝐵) = , 1𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴
𝐸𝐼

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MODULE 4

Module 4: CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

Properties of Conjugate Beam

Conjuate beam correspondding a real beam is a fictitious beam having the

8. Statically determinate real beam always has its corresponding statically

Table 4.1. Conjugate counterparts of the various types of real supports

a. Slope at the left support

Using conjugate beam

b. Slope at a point 2m from the left support

Draw the M/EI diagram by parts using the

Using FBD of BCD

Assuming maximum deflection

@ point of max. deflection θ = V = 0

By trial and error: 𝑥 = 0.544𝑚

5.4𝑥10−3 (2.544) + 6.912(2.544)

𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟗𝒎𝒎 ↓ 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑩

Self Assessment Question 4

Answer to Self Assessment Question 4

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