UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

SOCIAL SELF -the personal attributes that observers

-is defined as how an individual interacts notice about another person need not
with the social world presented to be inferred or incidentally.
him/her and how he/she approaches the
formation of a relationship. Categorical Judgments
-the self has meaning only within the -about other people such as their sex,
social context, and it is not wrong to say race, and age.
that the social situation defines our self-
concept and our self-esteem. Social Norms
-informal understandings that govern the
Interaction VS Relation behavior of members of a society.
Social relations -norms are regarded as collective
-is any relationship between two or more representations of acceptable group
individuals. conduct as well as individual perceptions
-derived from individual agency form the of particular group conduct.
basis of social structure and the basic
object for analysis by social scientists. Social Facilitation
-other term is audience effect
Relationship -to perform differently when in the
-is a strong, deep, or close association or presence of others than when alone.
acquaintance between two or more -they tend to perform better on simple or
people. well-rehearsed tasks and worse on
complex or new ones.
Interaction Conformity
-is a kind of action that occurs as two or -act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and
more objects have an effect upon one behaviors to group norms.
another. -Norms are implicit, specific rules,
shared by a group of individuals that
Person perception guide their interactions with others.
-refers to a general tendency to form -can occur in the presence of others, or
impressions of other people. when an individual is alone.
-occur indirectly and require inferring
information about a person based on Social Roles
observations of behaviors or based on -is a set of connected or patterns of
second-hand information. behaviors, rights, obligations,beliefs, and
norms as conceptualized by people in
Indirect Person Perception social situations.
-this is what we call not directly -expected or free or continuously
observable. changing behavior and may have a given
-personal attributes or traits that individual social status or social position.
observers may want to know about
another person. Stereotype
-discern if a person is loyal, honest, or -are generalized because one assumes
contemptible based on their act that the stereotype is true for each
individual person in the category.
Direct Person Perception
-they are directly observable
Common Stereotypes Needed Extended Self Due to Sharing
Racial Profiling -It takes only a moment of surfing the
-One of the more common stereotype web to realize that the Internet is a
examples is stereotypes surrounding race cornucopia of information,
(assumptions based on one’s race, color, entertainment, images, films, and music
and ethnicity). mostly all free for accessing,
Gender Profiling downloading, and sharing with others.
-common stereotypes of men and women
Cultures Positive Impacts of Social Media and
-All Americans are generally considered Online Interaction on the Self:
to be friendly, generous, and tolerant, but + Social media sites inform and
also arrogant, impatient, and empower individuals to change
domineering. themselves and their communities.
+ Increased self-esteem when receiving
Groups of Individuals many likes and shares.
-involves grouping of individuals. + Boost one’s moral and feelings of
Skaters, Goths, Gangsters, and Preps are self-worth.
a few examples.
-taking place in schools. Negative Impacts of Social Media and
Sexual Stereotypes Online Interaction on the Self:
-suggest that any feminine man is gay - Extensive online engagement correlates
and any masculine woman is a lesbian. with personality and brain disorders like
Those who believe gay stereotypes may poor social skills. ADHD, narcissistic
also believe that homosexuality is tendencies, a need for instant
immoral, wrong and an abomination gratification, and addictive behaviors and
other emotional distress like depression,
DIGITAL SELF anxiety, and loneliness.
-self is the aspect of the self that is - Low self-esteem due to the risk of
expressed or shared with others through being exposed to cyberbullying and
online interaction on the internet, cyberpornography.
specifically in social networking sites. - More occupied in giving attention to
social media than in keeping their
Social media customs and practices.
-a term for numerous technologies that
allow instantaneous communication, Setting Boundaries to Your Online
status updates, and social networking Self: Smart Sharing
among individuals. 1. Is this post/story necessary?
2. Is there a real benefit to this post? Is it
Selective Self-presentation and funny, warm-hearted, teachable- or am
Impression Management Am I just making noise online without
purpose?
Self-Presentation 3. Have we (as a family or parent/child)
-According to Ervin Goffman,it is the resolved this issue? An issue that is still
“process of controlling how one is being worked out at home, or one that is
perceived by other people” and is the key either vulnerable or highly emotional,
to relationship inception and should not be made public.
development. 4. Is it appropriate? Does it stay within
the boundaries of our family values?
5. Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15
years? Or is this post better suited for
sharing with a small group of family
members? Or maybe not at all?

Proper sharing of information and

ethical use of the Internet:
• Stick to safer sites.
• Guard your passwords.
• Limit what you share.
• Remember that anything you put online
or post on a site is there forever, even if
you try to delete it.
• Do not be mean or embarrass other
people online.
• Always tell if you see strange or bad
behavior online.
Locke’s Goal Setting Theory
• Be choosy about your online friends.
Five Principles of Goal Setting, to
motivate, goals must have:
MANAGING AND CARING FOR
THE SELF: A BETTER ME AND
1. Clarity
MY FUTURE GOALS
- Clear goals are measurable and
unambiguous. When a goal is clear and
The Importance of Setting Goals
specific, with a definite time set for
-In order to achieve the success we spend
completion, there is less
our lives chasing, we first need to define
misunderstanding about what behaviors
our goals.
will be rewarded.
How to set a goal
2. Challenge
-Setting a goal is something you need to
-most important characteristics of goals
practice in order to get it right.
is the level of challenge.
-is a process that will help you motivate
yourself, and the more detailed and
3. Commitment
precise the goal is, the better your brain
-Goals must be understood and agreed
will analyze the steps in order to achieve
upon if they are to be effective.
it.

4. Feedback
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
-provides opportunities to clarify
-is a motivational theory in psychology
expectations, adjust goal difficulty, and
comprising a five-tier model of human
gain recognition.
needs, often depicted as hierarchical
levels within a pyramid.
5. Task Complexity
-lower down in the hierarchy must be
satisfied before individuals can attend to
needs higher up. From the bottom of the
hierarchy upwards, the needs are:
physiological, safety, love and
belonging, esteem and self- actualization.
Albert Bandura’s Self Efficacy STRESS AND STRESS
MANAGEMENT
4 WAYS TO BUILD SELF-EFFICACY
Stress
Mastery Experiences -refers to events that are perceived as
-experiencing the results of self-efficacy challenging, damaging or threatening to
first hand. one's physical or psychological
-key to mastery is approaching life with well-being.
dedicated efforts and experimenting with -referred to as stressors and the way
realistic but challenging goals. people respond to them called stress
Social Modeling response.
-means choosing role-models that can
demonstrate their self-efficacy. There are four types of conflict:
-refers to the observation of a role model 1. Approach-approach conflict
–occurs when a person needs to choose
Social Persuasion between two options that are both
-about ‘finding the right mentor’. attractive.
-is about having others directly influence 2. Avoidance-avoidance conflict
one’s self-efficacy by providing - occurs when a person needs to choose
opportunities for mastery experiences in between options that he or she finds both
a safe and purposeful manner. unpleasant.
3. Approach-avoidance conflict
- occurs when a person needs to choose
States of Physiology between options that have both positive
-our emotions, moods, and physical state and negative consequences.
can influence our interpretation of 4. Multiple conflict
self-efficacy. - occurs when there are more than two
options.
Carol Dweck’s Fixed vs. Growth
Mindset Theory Defense Mechanism
-to deal the frustrations, conflicts, and
Carol Dweck stress people sometimes use unconscious
-studies human motivation. strategies to cope with the pain and deal
-she spends her days diving into why with anxiety.
people succeed (or don’t) and what’s
within our control to foster success. Types of Stress and Stress Relief
-her theory of the two mindsets and the Techniques
difference they make in outcomes is
incredibly powerful. 1. Acute Stress
-is the type of stress that throws you
off-balance momentarily.
-is the type of stress that comes on
quickly and often unexpectedly and
doesn’t last too long, but requires a
response and shakes you up a bit, like an
argument with someone in your life.
These stress relievers can help you to Here are some ways to manage
relax and more quickly recover from emotional stress:
acute stress: ▪ Write in a journal- there are some
▪ Breathing exercise- great for acute different journaling strategies to try, all
stress because they work quickly with benefits
▪ Cognitive reframing- learn to change ▪ Talk to a friend- learn about the
the way you look at the situation to several different types of social support
manage your stress levels friends can offer you
▪ Progressive muscle relaxation- like ▪ Listen to music
bresthing exercise, PMR will give you a ▪ Practiced mindfulness- help keep you
moment to regroup and calm down rooted in the present moment
▪ Mini-mediation- take breathing ▪ Talk to therapist
exercises a step further with this quick,
5-minutes meditation techniques to 4. Battling Burnout
calm-down in the moment. -is the result of a prolonged chronic
stress of a situation that leaves people
2. Chronic stress feeling a lack of control in their lives.
-is the type of stress that tends to occur
on a regular basis. The following strategies can help you
-may leave you feeling drained, and can to come back from a state of burnout
lead to brownout if it’s not effectively or prevent it entirely:
managed. ▪ Take some time off- if you never take
your vacation time, here's why you
The following long-term habits can should start
help you to better manage general ▪ Get more laughter into your life-
stress that you may feel from the laughter can lead into overall health and
chronic stressors in your life: bring joy into your day.
▪ Exercise regularly- exercise and stress ▪ Indulge in hobbies- don't wait until
management are closely linked for your life calm down to engage
several reasons. in your hobbies
▪ Maintain a healthy diet- fueling your ▪ Get more enjoyment out of your
body well can help with overall stress current job- if you landed in a job you
level because your entire system will don't love, all is not lost. Learn how to
function better. make your job fulfilling
▪ Cultivate supportive relationship- ▪ Make your weekends count- learn
having a solid support system is a crucial how to bring some of your weekend into
coping mechanisms. your week for less stress.
▪ Meditate regularly- while quick
meditation is great for dealing with acute
stress, a regular meditation practice will
help build your overall resilience to
stress.
▪ Listen to music- music can act as a
wonderful, stress reducing backdrop to
everyday tasks.

3. Emotional Stress
-the pain of emotional stress can help
harder than some other type of stress.