BUS 7102: Mathematics for Decisions

“Application of Permutation on Real Life Activity”

Presented to:
Prof.Dr.MD. Showkat Ali
Lecturer, Faculty of Business Studies
Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)

Presented by:
Tasmia Taharat Anila
ID No. 2223032144
Faculty of Business Studies, MBA (Professional) Program, BUP
 Table of contents
Sl.
Topics
No.
1 Background of the Study

2 What is permutation

2.1 Permutations with Repetition

2.2 Permutations without Repetition

3 Benefit of permutation

4 The Use of permutation in real life

5 Real life example of permutation life

5.1 Combination lock

5.2 Password

5.3 Phone number

5.4 Paying the piano

5.5 Car plate

5.6 Trophy lineup

5.7 Painting

5.8 Book arrangement

 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
In mathematics, the notion of permutation relates to the act of arranging all the members of a set
into some sequence or order, or if the set is already ordered, rearranging (reordering) its elements, a
process called permuting.
Combination refers to different set of groups made out of a given lot, without repeating an element,
taking one or more of them at a time. In others word each of the groups which can be formed out of
n things taking r at a time without regarding the order things. These differ from combinations,
which are selections of some members of a set where order is disregarded. For example, written as
tulles, there are six permutations of the set {1,2,3}, namely: (1,2,3), (1,3,2), (2,1,3), (2,3,1), (3,1,2),
and (3,2,1). These are all the possible orderings of this three-element set. As another example, an
anagram of a word, all of whose letters are different, is a permutation of its letters.
Permutations studied in almost every branch of mathematics. They also appear in many other fields
of science. In computer science they are used for analyzing sorting algorithms, in quantum physics
for describing states of particles and in biology for describing RNA sequences.
The number of permutations of n distinct objects is n factorial, usually written as n!, which means
the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n.
Permutations, the various ways in which objects from a set may be selected, generally without
replacement, to form subsets. This selection of subsets is called a permutation when the order of
selection is a factor, a combination when order is not a factor.

1.2 What is permutation

Permutation refers to different of things from a given a lot taken one or more at a time. The number
of different arrangements of r things taken out of n dissimilar is denoted by; n P r
There are basically two types of permutation:
• Repetition is Allowed: such as the lock above. It could be "333".
• No Repetition: for example, the first three people in a running race. You can't be first and
second.
2.1. Permutations with Repetition
These are the easiest to calculate.
When a thing has n different types ... we have n choices each time!
For example: choosing 3 of those things, the permutations are:
n×n×n
(n multiplied 3 times)
More generally: choosing r of something that has n different types, the permutations are:
n × n × ... (r times)
(In other words, there are n possibilities for the first choice, THEN there are n possibilities for the
second choice, and so on, multiplying each time.)
Which is easier to write down using an exponent of r:
n × n × ... (r times) = nr

2.2. Permutations without Repetition

In this case, we have to reduce the number of available choices each time.
The factorial function (symbol: !) just means to multiply a series of descending natural numbers.
Examples:
4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5,040
1! = 1
So, when we want to select all of the billiard balls the permutations are:
16! = 20,922,789,888,000
But when we want to select just 3 we don't want to multiply after 14. How do we do that? There is a
neat trick: we divide by 13!
16 × 15 × 14 × 13 × 12 ...13 × 12 ... = 16 × 15 × 14
The 13 × 12 × ... etc gets "cancelled out", leaving only 16 × 15 × 14.
Problem of the Study

• What is the significance of permutation and to our real lives?

• Why do we need to learn permutation?

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to be able to learn how important permutation is to everyone. Despite
having not taught about the exact reason why this is being added to the curriculum, I am aware that
there is a reason why this is being taught to us.

Key Terms
• Permutation
• Combination

DISCUSSION
Definition of Terms
• Permutation
Relates to the act of arranging all the members of a set into some sequence or order, or if the set
is already ordered, rearranging (reordering) its elements, a process called permutation.

• Factorial
Factorials is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n.

Examples
Example 1:
If five digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are being given and a three-digit code has to be made from it if the
repetition of digits is allowed then how many such codes can be formed.
Solution:
As repetition is allowed, we have five options for each digit of the code. Hence, the required
number of ways code can be formed is, 5×5×5 = 125.

Example 2:
If three alphabets are to be chosen from A, B, C, D and E such that repetition is not allowed then in
how many ways it can be done?

Solution:
The number of ways three alphabets can be chosen from five will be,

35P=5!(5−3)! = 5×4×3×2×12×1 = 60.

Hence, there are 60 possible ways.

Example 3:
In how many ways can the letters of the word APPLE can be rearranged?

Solution:

Total number of alphabets in APPLE = 5.

Number of repeated alphabets = 2

Number of ways APPLE can be rearranged = 5!2! = 60.

The word APPLE can be rearranged in 60 ways.

Example 4:
It is required to seat 5 men and 4 women in a row so that the women occupy the even
places. How many such arrangements are possible?

Solution: We are given that there are 5 men and 4 women.

i.e. there are 9 positions.

The even positions are: 2nd, 4th, 6th and the 8th places

These four places can be occupied by 4 women in P(4, 4) ways = 4!

= 4 . 3. 2. 1

= 24 ways

The remaining 5 positions can be occupied by 5 men in P(5, 5) = 5!

= 5.4.3.2.1

= 120 ways

Therefore, by the Fundamental Counting Principle,

Total number of ways of seating arrangements = 24 x 120

= 2880
Example 5:
How many 3 letter words with or without meaning can be formed out of the letters of the
word SMOKE when repetition of words is allowed?
Solution:
The number of objects, in this case, is 5, as the word SMOKE has 5 alphabets.
and r = 3, as 3-letter word has to be chosen.
Thus, the permutation will be:
Permutation (when repetition is allowed) = 53 = 125

3.The benefit of Permutation:

• To count the number of ways for determine arrangement
In our real life, we always count things. For the example when we are dressing, we may
count the number of possible ways to choose a pair of trousers shirt and a jacket from the
wardrobe for a proper match. Sometimes the number we count is so huge that the counting
job is not easy. However, some kinds of mathematics may help us do it in a systematic way.
Oftentimes, we unconscious that the benefit of permutation is happen in our daily life and
permutations is be able to count the number of ways for determine election of structure
organization. We are given the option to specify the position of the post of chairman,
assistant of chairman, secretary, treasure, preparation of a series of letters in the word or the
other.
• Be distinguishing for one arrangement to another to another arrangement.
By using permutations, we can find the number of ways classification for each arrangement.
For the example in the election of structure of structure organization, we can get result of
chairman assistant of chairman, secretary, treasureless. Which all of them are different one
each other. They have different position and job that we can make it same. So, benefit of
permutation is to distinguishing for one arrangement to another arrangement.

4.The Use of Permutation in Real Life:

Would you believe it if we said that while playing the piano or making a cup of
coffee, you are unknowingly applying mathematical concepts of permutation and combination?
Most definitely not. But the truth is, you are!
There are several real-life situations where we use the knowledge we have learned in school
about permutation and combination. But what exactly are they? While both terms are used together,
they are not the same.
 Permutation involves arranging a set of objects or data in sequential order and determining
the number of ways it can be arranged. An important point to remember here is that the order of
arrangement of objects/data matters in permutation.
On the contrary, there have some jotted down some interesting examples in this write –up to
help you understand how these math concepts find their way into the real world. So, below give
some examples;

5.Real-life examples of permutations

5.1. Combination lock

A combination lock is a useful item that helps safeguard our belongings when we are out and about.
Now, we all know that one can open a combination lock only when the perfect code, in the correct
sequential order, is entered. If the code is not in the right order, it won’t open. To give you an
example, if the lock code is 321, you will have to enter the code in the same sequence to open it.
Entering 231 or 123 will not help.

5.2. Passwords

Every day we find ourselves typing passwords on our laptops or mobile phones. Passwords also
help in keeping our digital information safe. Similar to a combination lock, passwords are also an
arrangement of alphabets, digits, and characters in a particular order. These work only when we
enter all the characters of the password in the correct sequence. A tiny misplacement here in there,
and you cannot access your device.
 5.3. Phone numbers

Phone numbers typically consist of different parts. For instance, in the phone number +880- 167-
612-3456, +880is the country code, 167 is the area code, 612 is the exchange code, and 3456 is the
subscriber code. The first three sets of numbers are fixed depending on which area the phone
number belongs. The last four numbers are permutations of digits to form a unique subscriber
number. In its entirety, a complete phone number is also a permutation, as one must follow the same
order to dial and connect to the right person.

5.4. Car plate numbers

Car license plates are another real-life example of permutation. The number of characters on a
license plate varies across states as each state has its own way of numbering license plates. While
some have 6-character plates with varying numbers of letters and digits, others have 7-character
plates with similar variations. The department of motor vehicles issues license plate numbers to
each car by applying different permutations to obtain unique numbers.
 5.5. Playing the piano

When pianists play a song on the piano, they press a unique series of keys that produce specific
notes that together form a musical piece. If the sequence of keys is not followed, they won’t be able
to play the intended song. Therefore, the notes of a song are a permutation of piano keys, which,
when played together in a predetermined sequence, produce beautiful music. Even a slight deviation
in the sequence can cause a misplaced note that hampers the song’s melody.

5.6. Painting

When we want to paint our room. but sometimes we see that, our room has 4 walls and we have
only 3 paint colors. Each wall can be painted 3 different colors but we have 4 sides. Now we can
paint it in 4*3*2*1=24 ways.
 5.7. Trophy line up

Everybody loves showing off their achievements and what better way to display magnificence than
through you seemingly endless number of trophies? A display way is quite effective, but there are
so many ways to display the tropics, and you would prefer to group trophies of the same
achievements together. To figure out how many ways you can display the same ones together
within the number of trophy slots allotted, you can use permutation

5.8. Book Arrangement

A permutation Would be the arrangement of books on a shelf. An easy one is to say there are five
different books. How many ways can you arrange them on shelf?

Then We have five choices for the first bocachicas for the second book three choices for the third
book, so that, we solve that; 5*4*3*2*1=120 ways.

6.In conclusion

When learning topics permutation, students often think they will never use them later in life. But
that is not true. We use our knowledge in so many ways regularly. We just fail to appreciate why
we’re able to do it. And that’s simply because we learned them in school. Real-life examples clarify
our doubts and show how we use our learning’s in daily life. We hope the examples shared in this
write-up have enlightened you on how we practice our knowledge of permutation to make our lives
easier.
REFERENCES

Books:

• D.C.Sancheti,V.KKapoor,Business Mathematics.

• Bowen.Prichett.Saber,Application in management and Economics.

Others:

• Bogart, Kenneth P. (1990), Introductory Combinatorics (2nd ed.), Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich, ISBN 0-15-541576-X
• Bóna, Miklós (2004), Combinatorics of Permutations, Chapman Hall-CRC, ISBN 1-58488-434-
7
• Bona, Miklos (2012), Combinatorics of Permutations (2nd ed.), CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4398-
5051-0
• Brualdi, Richard A. (2010), Introductory Combinatorics (5th ed.), Prentice-Hall, ISBN 978-0-
13-602040-0