Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 5/Week 6
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 5/ Week 6:

Potential Earthquake Hazards,

Natural Signs of an Impending
Tsunami, Effects of the
Different Earthquake Hazards
& Hazard Maps
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 11/12 Disaster Readiness and Risks Reduction (DRRR)
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Earthquake hazards!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators from
public institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal,
social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11/12 Disaster Readiness and Risks Reduction (DRRR)
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Earthquake hazards!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100% ), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you had learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 Lesson
1
Earthquake Hazards

What I Need to Know (Learning Objectives)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify various potential earthquake hazards;

2. recognize the natural signs of an impending tsunami; a n d
3. analyze the effects of the different earthquake hazards;
4. interpret different earthquake hazard maps.

What I Know (Pretest)

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.

1) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from

sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.
a. Earthquake c. Sinkhole
b. Landslide d. Tsunami

2) It is produced by sudden movement along Earth’s faults and plate boundaries.

a. quibolic earthquake c. tsunamic earthquake
b. tectonic earthquake d. volcanic earthquake

3) It is the perceived strength of an earthquake based on relative effect to people

and structures; generally higher near the epicenter.
a. intensity c. magnitude
b. level d. strength

4) It is produced by movement of magma beneath.

a. laharic earthquake c. tectonic earthquake
b. seismic earthquake d. volcanic earthquake

5) It is based on instrumentally derived information and correlated strength with the

amount of total energy released at the earthquake’s point of origin.
a. intensity c. magnitude
b. level d. strength

6) It refers to the disruptive up-down and sideways motion experienced during an

earthquake.
a. ground rupture c. liquefaction
b. ground shaking d. tsunami
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7) A is a fracture on which one body of rocks slide past another.
a. bedrock c. magma
b. fault d. sinkhole

8) takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or

near ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking.
a. Ground rupture c. Liquefaction
b. Landslide d. Tsunami

9) It is the production a series of giant waves greater than 5 meters as a result of

under-the-sea geological processes.
a. surfing waves c. tsunami
b. tidal wave d. wave

10) Which of the following is NOT an earthquake hazard?

a. earthquake-induced landslide c. ground rupture
b. ground pollution d. tsunami

11) Which of the following is NOT a sign of an impending tsunami?

a. feeling a ground shaking c. seeing the water’s color change
b. hearing a loud roaring sound d. seeing the water level drop

12) It is a tool which shows the areas where specific earthquake hazards are likely to
happen and the severity of the expected impact such areas will experience.
a. early warning device c. hazard map
b. earthquake hazard detector d. seismograph

13) Which of the following earthquake hazards cannot be prevented and everyone
will experience during an earthquake?
a. ground rupture c. landslide
b. ground shaking d. liquefaction

14) If you observe the warning signs of a tsunami, which of the following should you
do?
a. grab floating device and stay c. stay and just pray for it to go away
b. move to a higher ground d. wait for tsunami to arrive for confirmation

15) Areas exposed to a Valley Fault System are at high risk of which earthquake
hazard?
a. ground discoloration c. sinkhole
b. ground rupture d. tsunami

Key to answers on page 11

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 What’s In (Review)

You’ve learned from the last lesson that impacts are associated to various
hazards, affecting different exposed elements such as persons and properties.
Knowing that hazards can cause danger to you and your family, it is important to know
how the hazards work and how you can possibly prepare for them, in order to prevent
or at least minimize the impact.

This lesson will introduce you to the first geological hazard you will be
examining: earthquake hazards. Specifically, it is aimed at helping you analyze the
effects of the different earthquake hazards, interpret different earthquake hazard maps,
and recognize the natural signs of an impending tsunami. These knowledge and skills
are helpful for you since Philippines, being situated in a tectonically active region of the
Pacific Ring of Fire, is no stranger to earthquakes and tsunamis.

What’s New (Activity)

Activity 5.1: Historical Destructive Earthquakes and Tsunami

This activity will let you revisit some of the destructive earthquakes and tsunami
that greatly affected several areas in the country and identify various impacts
that they caused. Your answers will be useful in the succeeding activities.

1. Make a research online or interview older family members about 3 earthquakes that
affected the country in the past.

2. Collect the following information: (a) date when the earthquake happened, (b)
magnitude and intensity of the earthquake, (c) the epicenter and areas greatly affected
by the earthquake, and (d) description of impacts of the earthquake.

3. Organize your answers using the table provided below.

Date Epicenter & Magnitude & Description of

Areas Affected Intensity Impacts

4. What words do you associate with earthquakes? Create a concept map about
earthquakes using the diagram provided.

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 EARTHQUAKE

5. Next, make a research online or interview older family members about 2 incidents
of tsunami that affected the country in the past.

6. Collect the following information: (a) date when the tsunami happened, (b) the
location of event, and (c) description of major impacts of tsunami.

7. Organize your answers using the table provided below.

Date Location of Event Major Impacts

What Is It (Discussion)

5.1 EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Recall that earthquake is defined by PHIVOLCS as a weak to violent shaking

of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rocks or rock materials below
the earth’s surface. It could either be tectonic (generated by the sudden displacement
along faults and plate boundaries) or volcanic (induced by rising lava or magma
beneath active volcanoes). Regardless of the type, an earthquake is inevitably
associated with hazards that could potentially cause damage to vulnerable and
exposed elements. These are termed earthquake hazards.

Earthquake hazards, just like any other hazards, could possibly cause health
impacts, physical and property destruction, social and economic disruption, and
environmental damage. The most common earthquake hazards are: (a) ground
shaking, (b) ground rupture, (c) liquefaction, (d) earthquake-induced landslides, and
(e) tsunami. We’ll learn each hazard and their effects in this lesson.

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5.1.1 Ground Shaking

Ground shaking is basically the up-down and sideways motion felt during an
earthquake. Different parts of the country will experience ground shaking at varying
degrees depending on various factors, such as the magnitude of the earthquake,
distance of one’s location from the fault that moved, orientation of fault rupture, bedrock
type, and topography. If an earthquake produces a strong ground shaking,
infrastructures can be severely damaged. Hanging and stacked objects could fall
and cause physical injuries. Windows and glass doors may break. Persons standing
can be destabilized and may be injured from falling.

5.1.2 Ground Rupture

Ground rupture is the visible displacement or deformation on the ground

brought about by the movement of a fault. The movement may be as small as 0.5
meters and may have vertical and horizontal component. If a house or a structure is
situated along a fault, it may experience ground rupture and may be destroyed if
fissuring occurs.

5.1.3 Liquefaction

Liquefaction happens when a body of solid sediments starts to behave like

liquid due to extremely intense shaking. It usually happens to sediments located near
bodies of water. As a result, structures or buildings on top will either sink or tilt as the
liquefied body of sediment can no longer support it due to changes in its properties.

5.1.4 Earthquake-induced Landslide

When the rocks and loose thin soil covering on the slopes of steep mountains
are shaken during an earthquake, mass migration of these materials, termed as
landslide, occurs. Earthquakes can trigger landslides by increasing the driving force
than the resisting force. This results to erosion, burial, destruction of plants and
properties, and blockage of roads and rivers.

5.1.5 Tsunami

When geological processes occur, like strong under-the-sea earthquakes, it

often results to the production a series of giant waves greater than 5 meters, called
tsunami. This could result to coastal erosion, flooding, damage to properties, and
drowning of people.

It is important to note that a tsunami differ from a storm surge in terms of what
is causing the waves. While a storm surge is caused by strong winds blowing the water
on the surface of the sea, a tsunami is generated by disturbances in the seabed
due to under-the-sea earthquakes and geological processes.

While the effects of earthquake hazards are quite fearsome, there is a way to
prepare for them by knowing where they could possibly occur. The next lessons will
focus on helping you recognize signs of an incoming tsunami and interpret a helpful
tool, the earthquake hazard map.

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5.2 SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING TSUNAMI

Based on the stories of eyewitness and survivors of past tsunamis, the following
are the natural signs of an impending tsunami:

1. Feeling an earthquake. If the ground shakes under your feet in a coastal

region, a tsunami may have been caused by a strong undersea earthquake.
However, you may not feel an earthquake if the event is far away.

2. Seeing ocean water disappear from the beach, bay or river. Before a tsunami
arrives, water may recede from the shoreline before returning as a fast- moving wall
of water. If you notice the water is disappearing, tell your family and friends and prepare
to move inland or to higher ground.

3. Hearing an unusual roaring sound. If you hear a loud roar approaching (a

bit like a passenger jet or a train), tell your family and friends. It could be a tsunami
approaching.

These signs are popularized as SHAKE-DROP-ROAR for better recall.

5.3 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAPS

From earlier lessons, you have learned that there are at least 5 earthquake
hazards that need to be considered: ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction,
earthquake-induced landslide, and tsunami. For years, experts have been observing
them and the occurrences and impacts of earthquakes. From the observation of the
past faults and earthquakes, behavior of seismic waves throughout the country, and
site conditions, experts have produced accurate and detailed maps showing the
areas where a certain specific earthquake hazards are likely to happen and the
severity of the expected impact such areas will experience. Such earthquake
hazard maps are useful for the purposes of designing safe infrastructures, planning
appropriate land usage, and preparing emergency mitigation and response. Each
earthquake hazard has a corresponding hazard map: (a) ground shaking hazard
map, (b) ground rupture hazard map, (c) liquefaction hazard map, (d) earthquake-
induced landslide hazard map, and (e) tsunami hazard map.

A hazard map has the basic parts: (i) Map Title – indicates what the map is all
about; (ii) Legend – indicates details and meaning of the symbols used; and (iii) Scale
– helps determine distances.

Earthquake hazard maps are available in your community’s Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council. You can also access online the DOST-
PHIVOLCS site and DENR-MGB site.

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 What’s More (Enrichment Activities)

Activity 5.2: Classifying Earthquake Impacts

This activity will let you classify the impacts of earthquakes.

1. Refer to your answers in Activity 5.1. Classify the impacts listed in the Description
of Impacts column into their respective hazard categories. Use the table provided.

Description of Impacts Earthquake Hazards present

What I Have Learned (Generalization)

Complete the following sentences with your learnings in this module.

• I have learned to recognize the three natural signs of an impending tsunami.

First, .
Afterwards, .
Then, .
Once I observe these signs, I should
.

• I have learned to analyze the effects of the different earthquake hazards.

Ground shaking causes
.
Ground rupture causes
.
Liquefaction can
.
Earthquake-induced landslide may _
.
And tsunami can cause
.

• I have learned to interpret different earthquake hazard maps. The basic parts
of a hazard maps are , , and
. The hazards maps can be accessed by
.
They are important because .

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 What I Can Do (Application)

Activity 5.3: “To Do or Not to Do” during a Tsunami

This activity will let you distinguish between the good and bad practices in the
event of a tsunami. Key to answers are on page 11.
1. Categorize the statements below as TO DO or NOT TO DO by writing the letter on
the appropriate column in the table.

a. If a big tsunami is approaching, you should move as far inland as you can and
move to a higher area.
b. If a small tsunami is approaching, you should get out of the water and wait until
you hear it is safe to return.
c. If a tsunami occurs, you should invite your family to go to the shore and
witness together a once-in-a-lifetime event.
d. If you observe giant sea waves are approaching your way but did not feel
ground shaking, it should not bother you and just stay on the coastal area.
e. If you observe the water level is receding and hear roaring sound but did not
feel an earthquake, you should still proceed to far inland and a higher area.
f. If you recognize the signs of an incoming tsunami early but others in the beach
don’t, you should quickly inform them of the event and advise them to move to a
higher area with you.
g. If you are swimming with your family and you feel a strong earthquake, you
should let them go to higher ground while you stay on the shore so that you can
later tell them when it is safe to return.
h. If you feel a high magnitude earthquake, you should first make sure that a
tsunami is approaching by seeing if the ocean level drops and by hearing
roaring sound before you proceed to a higher area.

To do Not to do

Activity 5.4: Interpreting Earthquake Hazard Maps

This activity will let you interpret an earthquake hazard map of your
community and assess the possible impacts.
1. Secure a copy of your municipality’s Earthquake Hazard Maps. You can either
email/chat your community’s officials or access DOST-PHIVOLCS/DENR-MGB
website. Your teacher may also opt to provide you one.
2. Use the obtained map to assess you community’s exposure to earthquake
hazards.
3. Determine the trace of the Valley Fault System.
3. Identify and mark the following in the map: (a) your house, (b) barangay hall, (c)
schools, (d) hospitals/clinics, (e) public markets, and (f) important infrastructures
(gymnasiums, bridges, covered courts, etc.).

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4. Use a ruler or string to measure the distances of the marked areas from the trace
of the Valley Fault System.
5. Determine whether any of the identified elements on your map fall within any of
the identified hazard zones (ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction and
earthquake-induced landslides).
6. Determine whether any of the identified elements at risk are transected by the
Valley Fault System. Use the classification provided to assess the intensity of risk
of each identified element.

Hazard Intensity
Ground Shaking High Moderate Low
Ground Rupture High Moderate Low
Induced Landslide High Moderate Low
Liquefaction High Moderate Low
Active Fault Transected Not Transected

Assessment (Posttest)

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.

1) It is a tool which shows the areas where specific earthquake hazards are likely to
happen and the severity of the expected impact such areas will experience.
a. early warning device c. hazard map
b. earthquake hazard detector d. seismograph

2) Areas exposed to a Valley Fault System are at high risk of which earthquake
hazard?
a. ground discoloration c. sinkhole
b. ground rupture d. tsunami

3) It is produced by sudden movement along the Earth’s faults and plate

boundaries.
a. quibolic earthquake c. tsunamic earthquake
b. tectonic earthquake d. volcanic earthquake

4) It is the perceived strength of an earthquake based on relative effect to people

and structures; generally higher near the epicenter.
a. intensity c. magnitude
b. level d. strength

5) takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or

near ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking.
a. Ground rupture c. Liquefaction
b. Landslide d. Tsunami

9
6) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from
sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.
a. Earthquake c. Sinkhole
b. Landslide d. Tsunami
7) It refers to the disruptive up-down and sideways motion experienced during an
earthquake.
a. ground rupture c. liquefaction
b. ground shaking d. tsunami

8) It is the production a series of giant waves greater than 5 meters as a result of

under-the-sea geological processes.
a. surfing waves c. tsunami
b. tidal wave d. wave

9) It is produced by movement of magma beneath.

a. laharic earthquake c. tectonic earthquake
b. seismic earthquake d. volcanic earthquake

10) A is a fracture on which one body of rocks slide past another.

a. bedrock c. magma
b. fault d. sinkhole

11) It is based on instrumentally derived information and correlated strength with the
amount of total energy released at the earthquake’s point of origin.
a. intensity c. magnitude
b. level d. strength

12) Which of the following is NOT a sign of an impending tsunami?

a. feeling a ground shaking c. seeing the water’s color change
b. hearing a loud roaring sound d. seeing the water level drop

13) Which of the following earthquake hazards cannot be prevented and everyone
will experience during an earthquake?
a. ground rupture c. landslide
b. ground shaking d. liquefaction

14) If you observe the warning signs of a tsunami, which of the following should you
do?
a. grab floating device and stay c. stay and just pray for it to go away
b. move to a higher ground d. wait for tsunami to arrive for confirmation

15) Which of the following is NOT an earthquake hazard?

a. earthquake-induced landslide c. ground rupture
b. ground pollution d. tsunami

Key to answers on page 11

10
 Additional Activities

Activity 5.5: My Earthquake Hazards and Tsunami Signs Brochure

The following tasks will let you prepare a brochure that would serve as your
information-education campaign material later as you share your learnings in this
lesson to your family and community.

1. Create your own Earthquake Hazards brochure that contains information about
what the earthquake hazards are and their impacts. Include a segment that informs
about the warning signs of an impending tsunami. Write the details using your local
language. You can also add some illustrations. Be sure that your brochure contains
accurate information, creativity, and simple terms. Let the rubrics provided be your
guide.
Content --------------- 14pts
Accuracy ------------- 8pts
Clarity ----------------- 5pts
Creativity ------------- 3pts
TOTAL ---------------- 30pts

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REFERENCES

Bagtasa, G., Dinanala, J. D., Morante, K. A., Villegas, M. M., and Zarco, M. A.
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (Teaching Guide for Senior High
School). Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2013.

Dianala, J. D., Aurelio, M., and Tan, C. Disaster Reduction and Risk Management –
Core Reader. Philippines: Department of Education-Bureau of Learning
Resources, 2017

Martinez-Villegas, M. L. “Filipinos in Japan: Narratives of Experience from the March

11, 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.” Journal of Disaster
Research 10, no. 1 (2015): 135-144.

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. “Earthquake and Earthquake

Hazards [Flyer].” 2006. Accessed May 20, 2020.
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/images/IEC/earthquake_hazards.pdf

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. “PHIVOLCS Earthquake

Monitoring.” 2008. Accessed May 20, 2020.
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article
&id=38&Itemid=75

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. “Tsunami Preparedness [Flyer].”

2011. Accessed May 20, 2020. http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?
option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=17:tsunami-flyer&Itemid=44

U.S. Geological Survey. “Earthquake Hazards 101 - the Basics.” 2015. Accessed
May 20, 2020. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/about/basics.php

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