Chemistry A Modern View

Exercise Book 2　Suggested answers

Contents
PART V ACIDS AND ALKALIS
Chapter 15 Acids 2
Chapter 16 Alkalis 3
Chapter 18 Strength of acids and alkalis (Extension) 4
Chapter 19 Neutralization and salts 5
Chapter 21 Simple volumetric work (Extension) 8
Chapter 22 Rate of reaction (Extension) 10

PART VI CHEMICAL CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS

Chapter 23 Chemical cells in daily life 13
Chapter 24 Simple chemical cells 15
Chapter 25 Redox reactions 16
Chapter 26 Cell reactions (Extension) 20
Chapter 27 Electrolysis (Extension) 21

PART VII PRODUCTS FROM IMPORTANT PROCESSES

Chapter 28 Chlorine and hypochlorite 24
Chapter 29 Sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide 26

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CHAPTER 15

Acids

1. D

2. B

3. B

4. (a) X
(b) H+(aq), Cl−(aq)
(c) Y
(d) Calcium carbonate and water, having a higher density than methylbenzene, sink to the bottom.
Hydrogen chloride in Y reacts with water added to form H+(aq) and Cl−(aq), i.e. hydrochloric acid.
It is the H+(aq) which reacts with calcium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide.

5. (a) Hydrochloric acid

(b) Hydrogen chloride is extremely soluble in water. Thus it fumes in moist air, forming a mist of
hydrochloric acid droplets.

6. (a) No. Pure carbonic acid and sulphurous acid do not exist. On warming, carbon dioxide and
sulphur dioxide are driven out respectively.
(b) (i) It turns blue litmus paper red.
(ii) Effervescence

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CHAPTER 16

Alkalis

1. A

2. C

3. A

4. B

5. A

6. Sodium hydroxide solution absorbs carbon dioxide gas from air to form sodium carbonate:
2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
The sodium carbonate formed reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give colourless bubbles of carbon dioxide
gas: Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

7. (a) (i) Sodium sulphate, water

(ii) H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
+ −
(iii) H (aq) + OH (aq) H2O(l)
(b) (i) Sodium sulphate, ammonia, water
(ii) (NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l)
(iii) NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq) 2NH3(g) + H2O(l)

8. (a) NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq)

(b) The solution contains a very large proportion of unionized ammonia molecules, NH3(aq). It
evaporates and gives a strong smell of ammonia gas.
(c) Aqueous alkalis contain OH−(aq) ions. Many metal hydroxides are insoluble or only slightly
soluble in water.
(d) Iron(III) hydroxide
(e) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH−(aq) Fe(OH)3(s)
(from iron(III) salt) (from ammonia)

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CHAPTER 18 (Extension)

Strength of acids and alkalis

1. A

2. D

3. C

4. H+, OH−, H2O, HSO4−, SO42−

5. Incorrect for both cases. He should conclude that the two solutions had the same hydrogen ion
concentration, and the ethanoic acid solution was more concentrated. Ethanoic acid is a weaker acid
than hydrochloric acid at any concentration.

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CHAPTER 19

Neutralization and salts

1. B

2. D

3. C

4. D

5. A

6. A

7. D

8. A

9. C

10. B

11. B

12. (a) The tablets contain solid citric acid. When water is added, H+(aq) ions are formed which react
with the hydrogencarbonate to give off a gas  carbon dioxide.
(b) Should be stored in a cool, dry place. In the presence of moisture, the constituents will react and
break down.
(c) Solution of Alka-Seltzer is alkaline. It can neutralize the excess hydrochloric acid (in stomach),
which causes stomach pain. Besides, the aspirin itself can relieve pain.
(d) (i) An acid
(ii) Acetylsalicylic acid

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13. (a) Mg(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) (CH3COO)2Mg(aq) + H2(g)
magnesium ethanoate
+
Mg(s) + 2H (aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
(b) Al2O3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
aluminium sulphate

Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l)

(c) Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
calcium nitrate

Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(d) CuCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CuCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
copper(II) chloride

CuCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(e) Na2SO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
lead(II) sulphate sodium nitrate
2+ 2−
Pb (aq) + SO4 (aq) PbSO4(s)
(f) 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
sodium chloride

No ionic equation can be written.

14. (a) ZnO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l);

ZnSO4 + 7H2O ZnSO4 • 7H2O
(b) K2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(c) AgNO3(aq) + NaBr(aq) AgBr(s) + NaNO3(aq)
(d) BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l);
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq)

15. (a) Beaker, heat-resistant mat, Bunsen burner, tripod, wire gauze, spatula, glass rod, evaporating
basin, filter funnel, filter paper, filter stand, washbottle
(b) Important points in the method are:
(i) Add excess copper(II) oxide to sulphuric acid.
(ii) Filter to remove excess unreacted copper(II) oxide.
(iii) Boil to concentrate the filtrate (tested with a glass rod).
(iv) Cool the hot concentrated solution to obtain crystals.
(v) Filter, wash and dry the crystals.

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16. (a) Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + H2(g);
FeSO4 + 7H2O FeSO4 • 7H2O
(b) To ensure that no acid is left; excess acid will contaminate the salt solution.
(c) Evolution of gas bubbles (H2) stops.
(d) To remove excess iron.
(e) On heating, some iron(II) sulphate will be oxidized by air to produce iron(III) sulphate.
(f) Fe2(SO4)3.
(g) Addition of sodium hydroxide solution to their aqueous solutions to give gelatinous precipitates.
Iron(II) hydroxide is dirty green, iron(III) hydroxide is reddish brown.

17. The reaction is: H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

(a) There is a gradual decrease in ionic concentration and hence conductivity, as Ba2+(aq) and SO42−
(aq) ions combine to form insoluble BaSO4(s), and H+(aq) and OH−(aq) combine to form H2O(l)
molecules.
(b) All the acid present is completely neutralized by Ba(OH)2 at B. As all ions are removed from
solution, conductivity is zero.
(c) There is an increase in ionic concentration and hence conductivity, due to excess Ba(OH)2(aq),
which contains Ba2+(aq) and OH−(aq) ions.

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CHAPTER 21 (Extension)

Simple volumetric work

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. B

6. C

7. (a) 15.1 g dm−3

(b) 0.120 M

8. (a) 100 cm3

(b) 37.5 cm3

9. (a) 5.30 g
(b) 4.50 g
(c) 8.50 g

10. 25.0 cm3

11. (a) 0.200 M

(b) 0.0640 M
(c) 0.120 M

12. (a) 0.220 M

(b) 23.3 g dm−3

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13. (a) 192 g mol−1
(b) 8.33 × 10−3 mol
(c) 0.0250 mol
(d) Tribasic

14. (a) H3Y(aq) + 3NaOH(aq)Na3Y(aq) + 3H2O(l)

(b) 3.75 × 10−3 mol
(c) 1.25 × 10−3 mol
(d) 0.0500 mol
(e) 98 g mol−1

15. 10

16. 70.0%

17. 137

18. (a) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(b)

(c) From yellow to orange

(d) Repeat the titration, but do not add indicator. Boil the solution to concentrate it. Then cool the hot
concentrated sodium chloride solution. Large pieces of sodium chloride crystals will separate out.
Filter the crystals and dry in an oven.

19. 107 cm3

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CHAPTER 22 (Extension)

Rate of reaction

1. D

2. D

3. A

4. B

5. B

6. A

7. (a) This is because the concentration of the reactant is the highest at the beginning of the reaction,
thus the reaction rate is also the highest.
(b) Yes. The concentration of the reactant drops to zero from Y to Z, which shows the completion of
reaction.
(c)

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8. (a)

(b) The rate of reaction is the greatest at the start of the experiment, as the concentration of acid is
the highest.
(c) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(e)

9. (a)

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 (b)

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CHAPTER 23

Chemical cells in daily life

1. C

2. D

3. A

4. B

5. D

6. D

7. A

8. D

9. No. Although eight alkaline manganese cells connected in series would make a battery of 12 V, these
cells are not rechargeable and the stored energy would soon be used up. A motor car needs a
rechargeable battery.

10. Our way of life would be greatly changed  there would be no portable electrical appliances, e.g.
torches, portable radios, Walkman players, quartz watches, mobile phones, calculators, digital
cameras, portable computers etc.

11. It is not advisable to use new and old cells together. This would not save money. On the contrary, it
would affect the output voltage and also the performance of the electrical appliance. The life of the cells
would be greatly reduced.

12. Cost of electricity from dry cells seems to be unreasonably high. Nevertheless, dry cells are very useful
and convenient. They are not designed to supply large quantities of electricity. They are used in low-
power instruments such as cameras, digital watches and calculators. They may last for months, so their

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 cost is still reasonable.

13. (a) W
(b) Z
(c) Z
(d) Y
(e) Y

14. The desirable features may include:

(a) Low cost
(b) Long service life
(c) Long shelf life
(d) Constant voltage over discharge
(e) Able to supply steady current on heavy drain
(f) Does not contain toxic chemicals
(g) Rechargeable
(h) Able to work efficiently even at high and low temperatures
(i) Leakproof
(j) Small size
(k) Light weight

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CHAPTER 24

Simple chemical cells

1. D

2. C

3. D

4. A

5, (a) Voltmeter, milliammeter, multimeter or LCD type digital clock

(b) (i) Magnesium/silver
(ii) 0V
(c) (i) An electrolyte is a compound, which allows electricity to flow through it only when molten or
in aqueous solution. There is chemical decomposition during the conduction of electricity.
(ii) Yes.

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CHAPTER 25

Redox reactions

1. A

2. D

3. D

4. D

5. B

6. C

7. C

8. C

9. B

10. C

11. D

12. C

13. (a) +6
(b) +3
(c) +7
(d) +4
(e) F: −1; O: +2
(f) +3
(g) −1

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 (h) +3
(i) +6
(j) +6
(k) +5
(l) +3

14. No, no real Mn7+ ion exists; we should say Mn(VII) Mn(II)

15. (b), (d), (e); there are changes of O.N. in each case.

16. (b): (i) Cu (ii) HNO3(aq)

(d): (i) O (ii) KClO3(s)
(e): (i) Ni (ii) Cu2+(aq)

17. (a) HCl(aq) or Cl−(aq); O.N. of Cl increases from −1 to 0

(b) MnO2(s); O.N. of Mn decreases from +4 to +2
(c) MnO2(s)
(d) HCl(aq) or Cl−(aq)
(e) Hydrogen, oxygen

18. (a) (i), (iv)

(b) (ii)

19. A. Hydrogen
B. Sulphur
C. Hydrogen
D. Nitrogen
E. Nitrogen

20. (a) Orange to green

(b) Purple to colourless (or pale yellow)
(c) Colourless (or pale green) to brown
(d) Brown (or yellow) to colourless

21. (a) Mg(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2e−;

2H+(aq) + 2e− H2(g)
(b) Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + e−;
Cl2(aq) + 2e− 2Cl− (aq)

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 (c) 2I−(aq) I2(aq) + 2e−;
Br2(aq) + 2e− 2Br−(aq)
(d) Al(s) Al3+(aq) + 3e−;
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− Cu(s)

22. (a) 3Cu(s) + 2NO3−(aq) + 8H+(aq) 3Cu2+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l)

(b) 2MnO4−(aq) + 10I−(aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5I2(aq) + 8H2O(l)
(c) Cr2O72−(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) + 14H+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)

23. (a) SO32−(aq) + H2O(l) SO42−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−

(b) Br2(aq) + 2e− 2Br−(aq)
(c) SO32−(aq) + Br2(aq) + H2O(l) SO42−(aq) + 2Br−(aq) + 2H+(aq)
(d) The yellow/brown Br2(aq) is reduced to colourless Br−(aq).

24. (a) Yes. All are solids and all form positive ions in aqueous solution.
(b) 2Z(s) + 3Y2+(aq) 2Z3+(aq) + 3Y(s)
(c) Q(s) Q+(aq) + e−; X2+(aq) + 2e−X(s)
(d) Q>Z>X>Y
Q reduces X2+(aq) and Y2+(aq), while Z does not reduce Q+(aq),
∴ Q > X, Y, Z; Z reduces X2+(aq) and X reduces Y2+(aq),
∴ Q>Z>X>Y
(e) Y2+(aq) > X2+(aq) > Z3+(aq) > Q+(aq)

25. (a) K+(aq), Fe3+(aq), F2(g)

(b) K(s), Fe(s), F−(aq)
(c) Fe2+(aq)
(d) He(g), Ne(g)

26. (a) False; NO or NO2 liberated instead

(b) False; oxidizing power of Cr2O72− is weaker than Cl2
(c) True; any metal above H2 in the E.C.S. is a stronger reducing agent than H2, thus the metal will
reduce H+(aq) ions (from HCl) to H2(g)

27. (a) (1) 2MnO4−(aq) + 10Cl−(aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5Cl2(g) + 8H2O(l)

(2) Cl2(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) 2Cl−(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq)
(3) Cr2O72−(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 6Fe3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
Oxidizing agent Reducing agent
(1) permanganate ion (potassium permanganate) chloride ion (hydrochloric acid)

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 (2) chlorine iron(II) ion (iron(II) sulphate)
(3) dichromate ion (potassium dichromate) iron(II) ion (iron(II) sulphate)
(b) Fe2(SO4)3 < K2Cr2O7 < Cl2 < KMnO4
KMnO4 is an oxidizing agent stronger than Cl2 because MnO4− can oxidize Cl− to Cl2. Cl2 is an
oxidizing agent stronger than Fe2(SO4)3 because Cl2 can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. K2Cr2O7 is an
oxidizing agent stronger than Fe2(SO4)3 because Cr2O72− can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+. Cl2 is an
oxidizing agent stronger than K2Cr2O7 because Cr2O72− cannot oxidize Cl−. Thus the order follows.

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CHAPTER 26 (Extension)

Cell reactions

1. A

2. D

3. A

4. D

5. (a) Lead
(b) Zinc
(c) Potassium nitrate solution
(d) Zinc to lead
(e) Zero. No current will flow as peanut oil is not an electrolyte.

6. (a) To remove oxide layer or other impurities.

(b) Dilute sulphuric acid
(c) Magnesium is more reactive than silver. Hence electrons flow from magnesium to silver in the
external circuit.
(d) Electrical energy is changed into light energy and heat energy.
(e) Silver
(f) Replace the light bulb with a voltmeter.
(g) The part of magnesium immersed under acid dissolves quickly. The cell will stop functioning
within 10 second

7. (a) (i) Fe3+(aq) + e−Fe2+(aq)

(ii) SO32−(aq) + H2O(l) SO42−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−
(b) SO32−(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq) + H2O(l) SO42−(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H+(aq)
(c) From B to A
(d) Yes; No

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CHAPTER 27 (Extension)

Electrolysis

1. C

2. A

3. D

4. B

5. D

6. D

7. D

8. D

9. B

10. D

11. B

12. A

13. C

14. (a) False

(b) True
(c) False
(d) True

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15. (a) Gold, mercury; delocalized electrons present
(b) Sodium hydroxide, potassium iodide; ions become mobile in aqueous solution or in molten state.
(c) Ethanol, sugar, wax, water, sulphur; covalent substances (which do not react with water to form
ions)
(d) Sodium hydroxide, potassium iodide; ionic compounds.

16. (a) H2; O2

At cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e− H2(g);
−
At anode: 4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e−
(b) Cu; O2
At cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e− Cu(s);
At anode: 4OH−(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e−
(c) H2; I2
At cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e− H2(g);
−
At anode: 2I (aq) I2(aq) + 2e−
(d) H2; O2
At cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e− H2(g);
At anode: 4OH−(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e−
(e) H2; O2
At cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e− H2(g);
−
At anode: 4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e−

17. (a) H+, HSO4−, SO42−, OH− (negligible)

(b) Cu2+(aq)
(c) From copper to graphite electrode
(d) Copper anode dissolves gradually, giving a blue solution; graphite cathode coated with reddish
brown solid (colourless gas bubbles also form on surface)
(e) Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e−

18. (a) (i) At P: green solution turns to red

(ii) At Q: green solution turns to blue
(b) At P, OH−(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form O2 gas.
At Q, H+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form H2(g).
Water ionizes to replace the OH−(aq) and H+(aq) ions discharged:
H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH−(aq)
The accumulation of excess H+(aq) at electrode P and excess OH−(aq) at electrode Q accounts for the
colours observed.

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19. (a) Electroplating is a process involving electrolysis to plate (coat) one metal with a thin, even layer
of another metal.
(b) To protect against corrosion; to improve appearance
(c)

(d) To remove metal ions which are toxic to water life and harmful to human beings; to save materials
(to conserve metals)

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CHAPTER 28

Chlorine and hypochlorite

1. C

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. D

6. D

7. C

8. (a) Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)

−
(b) Hypochlorite ion (OCl )
(c) (i) The active ingredient, hypochlorite ion OClÐ(aq), reacts with water to form hypochlorous
acid HOCl(aq):
OCl−(aq) + H2O(l) OH−(aq) + HOCl(aq)
The hypochlorous acid is not very stable. Being exposed to heat or sunlight can speed up its decomposition:
2HOCl(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) + O2(g)
Thus chlorine bleach should be stored in cool place to prevent decomposition.
(ii) Addition of acid to chlorine bleach will produce toxic chlorine gas:
− −
OCl (aq) + Cl (aq) + 2H+(aq) Cl2(g) + H2O(l)

9. (a) Sea water contains small amounts of many other compounds besides sodium chloride. Upon
electrolysing sea water, pure chlorine would not be obtained.
(b) Chlorine reacts with water as follows:
Cl2(g) + water Cl2(aq)
Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) + HOCl(aq)
The formation of hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid accounts for the acidity.

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 (c) A toxic gas chlorine would be evolved:
OCl (aq) + Cl−(aq) + 2H+(aq)
−
Cl2(g) + H2O(l)

10. (a) NaOCl(aq) + 2HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2O(l)

(b) Brand A.
Volume of Cl2 produced from $1 worth of Brand A
1000 1
= 80 × 5.0 × 6.0 m3 = 2.7 × 103 cm3

Volume of Cl2 produced from $1 worth of Brand B

1000 1
= 72 × 5.0 × 5.5 cm3 = 2.6 × 103 cm3

Volume of Cl2 produced from $1 worth of Brand C

1000 1
= 85 × 5.0 × 7.0 cm3 = 2.4 × 103 cm3

Brand A gives the largest volume of chlorine per dollar.

11. (a) Chlorine can be added directly from chlorine gas cylinders. Alternatively, it can be added as a
compound such as bleaching solution (sodium hypochlorite) or bleaching powder (calcium
hypochlorite).
(b) Swimmers may suffer from sore eyes and throats.
(c) Water is treated with chlorine to kill harmful germs. Tap water should not have too high a
concentration of chlorine as it is used for drinking. On the other hand, water in swimming pools
provides a good breeding place for germs (especially when a lot of people swim at the same
time), thus a higher concentration of chlorine is necessary.

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CHAPTER 29

Sulphuric acid and sulphur dioxide

1. C

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. D

6. D

7. D

8. (a) 450°C, 1 atmosphere; vanadium(V) oxide

(b) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
(c) To remove any impurities which may 'poison' the catalyst
(d) 4.9 × 106 kg

9. (a) 100 cm3

(b) 300 cm3

10. (a) 45.0 cm3

(b) 1:1; using Avogadro's Law, volume ratio of NH3 : HBr = mole ratio of NH3 : HBr = 1 : 1
(c) NH3(g) + HBr(g) NH4Br(s)

11. (a) C
(b) A
(c) D
(d) B

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12. (a) Sulphur dioxide
(b) SO2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + Br2(aq) SO42−(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2Br−(aq);
Br2(aq) is yellow/ brown while the products of reaction are all colourless.
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l);
the white insoluble solid particles of CaCO3 formed are suspended throughout the mixture, causing it to look
milky.
(e) C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

13. (a) Dilute sulphuric acid is almost completely ionized, while pure sulphuric acid consists of covalent
molecules.
(b) Conc. sulphuric acid is hygroscopic; it does not react with sulphur dioxide but reacts with
ammonia.
(c) Hot conc. sulphuric acid behaves as an oxidizing agent, itself being reduced to sulphur dioxide;
dilute sulphuric acid does not react with metals below hydrogen in the E.C.S.
(d) Hot conc. sulphuric acid behaves as an oxidizing agent, itself being reduced to sulphur dioxide;
dilute sulphuric acid reacts with metals above hydrogen in the E.C.S. to liberate hydrogen;
2H+(aq) + 2e−H2(g)
(e) Conc. sulphuric acid is a dehydrating agent; it removes water of crystallization from the crystals to
form anhydrous copper(II) sulphate, which is white.

14. C. Reasons:
(1) Near the supply of raw material  sulphur
(2) Near a town  good supply of labour
(3) Cheap land
(4) No cities downwind of the industrial plant, therefore less air pollution problem
(5) Good transport facilities
(6) Good water supply  near a river

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