Applications of C++

Gaming Development Embedded Systems Financial Software

C++ is commonly used to C++ is preferred for C++ provides speed and
develop high-performance programming resource- reliability for financial
games and game engines. constrained systems like applications like trading
microcontrollers and IoT systems and banking
devices. software.
Introduction to C++
C++ is a powerful and widely-used programming language.

The history of C++, including the events and people that led to its creation and evolution. Then,
we'll dive into its features, such as data types, operators, functions, and control structures. We'll
also discuss the benefits of using C++, such as its efficiency, portability, and compatibility with
other languages.
Sure, I can provide you with a simple introduction to C++.

C++ is a computer programming language. It's like a set of rules and commands that you can use
to tell a computer what to do. People use C++ to create software, like apps and games.

Here are some key things to know:

1. Syntax: C++ has a specific way you need to write code. You give the computer
instructions by writing lines of code in a certain order.
2. Objects and Functions: In C++, you work with objects and functions. Objects are like
things you want to work with (like a car or a game character), and functions are the
actions you want to perform on those objects (like driving the car or making the character
3. jump).
Data Types: C++ uses different types of data, like numbers (integers, floating-point), text
(strings), and more. You need to tell the computer what type of data you're working with.
4. Control Structures: You can use control structures like "if" and "while" to make decisions
in your code. For example, you can tell the computer to do one thing if a condition is true
and something else if it's false.
5. Libraries: C++ has many libraries that you can use to make your programming tasks
easier. Libraries are like toolkits with pre-built functions you can use in your programs.
6. Compiling: After you write your C++ code, you need to "compile" it. This means turning
your code into a form the computer can understand and run.
7. Debugging: Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors in your code. Everyone
Features of C++

1 Object-Oriented 2 Efficient

C++ supports the concepts of C++ allows low-level programming and

encapsulation, inheritance, and directly manipulates computer memory.
polymorphism.

3 Highly Portable 4 Extensibility

C++ code can be compiled and run on Additional features and functionalities
various platforms. can be added through user-defined
libraries.
Benefits of Using C++
Performance Control Reusability
C++ offers high Developers have precise Code written in C++ can be
performance and efficiency control over memory reused in different projects,
compared to other management and hardware saving time and effort.
programming languages. resources.
Basic Concepts of OOP's
1 Encapsulation

Encapsulation hides the internal

implementation details and exposes
Inheritance 2 only necessary information.
Inheritance allows for the creation
of new classes based on existing
classes. 3 Polymorphism

Polymorphism enables objects of

different classes to be treated as
the same type.
A Structure of C++ Program

1 Include Libraries

Include necessary libraries and

header files for the program.
Main Function 2
Write the main function, which is the
entry point of a C++ program. Code Execution
3
Write the code logic and execute
Output the desired operations.
4
Display the output or desired results
of the program.
Applications of OOP's
Software System Modeling User Interfaces
Development
OOP's allows for efficient OOP's provides a
OOP's principles are modeling, designing, and structured approach for
widely used in software simulating complex developing intuitive and
development to create systems. user-friendly interfaces.
modular and reusable
code.
Certainly, here are some key
differences between C and C++ with
clarification:
1. Classes and Objects:

• C: C doesn't have classes or objects.

• C++: C++ supports classes and objects, which are essential for object-oriented programming (OOP).

2. Procedural vs. OOP:

• C: C is a procedural programming language, meaning it focuses on procedures and functions.

• C++: C++ is a multi-paradigm language that supports both procedural and
object-oriented programming.
3. Encapsulation:
• C: In C, there's no built-in support for encapsulation.

• C++: C++ allows you to use the private, protected, and public keywords to
control the visibility of class members, achieving encapsulation.

4. Inheritance:
• C: C doesn't support inheritance.
• C++: C++ supports inheritance, allowing you to create new classes based on existing ones.

5. Polymorphism:
• C: C doesn't have built-in polymorphism features.
• C++: C++ provides features like function overloading and virtual functions for
achieving polymorphism.
6. Function Overloading:
Control Structures in C/C++ programming.
A control structure in programming determines the flow of a
program. It specifies the order of execution for instructions,
helping you design and implement program logic for tasks
like decision-making, repetition, and execution
management.
In C, you have several types of loops that allow you to repeat a block of code multiple times. Here
are the main types of loops in C along with their syntax:

1. for Loop:

• Syntax: for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)

• { condition

• is true }

• Example: for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

• { printf("Iteration %d\n", i); }

2. while Loop:

• Syntax :while(condition)

• { // Code to be executed as long as the condition is true }

what is tokens and keywords in c++
explain briefly.
In C++, tokens and keywords are fundamental elements that make up the structure of C++
programs. Here's a brief explanation of both concepts:

1. Tokens:

• Tokens are the smallest units of a program in a programming language. They

are like the building blocks of your code. When you write code, the program is
divided into these smaller units, which are the tokens. Tokens can include
identifiers (variable or function names), operators, keywords, punctuation, and
constants.
• Keywords: These are reserved words with special meanings in C++.
Examples include int, class, if, while, and return.

• Identifiers: These are user-defined names for variables, functions,

classes, and other program elements. They must follow naming rules
• and conventions.
Literals: These represent constant values, such as numbers (integer
and floating-point literals), characters (character literals), and strings
• (string literals).
Operators: These symbols are used for operations, like addition (+),
subtraction (-), and comparison (==).

• Punctuation: These are special characters used for grouping,

separating, and terminating statements. Examples include semicolons

• (;) and parentheses

Comments: Comments are)).
(( and used for adding explanatory notes to the
code and are ignored by the compiler. In C++, comments can be single-

2. Keywords: line (//) or multi-line (/* ... */).

• Keywords are a specific type of token in a programming language. These are

reserved words that have a predefined meaning and are part of the language's
Classes: Classes in C++ are a fundamental building block of object-oriented
programming and are used to create modular and reusable code. They
provide a way to model real-world objects and their behaviors in your software
applications.

1. Class Definition:

class MyClass {
public:
// Member variables (attributes)
int myVariable;

// Member functions (methods)

void myFunction();
};

• To define a class in C++, you use the class keyword followed by the class
name. The class definition is enclosed in curly braces {}.

1. Access Specifiers:

class MyClass {
public:
// Public members
private:
// Private members
protected:
// Protected members
};
creating objects
Creating objects allows you to represent and work with multiple instances of the same class, each
with its unique data and behavior. This is one of the core concepts of OOP, providing a way to
model real-world entities and their interactions in your software.

Define a Class: Instantiate an Access Object

Object: Members:
class Person {
To create an object from person1.name = "Alice";
public: std::string name;
the class, you declare a person1.age = 30;
int age; variable with the class person1.introduce(); //
type and call its Calling the introduce()
void introduce() constructor (if any) to method for person1
{ create the object. In
person2.name = "Bob";
std::cout <<"My C++, the constructor is
person2.age = 25;
name invoked when you
👈Person person1; person2.introduce(); //
is"<<name<<" and create an object.
Calling the introduce()
I am"<<age<<" Person person2;
method for person2
years old."<<
std::endl;
}

};
Member Function: A member function is a function that is
defined within a class in object-oriented programming
(OOP). It operates on the data members (attributes) of the
class and can be called on objects created from that class.
Here's the syntax for defining a member function and an
example in C++:

Example of Defining and Using a Member Function in C++:

#include <iostream>

class Calculator
{
public:
// Member variable (attribute)
int result;

int add(int a, int b) // Member function to add two numbers

{
result = a + b;
return result;
}

int subtract(int a, int b)// Member function to subtract two numbers

{
result = a - b;
return result;
In C++, access specifiers are keywords that control the
visibility and accessibility of class members (attributes and
methods) from outside the class. There are three main
access specifiers in C++:
1. Public: Members declared as public are accessible from anywhere, both within the class
and from external code. They have no access restrictions. Public members are often
used to define the class's interface, specifying the behavior that external code can rely
on.
class MyClass

public:

publicVariable;

void publicFunction()

{ // Code accessible from anywhere } };

1. Private: Members declared as private are only accessible within the class where they
are defined. They are not accessible from external code. Private members are used to
encapsulate and protect the internal state of the class.

• class MyClass

private:

int privateVariable;

public:
Friend Function:

C++, a friend function is a function that is not a member of a class but is granted access to the
private and protected members of that class. It can be a standalone function or a member of
another class,Friend functions should be used sparingly because they break the encapsulation
principle of object-oriented programming by allowing external functions to access a class's private
members. They can be useful in situations where you need to provide access to specific functions
or classes without exposing your class's internals to the public.

Here's how you declare and use a friend function in C++:

1. Declaration within the Class: To declare a function as a friend within a class, you
include a friend function declaration in the class definition, typically within the class's
public, private, or protected section.

class MyClass

private:

int privateData;

public:

MyClass(int data) : privateData(data) {}

friend void friendFunction(MyClass); // Declaration of the friend function };

1. Definition of the Friend Function: The friend function is defined outside of the class,
just like any other function. It takes an object of the class as a parameter to access its
private members. void
friendFunction(MyClass obj)
The key characteristics of a friend
function in C++ are as follows:
1. Not a Member of the Class: Friend functions are not members of the class for which
they are declared as friends. They are standalone functions or belong to other classes.
2. Access to Private and Protected Members: Friend functions are granted access to the
private and protected members of the class for which they are declared as friends. This
access allows them to read and modify the otherwise restricted data.
3. Declared Inside the Class: Friend functions are declared within the class for which they
are friends, but their actual definition is outside of the class. The friend keyword is used
to declare them inside the class.

4. No Implicit Access to the Class: Being a friend does not grant implicit access to the
class. Friend functions cannot access the class's this pointer or call its non-static
members directly. They must be provided with an object of the class as a parameter to

5. access the and

Flexibility class's data.
Granularity: Friend functions provide a flexible way to grant access to
specific external functions or classes while keeping other parts of the class encapsulated.
This can be useful in cases where you need to maintain data privacy but still allow certain
6. functions
Friendshipto Is
work
Notclosely with the
Inherited: Theclass.
friendship between a friend function and a class is not
inherited. Derived classes do not automatically have access to the friend function, nor do
7. other unrelated
Use with classes.
Caution: Friend functions should be used judiciously and sparingly. Excessive
use of friend functions can lead to reduced encapsulation and data integrity. They should
be employed only when necessary for specific design or interaction requirements.

Overall, friend functions are a mechanism in C++ that allows controlled access to private and
protected members of a class, but their use should be well-justified and carefully managed to
maintain the integrity of the object-oriented design principles.
Constructor:
A constructor in C++ is a special member function that is automatically called when an object of a
class is created. Its primary purpose is to initialize the object's data members or perform any
necessary setup operations. Constructors have the same name as the class and do not have a
return type, not even void.
Characteristics of Constructors:

1. Name Same as Class: Constructors have the same name as the class they belong to.

2. No Return Type: Constructors do not have a return type, not even void. They are
automatically called when an object is created.

3. Initialization: Constructors are used to initialize the data members of the class, ensuring
that the object starts with a valid state.
4. Automatic Invocation: Constructors are called automatically when an object of the class
is created. You don't need to explicitly call them.
5. Initialization: Constructors are used to initialize data members, allocate resources, and
perform other setup operations for an object.
6. Multiple Constructors: A class can have multiple constructors, each with a different set
of parameters. This is known as constructor overloading.
7. Default Constructor: If no constructors are defined in a class, C++ provides a default
constructor with no parameters. It initializes the data members to their default values
8. (e.g., 0 for integers).
Parameterized Constructors: Constructors can take parameters, allowing you to pass
values during object creation for custom initialization.
9. Copy Constructor: A special constructor called a copy constructor is used to create a
new object as a copy of an existing object.

Types of Constructors: