GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: AEN- 22656

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“Electrical And Hybrid Vehicles”

FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CLASS: ME6I
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

Under the guidance of

Prof. A. B. Deshpande

Submitted by

Roll.no Name of the Students En. No

324 Jadhav Rohit Babasaheb 2011620428

303 Dange Vishnu Narhari 2011620293

320 Chandak Abhishek Shivprasad 2011620421

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 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro-project entitled “Electrical And Hybrid Vehicles” for the
course AEN- 22656 being submitted herewith for the award of Diploma in Mechanical
Engineering from Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE), Mumbai is
completed under my supervision and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work completed as a Micro-project is totally new
and done very effectively by the group of students. This project is done in 6th semester of
Academic Year 2022-23.

Place: Ambad Prof. A. B. Deshpande

Date: Micro-project Guide

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 DECLARATION

We, the undersigned students, hereby declare that the project entitled “Electrical And Hybrid
Vehicles” is written and submitted by us to Government Polytechnic Ambad during academic
year 2022- 23 in 6th semester for partial fulfillment of the Micro Project requirement of
“Automobile Engineering” course under Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,
Mumbai curriculum & under the guidance of Prof. A.B. Deshpande.

The empirical findings in this project are based on the data collected from various sources.

Roll.no Name of the Students En. No Sign.

324 Jadhav Rohit Babasaheb 2011620428

303 Dange Vishnu Narhari 2011620293

320 Chandak Abhishek Shivprasad 2011620421

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have a great pleasure to express our immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and my
project guide Prof. A. B. Deshpande Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government
Polytechnic, Ambad for giving us an opportunity to work on an interesting topic in this semester.
The work presented here could not have been accomplished without his most competent and
inspiring guidance, incessant encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation during
all phases of our group Micro-project work. We are greatly indebted to him.

I am very much thankful to Dr. P. T. Kale, our Head of Department and Dr. A. M.
Agarkar, Principal for his encouragement and providing us motivating environment and
project facilities in the institute to carry out experiments and complete this Micro- project work.
We would like to extend our thanks to all our professors, staff members and all our friends who
extended their co-operation to complete the project.
We are indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their immense help at all
levels with moral, social & financial support, care and support throughout my studies without
which my work would not have seen light of the day.
With warm regards,

Place : Ambad Yours Sincerely

Date : Rohit Babasaheb Jadhav

Dange Vishnu Narhari
Chandak Abhishek Shivprasad

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 INDEX

Sr Title Page No.

No.

1 Aim of the Project 7

2 Introduction 8

3 Types of Electrical Vehicles 9

4 Battery Electrical Vehicle 10

5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 12

6 Plug -In hybrid Electric Vehicle 14

7 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle 16

8 Applications of the Project 19

9 Conclusion 21

10 References 22

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 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the micro project

The automobile sector has been helping the world for the overall development and it has been creating
wage and self-employment opportunities both in the public and private sectors. A Mechanical
engineering technologist should have an overall understanding of various aspects of Automobile
Systems. This course provides a broad knowledge about the different vehicle layouts, transmissions,
and controls, electrical and electronics systems, vehicle safety, and security, features of Motor Vehicle
Acts along with automobile maintenance systems. This knowledge will be helpful to the students in co-
relating various automobile systems with each other and provide good practical input with theoretical
knowledge for technological advancement of the industry/society.

2.0 Course outcome addressed

Prepare vehicle layouts with chassis specifications.

3.0 Proposed methodology

In this project, we know about electrical and hybrid vehicles.

4.0 Action Plan

Sr. Plan start Plan finish Name of responsible team

Detail of activity
No. date date members

1 team meeting with project guide

collect information from the

2
textbook

6
 collect information from various
3
youtube videos

arrange all information in ms

4
word

collect some more information

5
from the internet

6 print micro project

5.0 Resources used

Sr. no. Name of resource material Specificions Quantity

1 internet youtube/ Wikipedia

2 textbook Automobile Engineering (22656) 1

3 computer windows 11

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 Prepare a report on electrical and hybrid vehicles

1.0 Brief Description:-

A hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) could be a form of hybrid vehicle that mixes a traditional
combustion engine (ICE) system with an electrical system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence of
the electrical powertrain is meant to attain either higher fuel economy than a traditional vehicle or
higher performance. there's a range of HEV sorts conjointly the} degree to that every operate as an
electrical vehicle (EV) also varies. the foremost common sort of HEV is that the hybrid automobile,
though hybrid electrical trucks (pickups and tractors), buses, boats and craft additionally exist. HEVs
build use of efficiency-improving technologies like regenerative brakes that convert the vehicle's
mechanical energy to electrical energy, that is hold on during a battery or supercapacitor. Some sorts of
HEV use an interior combustion engine to show associate electrical generator, that either recharges the
vehicle's batteries or directly powers its electrical drive motors; this mixture is understood as a motor–
generator. several HEVs cut back idle emissions by move down the engine at idle and restarting it once
needed; this is often called a start-stop system.

A hybrid- electrical produces fewer pipage emissions than a comparably sized hydrocarbon automobile
since the hybrid's ICE is sometimes smaller than that of a gasoline-powered vehicle. If the engine isn't
accustomed drive the automobile directly, it will be back-geared to run at most potency, additional
rising fuel economy. Electric vehicles (EVs) have a battery rather than a fuel tank, and an electric-
powered motor rather than an inner combustion engine. Plug-in hybrid electric-powered vehicles
(PHEVs) are a mixture of fuel and electric-powered vehicles so that they have a battery, an electric-
powered motor, a fuel tank, and an inner combustion engine. PHEVs use each fuel and electricity as
fuel sources.

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 Types of Electric Vehicles

Different types of electric-powered vehicles are modified and are advanced constantly giving
customers and capacity customers choices. In today the sector is an increasing number familiar with the
phrases BEV, HEV, PHEV, and FCEV. How does an electric-powered vehicle work? How an electric-
powered car works is rely upon the type.

There are 4 (four) types of electric-powered cars, with the subsequent outline:

• Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

• Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

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 1. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), additionally known as All-Electric Vehicle (AEV), runs totally on a
battery and electric powered drive train. These kinds of electric-powered cars do now no longer have
an ICE. Electricity is saved in a big battery percent this is charged with the aid of using plugging into
the energy grid. The battery percent, in turn, offers energy to 1 or greater electric-powered cars to run
the electrical car.

Structure and Main Components Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

• Electric motor
• Inverter
• Battery
• Control Module
• Drive train

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 Working Principles of BEV

Power is transformed from the DC battery to AC for the electrical motor The accelerator pedal sends a
signal to the controller which adjusts the vehicle’s velocity by converting the frequency of the AC
energy from the inverter to the motor The motor connects and turns the wheels via a cog When the
brakes are pressed or the electrical vehicle is decelerating, the motor will become an alternator and
produces energy, that's despatched returned to the battery.

❖ Battery Electric Vehicle Advantages

• extremely quiet
• zero emissions when driving
• gearbox free
• easy and fun to drive
• cheap to run
• lower maintenance cost
• tax-efficient

❖ Battery Electric Vehicle Disadvantages

• expensive to buy
• limited range, especially in cold conditions
• poor charging infrastructure
• battery life concerns
• embedded energy used in battery manufacturing
• not really zero emissions
• resale value uncertainty

❖ Examples of BEV

Volkswagen e-Golf, Tesla Model 3, BMW i3, Chevy Bolt, Chevy Spark, Nissan LEAF, Ford Focus

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Electric, Hyundai Ioniq, Karma Revera, Kia Soul, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Tesla X, Toyota Rav4.

2. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

This kind of hybrid automobile is regularly known as a popular hybrid or parallel hybrid. HEV has
each an ICE and an electric motor. In these kinds of electric-powered automobiles, the inner
combustion engine receives energy from fuel (gasoline and other sorts of fuels), even as the motor
receives electricity from batteries. The gasoline engine and electric-powered motor concurrently rotate
the transmission, which drives the wheels. The difference between HEV as compared to BEVs and
PHEVs is wherein the batteries in HEV can only charge with the aid of using the ICE, the movement
of the wheels, or an aggregate of each. There isn't any charging port, order that the battery can not be
recharged from out of doors of the system, for instance from the energy grid.

Structure and Main Components of HEV

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• Engine
• Electric motor
• Battery pack with controller & inverter
• Fuel tank
• Control module

Working Principles of HEV

• Has a gasoline tank that elements gas to the engine like a normal car
• It additionally has a fixed of batteries that run an electric powered motor
• Both the engine and electric powered motor can turn the transmission on at the identical time

❖ Hybrid Electric Vehicle advantages

• Environment Friendly
• Financial advantage
• Less Reliance on Fossil Fuels
• Regenerative Braking System

• Built From Light Materials

• Smaller Engines
• Automatic Start and Stop

❖ Hybrid Electric Vehicle Disadvantages

• Less Power
• Costly
• Poorer Handling
• High Maintenance Prices
• Accident from High Voltage in Batteries

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 • Battery Replacement is Pricey
• Battery Disposal and Recycling
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Problems

❖ Examples of HEV

Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Prius Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid, Toyota Camry Hybrid.

3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

PHEV is a kind of hybrid car that has both an ICE and a motor, regularly known as a series hybrid.
This variety of electric-powered vehicles gives a choice of fuels. This sort of electric-powered vehicle
is powered through a conventional fuel (along with gasoline) or an alternative fuel (such as bio-diesel)
and through a chargeable battery pack. The battery may be charged up with power by plugging into an
electrical outlet or electric-powered car charging station (EVCS). PHEV normally can run in at the
least modes:

• All-electric powered Mode, wherein the motor and battery offer all of the car’s energy

• Hybrid Mode, wherein each electricity and gasoline are employed. Some PHEVs can travel
greater than 70 miles on electricity alone.

Structure and Main Components of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

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 • Electric motor
• Engine
• Inverter
• Battery
• Fuel tank
• Control module
• Battery Charger (if onboard model)

Working Principles of PHEV

PHEVs normally start-up in all-electric powered mode and function on electricity till their battery % is
depleted. Some models shift to hybrid mode once they attain highway cruising speed, normally above
60 or 70 miles in keeping with the hour. Once the battery is empty, the engine takes over and the car
operates as a conventional, non-plug-in hybrid. In addition to plugging into an outdoor electric power
source, PHEV batteries may be charged with the aid of using an inner combustion engine or
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regenerative braking. During braking, the electric motor acts as a generator, the usage of the power to
charge the battery. The electric-powered motor supplements the engine’s electricity; as a result, smaller
engines may be used, increasing the car’s gasoline performance without compromising performance.

❖ Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle advantages

• zero-emission when driving on batteries

• fuel-efficient in traffic
• comfortable to drive
• affordable to run if doing normal 10/15 mile commutes
• tax-efficient

❖ Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle disadvantages

• relatively costly
• fuel economy is not very good on motorway journeys
• difficult to maintain
• battery life troubles
• embedded energy used in battery manufacturing
• resale worth uncertainty

❖ Examples of PHEV

Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid, Chevy Volt, Chrysler Pacifica, Ford C-Max Energi, Ford Fusion Energi.

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 4. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), additionally called fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) or Zero Emission
Vehicle, are forms of electric powered motors that employ ‘fuel cell technology to generate the energy
required to run the vehicle. In this sort of vehicle, the chemical power of the gas is transformed without
delay into electric-powered energy.

Structure and Main Components of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

• Electric motor
• Fuel-cell stack
• Hydrogen storage tank
• Battery with converter and controller

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 Working Principles of FCEV

The operating principle of a ‘fuel cell’ electric-powered vehicle is specific as compared to that of a
‘plug-in’ electric-powered vehicle. This form of electric-powered vehicle is because the FCEV
generates the electricity required to run this vehicle at the vehicle itself.

❖ Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Advantages

• Renewable and Readily Available

• Hydrogen is a Clean and Flexible Energy Source to support Zero-Carbon Energy Strategies
• More Powerful and Energy Efficient than Fossil Fuels
• Highly Efficient when Compared to Other Energy Sources
• Almost Zero Emissions
• Reduces Carbon Footprints
• Fast Charging Times
• No Noise Pollution

❖ Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle disadvantages

• Hydrogen Extraction
• Highly Flammable
• Regulatory Issues
• cost is high

❖ Examples of FCEV

Toyota Mirai, Hyundai Tucson FCEV, Riversimple Rasa, Honda Clarity Fuel Cell, Hyundai Nexo.

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How Do Hybrid Electrical Car Works ?

Hybrid electrical vehicles square measure supercharged by an interior combustion engine and an
electrical motor, that uses energy hold on in batteries. A hybrid electrical vehicle can not be blocked in
to charge the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the inner
combustion engine. the additional power provided by the electrical motor will doubtless give a smaller
engine. The battery can even power auxiliary hundreds and scale back engine idleness once stopped.
Together, these options end in higher fuel economy while not sacrificing performance

2.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. no. Name of resource material Specificions Quantity

1 internet youtube/Wikipedia

2 textbook Automobile Engineering (22656) 1

3 computer windows 11

3.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects

In this micro project, we get all information about the types of electric and hybrid vehicles and also get
knowledge about their working principle and advantages.

4.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

• Develop group discussion skills.

• Communication skills improved.
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5.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

• Consumer Electronics.
• Public Transportation.
• Flight.
• Electricity Grid.
• Renewable Energy Storage.
• Military.
• Spaceflight.
• Wearable Technology.

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 CONCLUSION

The strolling price of an electric-powered vehicle is a lot decrease than an equivalent petrol or diesel
vehicle. Electric cars use electricity to charge their batteries in preference to the use of fossil fuels like
petrol or diesel. Electric cars are greater efficient, and combined with the electricity cost manner that
charging an electric-powered vehicle is inexpensive than filling petrol or diesel in your tour
requirements. Using renewable strength assets could make using electric-powered cars greater eco-
friendly. Hybrid cars square measure undoubtedly additional environmentally friendly than internal-
combustion vehicles. Batteries square measure being designed to possess a protracted life. once the
hybrid cars become additional widespread, battery utilization can become economically attainable.
analysis into alternative energy sources like fuel cells and renewable fuels build the long run look
brighter for hybrid cars.

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 REFERENCES

• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle
• https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-hybrid-electric-cars-work
• https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/types-of-electric-vehicles
• https://ackodrive.com/ev-guide/hybrid-electric-vehicles/
• https://www.acko.com/car-guide/what-is-hybrid-car-hybrid-vs-electric-cars-advantages/
• https://www.hse.gov.uk/mvr/topics/electric-hybrid.html

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