This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D323 − 20a

Standard Test Method for

Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determina- safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tion of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crude responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
oil, and other volatile petroleum products. priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petro- Specific warning statements are given in Sections 7 and 18, and
leum products with a vapor pressure of less than 180 kPa 12.5.3, 15.5, 21.2, A1.1.2, A1.1.6, and A2.3.
(26 psi). 1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these other dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
materials, but only gasoline was included in the interlaboratory ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
test program to determine the precision of this test method. Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
greater than 180 kPa (26 psi).
1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressure 2. Referenced Documents
of approximately 50 kPa (7 psi). 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
NOTE 1—Because the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted by
the atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reid D1267 Test Method for Gauge Vapor Pressure of Liquefied
vapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.8 °C (100 °F) in kilopascals Petroleum (LP) Gases (LP-Gas Method)
(pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from the D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization Petroleum Products
and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space. D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum Fuels, and Lubricants
gases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other than D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vapor Petroleum Products
pressure of liquefied petroleum gases, refer to Test Method D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
D1267 or Test Method D6897. For determination of the vapor Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
pressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test Method D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
D4953. The precision for crude oil has not been determined Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
since the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D6377 has D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for
been approved as a method for determination of vapor pressure Volatility Measurement
of crude oil. IP 481 is a test method for determination of the D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
air-saturated vapor pressure of crude oil. of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the D6377 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information Crude Oil: VPCRx (Expansion Method)
only. D6897 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petro-
leum Gases (LPG) (Expansion Method)
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1930. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D323 – 20. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0323-20A. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D323 − 20a
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom- high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids legally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollution
2.2 Energy Institute Standards: control.
IP 481 Test Method for Determination of the Air Saturated 5.3 Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to the
Vapour Pressure (ASVP) of Crude Oil3 crude producer and the refiner for general handling and initial
refinery treatment.
3. Terminology
5.4 Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of the
3.1 Definitions: evaporation rate of volatile petroleum solvents.
3.1.1 Bourdon spring gauge, n—pressure measuring device
that employs a Bourdon tube connected to an indicator.
6. Apparatus
3.1.2 Bourdon tube, n—flattened metal tube bent to a curve
that straightens under internal pressure. 6.1 The required apparatus for Procedures A, C, and D is
described in Annex A1. Apparatus for Procedure B is described
3.1.3 oxygenate, n—oxygen-containing ashless organic in Annex A2.
compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as
a fuel or fuel supplement. D4175
7. Hazards
3.1.4 Reid vapor pressure (RVP), n—resultant total pressure
reading, corrected for measuring error, of a specific empirical 7.1 Gross errors can be obtained in vapor pressure measure-
test method (Test Method D323) for measuring the vapor ments if the prescribed procedure is not followed carefully. The
pressure of gasoline and other volatile products. following list emphasizes the importance of strict adherence to
the precautions given in the procedure:
3.1.5 vapor pressure, n—pressure exerted by the vapor of a
liquid when in equilibrium with the liquid. D4175 7.1.1 Checking the Pressure Gauge—Check all gauges
against a pressure measuring device (see A1.6) after each test
3.2 Abbreviations: to ensure higher precision of results (see 12.4). Read the gauge
3.2.1 ASVP, n—air saturated vapor pressure. while in a vertical position and after tapping it lightly.
3.2.2 LPG, n—liquefied petroleum gases. 7.1.2 Checking for Leaks—Check all apparatus before and
3.2.3 MTBE, n—methyl t-butyl ether. during each test for both liquid and vapor leaks (see Note 5).
3.2.4 RVP, n—Reid Vapor Pressure. 7.1.3 Sampling—Because initial sampling and the handling
of samples will greatly affect the final results, employ the
4. Summary of Test Method utmost precaution and the most meticulous care to avoid losses
through evaporation and even slight changes in composition
4.1 The liquid chamber of the vapor pressure apparatus is (see Section 8 and 12.1). In no case shall any part of the Reid
filled with the chilled sample and connected to the vapor apparatus itself be used as the sample container prior to
chamber that has been heated to 37.8 °C (100 °F) in a bath. The actually conducting the test.
assembled apparatus is immersed in a bath at 37.8 °C (100 °F)
until a constant pressure is observed. The reading, suitably 7.1.4 Purging the Apparatus—Thoroughly purge the pres-
corrected, is reported as the Reid vapor pressure. sure gauge, the liquid chamber, and the vapor chamber to be
sure that they are free of residual sample. This is most
4.2 All four procedures utilize liquid and vapor chambers of conveniently done at the end of the test in preparation for the
the same internal volume. Procedure B utilizes a semiauto- next test (see 12.5 and 15.5).
matic apparatus immersed in a horizontal bath and rotated 7.1.5 Coupling the Apparatus—Carefully observe the re-
while attaining equilibrium. Either a Bourdon gauge or pres- quirements of 12.2.
sure transducer may be used with this procedure. Procedure C
7.1.6 Shaking the Apparatus—Shake the apparatus vigor-
utilizes a liquid chamber with two valved openings. Procedure
ously as directed to ensure equilibrium.
D requires more stringent limits on the ratio of the liquid and
vapor chambers.
8. Sampling
5. Significance and Use 8.1 The extreme sensitivity of vapor pressure measurements
5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property of to losses through evaporation and the resulting changes in
volatile liquids. This test method is used to determine the vapor composition is such as to require the utmost precaution and the
pressure at 37.8 °C (100 °F) of petroleum products and crude most meticulous care in the handling of samples. The provi-
oils with initial boiling point above 0 °C (32 °F). sions of this section shall apply to all samples for vapor
pressure determinations, except as specifically excluded for
5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automo- samples having vapor pressures above 180 kPa (26 psi); see
tive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and Section 19.
tendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or
8.2 Obtain a sample and test specimen in accordance with
Practices D4057, D4177, D4306, D5842, or D5854 when
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, appropriate, except do not use the Sampling by Water Dis-
U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk. placement section for fuels containing oxygenates.

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 D323 − 20a
8.3 Sample Container Size—The size of the sample con- NOTE 2—These precision values are derived from a 1987 cooperative
tainer from which the vapor pressure sample is taken shall be program4 and the current Committee D02 Statistical Method RR:D02-
1007.
1 L (1 qt). It shall be 70 % to 80 % filled with sample. NOTE 3—These precision values were developed in the early 1950’s,
8.3.1 The present precision statement has been derived prior to the current statistical evaluation method.
using samples in 1 L (1 qt) containers. However, samples taken
10.2 Bias:
in containers of other sizes as prescribed in 8.2 can be used if
10.2.1 Absolute Bias—Since there is no accepted reference
it is recognized that the precision could be affected. In the case
material suitable for determining the bias for this test method,
of referee testing, the 1 L (1 qt) sample container shall be
bias cannot be determined. The amount of bias between this
mandatory.
test vapor pressure and true vapor pressure is unknown.
8.4 The Reid vapor pressure determination shall be per- 10.2.2 Relative Bias—There is no statistically significant
formed on the first test specimen withdrawn from the sample bias between Procedures A and B for gasolines as determined
container. The remaining sample in the container cannot be in the last cooperative test program.
used for a second vapor pressure determination. If necessary,
obtain a new sample. PROCEDURE A
8.4.1 Protect samples from excessive heat prior to testing.
8.4.2 Do not test samples in leaky containers. They should FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID
be discarded and new samples obtained. VAPOR PRESSURES BELOW 180 kPa (26 psi)
8.5 Sampling Handling Temperature—In all cases, cool the 11. Preparation for Test
sample container and contents to 0 °C to 1 °C (32 °F to 34 °F)
11.1 Verification of Sample Container Filling—With the
before the container is opened. Sufficient time to reach this
sample at a temperature of 0 °C to 1 °C, take the container
temperature shall be ensured by direct measurement of the
from the cooling bath or refrigerator and wipe dry with
temperature of a similar liquid in a like container placed in the
absorbent material. If the container is not transparent, unseal it,
cooling bath at the same time as the sample.
and using a suitable gauge, confirm that the sample volume
9. Report equals 70 % to 80 % of the container capacity (see Note 4). If
9.1 Report the result observed in 12.4 or 15.4, after correct- the sample is contained in a transparent glass container, verify
ing for any difference between the gauge and the pressure that the container is 70 % to 80 % full by suitable means (see
measuring device (see A1.6), to the nearest 0.25 kPa (0.05 psi) Note 4).
as the Reid vapor pressure. NOTE 4—For nontransparent containers, one way to confirm that the
sample volume equals 70 % to 80 % of the container capacity is to use a
10. Precison and Bias dipstick that has been pre-marked to indicate the 70 % and 80 % container
10.1 The following criteria are to be used for judging the capacities. The dipstick should be of such material that it shows wetting
after being immersed and withdrawn from the sample. To confirm the
acceptability of results (95 % confidence): sample volume, insert the dipstick into the sample container so that it
10.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive touches the bottom of the container at a perpendicular angle, before
test results obtained by the same operator with the same removing the dipstick. For transparent containers, using a marked ruler or
apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test by comparing the sample container to a like container that has the 70 %
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct and 80 % levels clearly marked, has been found suitable.
operation of the test method, exceed the following value only 11.1.1 Discard the sample if its volume is less than 70 % of
in one case in twenty. the container capacity.
Range Repeatability 11.1.2 If the container is more than 80 % full, pour out
Procedure kPa psi kPa psi enough sample to bring the container contents within the 70 %
A Gasoline 35–100 5–15 3.2 0.46 Note 2
B Gasoline 35–100 5–15 1.2 0.17 Note 2
to 80 % range. Under no circumstances shall any sample
A 0–35 0–5 0.7 0.10 Note 3 poured out be returned to the container.
A 110–180 16–26 2.1 0.3 Note 3 11.1.3 Reseal the container, if necessary, and return the
C >180 >26 2.8 0.4 Note 3
D Aviation
sample container to the cooling bath.
Gasoline 50 7 0.7 0.1 Note 3 11.2 Air Saturation of Sample in Sample Container:
10.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two, single 11.2.1 Nontransparent Containers—With the sample again
and independent results, obtained by different operators work- at a temperature between 0 °C and 1 °C, take the container
ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in from the cooling bath, wipe it dry with an absorbent material,
the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test remove the cap momentarily taking care that no water enters,
method, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty. reseal, and shake vigorously. Return it to the cooling bath for
Range Reproducibility a minimum of 2 min.
Procedure kPa psi kPa psi 11.2.2 Transparent Containers—Since 11.1 does not require
A Gasoline 35–100 5–15 5.2 0.75 Note 2
B Gasoline 35–100 5–15 4.5 0.66 Note 2
that the sample container be opened to verify the sample
A 0–35 0–5 2.4 0.35 Note 3
A 110–180 16–26 2.8 0.4 Note 3
C >180 >26 4.9 0.7 Note 3 4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
D Aviation be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1245. Contact ASTM Customer
Gasoline 50 7 1.0 0.15 Note 3 Service at service@astm.org.

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 D323 − 20a
capacity, it is necessary to unseal the cap momentarily before 12.3 Introduction of the Apparatus into Bath—Turn the
resealing it so that samples in transparent containers are treated assembled apparatus upside down and allow all the sample in
the same as samples in nontransparent containers. After per- the liquid chamber to drain into the vapor chamber. With the
forming this task, proceed with 11.2.1. apparatus still inverted, shake it vigorously eight times up and
11.2.3 Repeat 11.2.1 twice more. Return the sample to the down. With the gauge end up, immerse the assembled appara-
bath until the beginning of the procedure. tus in the bath, maintained at 37.8 °C 6 0.1 °C (100 °F 6
11.3 Preparation of Liquid Chamber—Completely immerse 0.2 °F), in an inclined position so that the connection of the
the open liquid chamber in an upright position and the sample liquid and vapor chambers is below the water level and
transfer connection (see Fig. A1.2) in a bath at a temperature carefully examine for leaks (see Note 5). If no leaks are
between 0 °C and 1 °C (32 °F and 34 °F) for at least 10 min. observed, further immerse the apparatus to at least 25 mm
(1 in.) above the top of the vapor chamber. Observe the
11.4 Preparation of Vapor Chamber—After purging and apparatus for leaks throughout the test and discard the test at
rinsing the vapor chamber and pressure gauge in accordance anytime a leak is detected.
with 12.5, connect the gauge to the vapor chamber. Immerse
the vapor chamber to at least 25.4 mm (1 in.) above its top in NOTE 5—Liquid leaks are more difficult to detect than vapor leaks. Pay
particular attention to the coupling between the chambers, which is
the water bath maintained at 37.8 °C 6 0.1 °C (100 °F 6 normally in the liquid section of the apparatus.
0.2 °F) for not less than 10 min just prior to coupling it to the
liquid chamber. Do not remove the vapor chamber from the 12.4 Measurement of Vapor Pressure—After the assembled
bath until the liquid chamber has been filled with sample, as apparatus has been in the water bath for at least 5 min, tap the
described in 12.1. pressure gauge lightly and observe the reading. Withdraw the
apparatus from the bath and repeat the instructions of 12.3. At
12. Procedure intervals of not less than 2 min, tap the gauge, observe the
reading, and repeat 12.3 until a total of not less than five
12.1 Sample Transfer—Remove the sample from the cool-
shakings and gauge readings have been made. Continue this
ing bath, uncap, and insert the chilled transfer tube (see Fig. 1).
procedure, as necessary, until the last two consecutive gauge
Remove the liquid chamber from the cooling bath, and place
readings are the same, indicating that equilibrium has been
the chamber in an inverted position over the top of the transfer
attained. Read the final gauge pressure to the nearest 0.25 kPa
tube. Invert the entire system rapidly so that the liquid chamber
(0.05 psi) and record this value as the uncorrected vapor
is upright with the end of the transfer tube approximately 6 mm
pressure of the sample. Without undue delay, remove the
(0.25 in.) from the bottom of the liquid chamber. Fill the
pressure gauge from the apparatus (see Note 6) without
chamber to overflowing (in addition to other precautions, make
attempting to remove any liquid that may be trapped in the
provision for suitable containment and disposal of the over-
gauge, check its reading against that of the pressure measuring
flowing sample to avoid fire hazard). Withdraw the transfer
device (see A1.6) while both are subjected to a common steady
tube from the liquid chamber while allowing the sample to
pressure that is within 1.0 kPa (0.2 psi) of the recorded
continue flowing up to complete withdrawal.
uncorrected vapor pressure. If a difference is observed between
12.2 Assembly of Apparatus—Immediately remove the va- the pressure measuring device and the pressure gauge readings,
por chamber from the water bath and couple the filled liquid the difference is added to the uncorrected vapor pressure when
chamber to the vapor chamber as quickly as possible without the pressure measuring device reading is higher, or subtracted
spillage. When the vapor chamber is removed from the water from the uncorrected vapor pressure when the pressure mea-
bath, connect it to the liquid chamber without undue movement suring device reading is lower, and the resulting value recorded
that could promote exchange of room temperature air with the as the Reid vapor pressure of the sample.
37.8 °C (100 °F) air in the chamber. Not more than 10 s shall
NOTE 6—Cooling the assembly prior to disconnecting the gauge will
elapse between removing the vapor chamber from the water facilitate disassembly and reduce the amount of hydrocarbon vapors
bath and completion of the coupling of the two chambers. released into the room.
12.5 Preparation of Apparatus for Next Test:
12.5.1 Thoroughly purge the vapor chamber of residual
sample by filling it with warm water above 32 °C (90 °F) and
allowing it to drain. Repeat this purging at least five times.
Purge the liquid chamber in the same manner. Rinse both
chambers and the transfer tube several times with petroleum
naphtha, or similar material, then several times with acetone,
then blow dry using dried air. Place the liquid chamber in the
cooling bath or refrigerator in preparation for the next test.
12.5.2 If the purging of the vapor chamber is done in a bath,
be sure to avoid small films of floating sample by keeping the
bottom and top openings of the chamber closed as they pass
through the water surface.
FIG. 1 Simplified Sketches Outlining Method Transferring 12.5.3 Preparation of Gauge—Disconnect the gauge from
Sample to Liquid Chamber from Open-Type Containers its manifold connection with the pressure measuring device

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 D323 − 20a
and remove trapped liquid in the Bourdon tube of the gauge by transducer. Place the assembled apparatus into the water bath
repeated centrifugal thrusts. This is accomplished in the maintained at 37.8 °C 6 0.1 °C (100 °F 6 0.2 °F) in such a
following manner: hold the gauge between the palms of the way that the bottom of the liquid chamber engages the drive
hands with the right palm on the face of the gauge and the coupling and the other end of the apparatus rests on the support
threaded connection of the gauge forward. Extend the arms bearing. Turn on the switch to begin the rotation of the
forward and upward at an angle of 45°. Swing the arms rapidly assembled liquid-vapor chambers. Observe the apparatus for
downward through an arc of about 135° so that centrifugal leakage throughout the test (see Note 5). Discard the test at
force aids gravity in removing trapped liquid. Repeat this anytime a leak is detected.
operation at least three times or until all liquid has been
expelled from the gauge. Connect the gauge to the vapor 15.4 Measurement of Vapor Pressure—After the assembled
chamber with the liquid connection closed and place in the apparatus has been in the bath for at least 5 min, tap the
37.8 °C (100 °F) bath to condition for the next test. pressure gauge lightly and observe the reading. Repeat the
(Warning—Do not leave the vapor chamber with the gauge tapping and reading at intervals of not less than 2 min, until
attached in the water bath for a longer period of time than two consecutive readings are the same. (Tapping is not
necessary to condition for the next test. Water vapor can necessary with the transducer model but the reading intervals
condense in the Bourdon tube and lead to erroneous results.) should be the same.) Read the final gauge or transducer
pressure to the nearest 0.25 kPa (0.05 psi) and record this value
PROCEDURE B as the uncorrected vapor pressure. Without undue delay,
FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID disconnect the gauge from the apparatus. Connect the gauge or
VAPOR PRESSURES BELOW 180 kPa (26 psi), pressure transducer to a pressure measuring device. Check its
(HORIZONTAL BATH) reading against that of the pressure measuring device while
both are subjected to a common steady pressure that is within
13. Sampling 1.0 kPa (0.2 psi) of the recorded uncorrected vapor pressure. If
a difference is observed between the pressure measuring device
13.1 Refer to Section 8.
and gauge or transducer readings, the difference is added to the
14. Preparation for Test uncorrected vapor pressure when the pressure measuring
device reading is higher, or subtracted from the uncorrected
14.1 Refer to Section 11. vapor pressure when the pressure measuring device reading is
lower, and the resulting value recorded as the Reid vapor
15. Procedure
pressure of the sample.
15.1 Sample Transfer—Remove the sample from the cool-
ing bath, uncap, and insert the chilled transfer tube (see Fig. 1). 15.5 Preparation of Apparatus for Next Test:
Remove the liquid chamber from the cooling bath, and place 15.5.1 Thoroughly purge the vapor chamber of residual
the chamber in an inverted position over the top of the transfer sample by filling it with warm water above 32 °C (90 °F) and
tube. Invert the entire system rapidly so that the liquid chamber allowing it to drain. Repeat this purging at least five times.
is upright with the end of the transfer tube approximately 6 mm Purge the liquid chamber in the same manner. Rinse both
(0.25 in.) from the bottom of the liquid chamber. Fill the chambers and the transfer tube several times with petroleum
chamber to overflowing (in addition to other precautions, make naphtha, or similar material, then several times with acetone,
provision for suitable containment and disposal of the over- then blow dry using dried air. Place the liquid chamber in the
flowing sample to avoid fire hazard). Withdraw the transfer cooling bath or refrigerator in preparation for the next test.
tube from the liquid chamber while allowing the sample to (Warning—Do not leave the vapor chamber with the gauge
continue flowing up to complete withdrawal. attached in the water bath for a longer period of time than
15.2 Assembly of Apparatus—Immediately remove the va- necessary to condition for the next test. Water vapor can
por chamber from the water bath. Disconnect the spiral tubing condense in the Bourdon tube and lead to erroneous results.)
at the quick action disconnect. Couple the filled liquid chamber 15.5.2 If the purging of the vapor chamber is done in a bath,
to the vapor chamber as quickly as possible without spillage or be sure to avoid small films of floating sample by keeping the
movement that could promote exchange of room temperature bottom and top openings of the chamber closed as they pass
air with the 37.8 °C (100 °F) air in the vapor chamber. Not through the water surface.
more than 10 s shall elapse between removing the vapor 15.5.3 Preparation of Gauge or Transducer—In the correct
chamber from the water bath and completion of the coupling of operation of this procedure, liquid should not reach the gauge
the two chambers. or transducer. If it is observed or suspected that liquid has
15.3 Introduction of the Apparatus into the Bath—While reached the gauge, purge the gauge as described in 12.5.3. The
holding the apparatus vertically, immediately reconnect the transducer has no cavity to trap liquid. Ensure that no liquid is
spiral tubing at the quick action disconnect. Tilt the apparatus present in the T handle fitting or spiral tubing by forcing a
to a horizontal position and lower the vapor chamber between stream of dry air through the tubing. Connect the gauge or
20° and 30° downward for 4 s or 5 s to allow the sample to transducer to the vapor chamber with the liquid connection
flow into the vapor chamber without getting into the tube closed and place in the 37.8 °C (100 °F) bath to condition for
extending into the vapor chamber from the gauge, or pressure the next test.

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 D323 − 20a
PROCEDURE C 21. Procedure
FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID 21.1 Paragraphs 12.1 and 12.2 shall not apply.
VAPOR PRESSURES ABOVE 180 kPa (26 psi) 21.2 Connect the 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) valve of the chilled
liquid chamber to the ice-cooled coil. With the 12.7 mm
16. Introduction (0.5 in.) valve of the liquid chamber closed, open the outlet
16.1 With products having vapor pressure over 180 kPa valve of the sample container and the 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) valve
(26 psi) (see Note 7), the procedure described in Sections 8 – of the liquid chamber. Open the liquid chamber 12.7 mm
12 is hazardous and inaccurate. Consequently, the following (0.5 in.) valve slightly and allow the liquid chamber to fill
sections define changes in apparatus and procedure for the slowly. Allow the sample to overflow until the overflow
determinations of vapor pressures above 180 kPa. Except as volume is 200 mL or more. Control this operation so that no
specifically stated, all the requirements of Sections 1 – 12 shall appreciable drop in pressure occurs at the liquid chamber
apply. 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) valve. In the order named, close the liquid
chamber 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) and 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) valves; and
NOTE 7—If necessary, either Procedure A or B can be used to determine then close all other valves in the sample system. Disconnect the
if the vapor pressure of a product is above 180 kPa.
liquid chamber and the cooling coil. (Warning—Combustible.
Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame. Keep container
17. Apparatus
closed. Use only with adequate ventilation. Avoid prolonged
17.1 Apparatus as described in Annex A1 using the liquid breathing of vapor or spray mist. Avoid prolonged, repeated
chamber with two openings. contact with skin.) (Warning—In addition to other
17.2 Pressure Gauge Calibration—A dead weight tester precautions, provide a safe means of disposal of liquid and
(see A1.7) may be used as a pressure measuring device (see vapor escaping during this whole operation.)
A1.6) for checking gauge readings above 180 kPa (26 psi). In 21.2.1 To avoid rupture because of the liquid-full condition
7.1.1, 9.1, 12.4, and 12.5.3 where the words pressure measur- of the liquid chamber, the liquid chamber must be quickly
ing device and pressure measuring device reading appear, attached to the vapor chamber and the 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) valve
include as an alternative dead weight tester and calibrated opened.
gauge reading, respectively. 21.3 Immediately attach the liquid chamber to the vapor
chamber and open the liquid chamber 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) valve.
18. Hazards Not more than 25 s shall pass in completing the assembly of
18.1 The precaution in 7.1.6 shall not apply. the apparatus after filling the liquid chamber, using the follow-
ing sequence of operations:
19. Sampling 21.3.1 Remove the vapor chamber from the water bath.
21.3.2 Connect the vapor chamber to the liquid chamber.
19.1 Paragraphs 8.3, 8.3.1, 8.4, and 8.5 shall not apply.
21.3.3 Open the liquid chamber 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) valve.
19.2 Sample Container Size—The size of the sample con-
tainer from which the vapor pressure sample is taken shall not 21.4 If a dead weight tester is used as a pressure measuring
be less than 0.5 L (1 pt) liquid capacity. device (see 17.2), apply the calibration factor in kilopascals
(pounds-force per square inch) established for the pressure
20. Preparation for Test gauge to the uncorrected vapor pressure. Record this value as
the calibrated gauge reading and use in Section 9 in place of the
20.1 Paragraphs 11.1 and 11.2 shall not apply. pressure measuring device reading.
20.2 Any safe method of displacement of the test sample
from the sample container that ensures filling the liquid PROCEDURE D
chamber with a chilled, unweathered sample may be employed. FOR AVIATION GASOLINES
Paragraphs 20.3 – 20.5 describe displacement by self-induced APPROXIMATELY 50 kPa (7 psi) REID VAPOR
pressure. PRESSURE
20.3 Maintain the sample container at a temperature suffi-
ciently high to maintain superatmospheric pressure but not 22. Introduction
substantially over 37.8 °C (100 °F). 22.1 The following sections define changes in apparatus and
20.4 Completely immerse the liquid chamber, with both procedure for the determination of the vapor pressure of
valves open, in the water cooling bath for a sufficient length of aviation gasoline. Except as specifically stated herein, all the
time to allow it to reach the bath temperature of 0 °C to 4.5 °C requirements set forth in Sections 1 – 12 shall apply.
(32 °F to 40 °F).
20.5 Connect a suitable ice-cooled coil to the outlet valve of 23. Apparatus
the sample container (see Note 8). 23.1 Ratio of Vapor and Liquid Chambers—The ratio of the
NOTE 8—A suitable ice-cooled coil can be prepared by immersing a volume of the vapor chamber to the volume of the liquid
spiral of approximately 8 m (25 ft) of 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) copper tubing in chamber shall be between the limits of 3.95 and 4.05 (see
a bucket of ice water. A1.1.4).

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24. Sampling preliminary check shall be made in addition to the final gauge
24.1 Refer to Section 8. comparison specified in 12.4 or 15.4.

25. Preparation for Test 26. Procedure

25.1 Checking the Pressure Gauge or Pressure 26.1 Refer to Section 12.
Transducer—The gauge shall be checked at 50 kPa (7 psi)
against a calibrated pressure measuring device (see A1.6, 27. Keywords
A1.6.1, and A1.7) before each vapor pressure measurement to 27.1 crude oils; gasoline; Reid vapor pressure; spark-
ensure that it conforms to the requirements of A1.2. This ignition engine fuel; vapor pressure; volatility

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. APPARATUS FOR VAPOR PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE A

A1.1 Reid Vapor Pressure Apparatus, consisting of two complete drainage from either end when held in a vertical
chambers, a vapor chamber (upper section) and a liquid position. On one end of the vapor chamber, a suitable gauge
chamber (lower section), shall conform to the following coupling with an internal diameter of not less than 4.7 mm
requirements: (3⁄16 in.) shall be provided to receive the 6.35 mm (1⁄4 in.) gauge
A1.1.1 Vapor Chamber—The upper section or chamber, as connection. In the other end of the vapor chamber, an opening
shown in Fig. A1.1, shall be a cylindrical vessel having the approximately 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) in diameter shall be provided
inside dimensions of 51 mm 6 3 mm (2 in. 6 1⁄8 in.) in for coupling with the liquid chamber. Care shall be taken that
diameter and 254 mm 6 3 mm (10 in. 6 1⁄8 in.) in length, with the connections to the openings do not prevent the chamber
the inner surfaces of the ends slightly sloped to provide from draining completely.

DIMENSIONS OF VAPOR PRESSURE APPARATUS

Key Description mm in.
A Vapor chamber, length 254 ± 3 10 ± 1⁄8
B, C, D Vapor and gasoline chambers, 51 ± 3 2 ± 1⁄ 8
Liquid ID
E Coupling, ID min 4.7 ⁄
3 16

F, G Coupling, OD 12.7 12⁄

H Coupling, ID 12.7 12⁄
I Valve 12.7 1 ⁄2

J Valve 6.35 1 ⁄4

FIG. A1.1 Vapor Pressure Apparatus

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 D323 − 20a
A1.1.2 Liquid Chamber—One Opening—The lower section sealing. (Warning—Some commercially available apparatus
or liquid chamber, as shown in Fig. A1.1, shall be a cylindrical do not make adequate provision for avoiding air compression
vessel of the same inside diameter as the vapor chamber and of effects. Before employing any apparatus, it shall be established
such a volume that the ratio of the volume of the vapor that the act of coupling the two chambers does not compress air
chamber to the volume of the liquid chamber shall be between in the vapor chamber. This can be accomplished by tightly
3.8 and 4.2. (see A1.1.3). In one end of the liquid chamber an stoppering the liquid chamber and coupling the apparatus in the
opening of approximately 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) in diameter shall be normal manner, utilizing a 0 kPa to 35 kPa (0 psi to 5 psi)
provided for coupling with the vapor chamber. The inner gauge. Any observable pressure increase on the gauge is an
surface of the coupling end shall be sloped to provide complete indication that the apparatus does not adequately meet the
drainage when inverted. The other end of the chamber shall be specifications of this test method. If this problem is
completely closed. (Warning—To maintain the correct vol- encountered, consult the manufacturer for a remedy.)
ume ratio between the vapor chamber and the liquid chamber,
paired chambers shall not be interchanged without recalibra- A1.1.7 Volumetric Capacity of Vapor and Liquid
tion to ascertain that the volume ratio is within the required Chambers—To ascertain if the volume ratio of the chambers is
limits.) within the specified limits of 3.8 to 5.2 (see A1.1.3), carefully
A1.1.3 The ratio of paired vapor and liquid chambers to be measure a quantity of water greater than will be required to fill
used for aviation gasoline testing shall be between 3.95 and the two chambers. (A dispensing buret is a convenient vessel
4.05. for this operation.) Without spillage fill the liquid chamber
completely. The difference between the original volume and
A1.1.4 Liquid Chamber—Two Openings—For sampling
the remaining volume of the measured water quantity is the
from closed vessels, the liquid section of liquid chamber, as
volume of the liquid chamber. Without spillage couple the
shown in Fig. A1.1, shall be essentially the same as the liquid
liquid and vapor chambers and fill the vapor chamber to the
chamber described in A1.1.2, except that a 6.35 mm (0.25 in.)
seat of the gauge connection with more of the measured water.
valve shall be attached near the bottom of the liquid chamber
The difference between the final volume of the measured water
and a 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) straight-through, full-opening valve
shall be introduced in the coupling between the chambers. The quantity and the intermediate volume measured after ascertain-
volume of the liquid chamber, including only the capacity ing the liquid chamber volume is the volume of the vapor
enclosed by the valves, shall fulfill the volume ratio require- chamber.
ments as set forth in A1.1.2. A1.2 Pressure Gauge—The pressure gauge shall be a Bour-
A1.1.5 In determining the capacities for the two-opening don type spring gauge of test gauge quality 100 mm to 150 mm
liquid chamber (Fig. A1.1), the capacity of the liquid chamber (4.5 in. to 6.5 in.) in diameter provided with a nominal
shall be considered as that below the 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) valve 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) male thread connection with a passageway
closure. The volume above the 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) valve closure, not less than 4.7 mm (3⁄16 in.) in diameter from the Bourdon
including the portion of the coupling permanently attached to tube to the atmosphere. The range and graduations of the
the liquid chamber, shall be considered as a part of the vapor pressure gauge shall be governed by the vapor pressure of the
chamber capacity. sample being tested, in accordance with Table A1.1. Only
A1.1.6 Method of Coupling Vapor and Liquid Chambers— accurate gauges shall be continued in use. When the gauge
Any method of coupling the vapor and liquid chambers can be reading differs from the pressure measuring device reading, or
employed, provided that no sample is lost from the liquid dead-weight tester reading when testing gauges above 180 kPa
chamber during the coupling operation, that no compression (26 psi), by more than 1 % of the scale range of the gauge, the
effect is caused by the act of coupling, and that the assembly is gauge shall be considered inaccurate. For example, the cali-
free of leaks under the conditions of the tests. To avoid bration correction shall not be greater than 0.3 kPa (0.15 psi)
displacement of sample during assembly, the male fitting of the for a 0 kPa to 30 kPa (0 psi to 15 psi) gauge or 0.9 kPa (0.3 psi)
coupling must be on the liquid chamber. To avoid compression for a 0 kPa to 90 kPa (0 psi to 30 psi) gauge.
of air during assembly, a vent hole must be present to ensure NOTE A1.1—Gauges 90 mm (3.5 in.) in diameter can be used in the
atmospheric pressure in the vapor chamber at the instant of 0 kPa to 35 kPa (0 psi to 5 psi) range.

TABLE A1.1 Pressure Gauge Range and Graduations

Gauge to be Used

Reid Vapor Pressure Maximum Maximum

Scale Range Numbered Intermediate
Intervals Graduations
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
# 27.5 #4 0–35 0–5 5.0 1 0.5 0.1
20.0–75.0 3–12 0–100 0–15 15.0 3 0.5 0.1
70.0–180.0 10–26 0–200 0–30 25.0 5 1.0 0.2
70.0–250.0 10–36 0–300 0–45 25.0 5 1.0 0.2
200.0–375.0 30–55 0–400 0–60 50.0 10 1.5 0.25
$ 350.0 $ 50 0–700 0–100 50.0 10 2.5 0.5

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 D323 − 20a
A1.3 Cooling Bath—A cooling bath shall be provided of A1.6 Pressure Measuring Device—A pressure measuring
such dimensions that the sample containers and the liquid device having a range suitable for checking the pressure gauge
chambers can be completely immersed. Means for maintaining employed shall be used. The pressure measuring device shall
the bath at a temperature between 0 °C and 1 °C (32 °F and have a minimum accuracy of 0.5 kPa (0.07 psi) with incre-
34 °F) must be provided. Do not use solid carbon dioxide to ments no larger than 0.5 kPa (0.07 psi).
cool samples in storage or in the preparation of the air
saturation step. Carbon dioxide is appreciably soluble in A1.6.1 When a mercury manometer is not used as the
gasoline and its use has been found to be the cause of erroneous pressure measuring device, the calibration of the pressure
vapor pressure data. measuring device employed shall be periodically checked
(with traceability to a nationally recognized standard) to ensure
A1.4 Water Bath—The water bath shall be of such dimen- that the device remains within the required accuracy specified
sions that the vapor pressure apparatus can be immersed to at in A1.6.
least 25.4 mm (1 in.) above the top of the vapor chamber.
Means for maintaining the bath at a constant temperature of A1.7 Dead-Weight Tester—A dead weight tester may be
37.8 °C 6 0.1 °C (100 °F 6 0.2 °F) shall be provided. In order used as the pressure measuring device (A1.6) for checking
to check this temperature, the bath thermometer shall be gauge readings above 180 kPa (26 psi).
immersed to the 37 °C (98 °F) mark throughout the vapor
pressure determination. A1.8 Sample Transfer Connection—This is a device for
removing liquid from the sample container without interfering
A1.5 Thermometer—An ASTM Reid Vapor Pressure Ther- with the vapor space. The device consists of two tubes inserted
mometer 18C (18F) having a range from 34 °C to 42 °C (94 °F into a two-holed stopper of appropriate dimensions to fit the
to 108 °F) and conforming to the requirements in Specification opening of the sample container. One of the tubes is short for
E1. Alternative non-mercury-containing liquid-in-glass ther- the delivery of the sample, and the other is long enough to
mometers such as thermometer S18C in Specification E2251 reach the bottom corner of the sample container. Fig. A1.2
conforming to the temperature range with equal or better shows a suitable arrangement.
accuracy may be used.

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FIG. A1.2 Sample Transfer Connection

A2. APPARATUS FOR VAPOR PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE B

A2.1 Vapor Pressure Apparatus—Refer to A1.1.1 through

A1.1.7.
A2.2 Pressure Gauge—The pressure measuring system
shall be a Bourdon type spring gauge, as described in A1.2 or
a suitable pressure transducer and digital readout. The pressure
measuring system shall be remotely mounted from the vapor
pressure apparatus and terminations provided for use of a quick
connection type fitting.
A2.3 Cooling Bath—(Warning—To maintain the correct
volume ratio between the vapor chamber and the liquid
chamber, paired chambers shall not be interchanged without
recalibration to ascertain that the volume ratio is within the
required limits.)
A2.4 Water Bath—The water bath shall be of such dimen-
sions that the vapor pressure apparatus can be immersed in a
horizontal position. Provision shall be made to rotate the
apparatus on its axis 350° in one direction and then 350° in the
opposite direction in repetitive fashion. Means for maintaining
the bath at a constant temperature of 37.8 °C 6 0.1 °C (100 °F
6 0.2 °F) shall be provided. In order to check this temperature,
the bath thermometer shall be immersed no higher than the
37 °C (98 °F) mark throughout the vapor pressure determina-
tion. A suitable bath is shown in Fig. A2.1 and is available
commercially.
FIG. A2.1 Apparatus for Vapor Pressure, Procedure B
A2.5 Thermometers—Refer to A1.5.
A2.8 Vapor Chamber Tube—The vapor chamber tube of
A2.6 Pressure Measuring Device—Refer to A1.6.
inner diameter 3 mm (1⁄8 in.) and length of 114 mm (4.5 in.)
A2.7 Flexible Coupler—A suitable flexible coupling shall shall be inserted into the pressure measuring end of the vapor
be provided for connection of the rotating vapor pressure chamber to prevent liquid from entering the vapor pressure
apparatus to the pressure measuring device. measuring connections (see Fig. A2.2).
A2.9 Sample Transfer Connection—Refer to A1.8.

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FIG. A2.2 Vapor Chamber Tube Inserted in Vapor Chamber

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D323 – 20) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2020.)

(1) Revised subsections 12.5.1, 15.3, 15.5.1, and A2.4.

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D323 – 15a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2020.)

(1) Added Practices D4177, D4306, D5842, and D5854 to (2) Revised subsections 8.2 and 8.3.1.
Section 2.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

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