MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

VIDYAVARDHINI’S BHAUSAHEB VARTAK

POLYTECHNIC, VASAI ROAD WEST

MICRO PROJECT

Academic year: 2023-2024

TITLE OF PROJECT: VARIOUS GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

AND OPERATING SYSTEM

Program: Computer Engineering (CO) Semester: Fifth

Course: Operating System Code: 22516

Name: Ritu Rajendra Kamble, Nilakshi Naresh Kudu, Jagruti Mahesh Chavan

Roll No: 1864 ,1865 ,1866

Enrolment No: 2200930323, 2200930325, 2200930326

Name of faculty: Mrs. Amrita Rathod

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. Ritu Rajendra Kamble, Nilakshi Naresh
Kudu, Jagruti Mahesh Chavan of FIFTH Semester of Diploma in
Computer Engineering.

Institute, B. V. POLYTECHNIC (Code: 0093) has completed the Micro

Project satisfactorily in Subject – Operating Systems (22516) for the
academic year 2022- 2023 as prescribed in the curriculum

Place: Vasai Enrolment No: …………………….

Date: …………… Exam Seat No: ……………………..

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

SEAL OF
INSTITUTE
 Part A: Micro Project Proposal

1.0 Aim/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

The primary goal of windows operating system is having convenience for the
user. While the primarygoal of is efficient operation of the computer
system. The former Operating System exists because,they are supposed to
make it easier to compute them without them. This view is particularly clear
whenyou look at Operating Systems for small PCs. The latter are used for large,
shared, multi user systems.These systems are expensive, so it is desirable to
make them as efficient as possible.

2.0 Course Outcomes integrated:

a) Install operating system and configure it.
b) Use operating system tools to perform various functions.

3.0 Proposed Methodology:

1. Define Objectives and Scope
2. Literature Review
3. Data Collection
4. Timeline Construction
5. Case Studies
6. Comparative Analysis
7. Operating System Evolution
8. Future Generations
 4.0 Action Plan

Sr. Details of the activity Planned Planned Name of

Start date Members
No. Finish date

1 Formation of Group & Topic All members

Selection

2 Submission of Proposed Plan All members

3 Preparation of Report All members

4 Final valuation of a working Report All members

5 Presentation of Report All members

6 Submission of Final Report All members

5.0 Resource Required:

Sr. Name of Specifications Qty Remarks

No. resources/Material
1. Computer System I5 processor ,2GBRAM 1
2. Microsoft Word -
3. Operating System Windows7(For practical Study)
4. Printer Hp Laser Jet 1
5. Browser Support Support Google Chrome (for data
analysis)

6.0 Name of Team Members with Roll No:

Sr Roll Name of Students Process and Individual Total
No. No. Product
Assessment Presentation

(06) (04) (10)

02 1257 Ritu Rajendra Kamble

04 1259 Nilakshi Naresh Kudu

05 1260 Jagruti Mahesh Chavan

Name & Signature of Faculty:

Title: VARIOUS GENERATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM AND OPERATING

SYSTEM.
Rationale: The study of Operating system provides us with an understanding of
human computer interface existing in computer system and the basic concepts
and its working. The students will also get hand-on experience and
good working knowledge to work in environments. The aim is to gain
proficiency in using operating systems after undergoing this study. While doing
so, we are known to the concepts and principles of operating systems, its
features and practical utility.
 Course Outcomes Integrated:
a) Install operating system and configure it.
b) Use operating system tools to perform various functions.

Actual Procedure Followed:

1. In this microproject, first of all we have focused on selection of appropriate
topic for micro-project.
2. Select the topic i.e.Genenrations of Computer and Operating System.
3. Then we started with our brief study as well as a survey on our topic.
4. Then we gathered all information based on the topic of microproject.
5. We have done analysis and study of our topic in detail.
6. Following all the above methodologies we successfully completed with our
microproject.
4.0: Actual Resources Required:
Sr. Name of Specifications Qty Remarks
No. resources/Material
1. Computer System I5 processor ,2GBRAM 1
2. Microsoft Word -
3. Operating System Windows7(For practical Study)
4. Printer Hp Laser Jet 1
5. Browser Support Support Google Chrome (for data
analysis)
 Rubrics for Assessment of Micro-Project
Title: VARIOUS GENERATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM AND OPERATING
SYSTEM.
Institute Code: 0093 Academic year:2023
Program: Computer Engineering Course & Code: OSY(22516)
Name of Candidate: Roll No:
Semester: Fifth Name of Faculty: Mrs. Amrita
Rathod

Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor Average Good Excellent

No. (Marks 1-3) (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)

1. Relevance to the Course

2. Literature
Survey/Information
Collection

3. Project Proposal
4. Completion of the Target as per
Project Proposal

5. Analysis of Data and

Representation

6. Quality of Prototype/Model

7. Report Preparation

8. Presentation

9. Viva

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

7
 Title: VARIOUS GENERATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM AND
OPERATING SYSTEM.
Institute Code: 0093 Academic year:2023
Program: Computer Engineering Course & Code: OSY (22516)
Name of Candidate: Roll No:
Semester: Fifth Name of Faculty: Mrs.
Amrita
Rathod
Course Outcomes Achieved:

a) Install operating system and configure it.

b) Use operating system tools to perform various functions.
Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project
Sr. Characteristic to be assessed Poor Average Good Excellent Sub
No Marks Marks Marks Marks Total
. 1-3 4-5 6-8 9-10
(A) Process and product assessment Out Of 6
1 Relevance to the course
2 Literature Survey Information .
Collection
3 Completion of the Target as per project
proposal
4 Analysis of Data and representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model/Content

6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva Out of 4

7 Presentation .

8 Viva

Name and designation of the Faculty Member:

WEEKLY ACTIVITY SHEET

Title: VARIOUS GENERATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM AND
OPERATING SYSTEM.

8
Institute Code: 0093 Academic year: 2022
Program: Computer Engineering Course & Code: OSY (22516)
Name of Candidate: Roll No:
Semester: Fifth Name of Faculty: Mrs. Amrita
Rathod
SR. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED
NO
1. 1st Week Discussion and Finalization of
Topic

2. 2nd Week Literature Review

3. 3rd Week Submission of Proposed Plan

4 4th Week Information Collection

5. 5th Week Analysis of Data

6. 6th Week Compilation of content

7. 7th Week Editing and Revising the Content

8. 8th Week Report Preparation

9. 9th Week Report Preparation

10. 10 - 12 Week
th th
Submission

9
Index

Sr. No, Content

1. Introduction

Generations of computer system

• First Generation (1945 - 1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards
2. • Second Generation (1955 - 1965): Transistors and Batch Systems
• Third Generation (1965 - 1980): Integrated Circuits and
Multiprogramming
• Fourth Generation (1980 - Present): Personal Computers

3. Features of operating system and computer system

4. Application of computer system and operating system

Advantages and disadvantages of computer system and

5.
operating system

6. Conclusion

7. Reference
Introduction
A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data
(input), process it and generate result (output). A computer along with
additional hardware and software together is called a computer system. A
computer system primarily comprises a central processing unit (CPU), memory,
input/output devices and storage devices. All these components function
together as a single unit to deliver the desired output. A computer system
comes in various forms and sizes. It can vary from a high-end server to
personal desktop, laptop, tablet computer, or a smartphone.
An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages the
hardware resources of a computer and provides a platform for running
applications. It serves as an intermediary between the computer's hardware
and the software that runs on it, providing a set of services and functions that
enable applications to interact with the hardware. The system program which
acts as an interface between the user and the computing system is called
the operating system. The user is able to run any program and communicate
with the software applications in an easy and organized manner. The operating
system is a system program that controls and manages the proper execution of
application programs, software and hardware resources.
Generations Of Computer System
The generations of operating systems refer to the historical development and
evolution of operating systems over time.

First Generation (1945 - 1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards

The first generation of the operating systems took place around 1945-1955
when the second world was happening. During the second world war, there
were no digital computers. Calculating engines which used mechanical relays
were built at that time and were popularly used. These mechanical relays were
extremely slow and were later on replaced by comparatively faster vacuum
tubes. These machines took a large amount of space as they were enormous
but were very slow.
Such types of computers were designed and built by a single group of people.
At that time, programming languages were unknown, and there was no such
thing as an operating system because of which all the programming was done
in machine languages. Most of the problems which were solved using them
were simple numerical calculations.
Punch cards were introduced in the 1950s, and they improved the overall
computer system. Now instead of using plugboards, programs were written on
cards and were handed to the operator, who fed them to the system.
Second Generation (1955 - 1965): Transistors and Batch Systems
The second generation of the operating systems took place around 1955 to
1965. The first operating system, GMOs was created in the early 1950s.
General Motors developed this OS for the IBM computers.
In this period, transistors were developed, which led to the development of
computer systems that could be manufactured and sold to paying customers.
Such types of machines were known as mainframes. They were kept in air-
conditioned rooms with trained staff to operate them.
Later, Batch systems were introduced in this generation of operating systems
to reduce the computer's idle time. All the jobs were collected on a tray in the
input room and were read into the magnetic tape. Then, the tape was
mounted onto a tape drive once it had been rewound. When the batch
operating system was loaded, it read the first job from the tape and ran it,
while the output was written onto the second tape. After executing the whole
batch, the input and output tapes were removed while the output tape was
printed.
Third Generation (1965 - 1980): Integrated Circuits and Multiprogramming
The third generation of operating systems took place around 1965-1980.
Initially, there were two types of computers - the scientific and commercial
computers. Each type of computer served a different purpose. These were
combined into one by IBM, which was known as the System/360. They used
integrated circuits and offered a major price and performance advantage over
the second-generation systems.
By the late 1960s, operating systems designers were capable of developing an
operating system that was capable of performing multiple tasks simultaneously
in a single computer. Such operating systems were known as
multiprogramming operating systems. The introduction of multiprogramming
played an important role in developing operating systems that allowed the CPU
to be busy all the time by performing different tasks on a single computer
simultaneously.
Fourth Generation (1980 - Present): Personal Computers
The fourth generation of the operating system took place around 1980 and is
being used till now. This generation of operating systems is related to the
development of personal computers, which is very similar to the
minicomputers that were developed in the third generation. Initially, the cost
of personal computers was very high. The birth of Microsoft and windows
operating systems played a major role in the development of personal
computers. In this generation of operating systems, Microsoft created the first
window operating system in 1975. After introducing the Microsoft Windows
operating system, Bill Gates and Paul Allen had the vision to take personal
computers to the next level. They introduced MS-DOS in 1981, though it was
very difficult for the person to understand its commands. After that, multiple
operating systems were released by windows, such as Windows 95, Windows
98, Windows XP, etc. Currently, most Windows users use the Windows 10
operating system. Apart from windows, Apple also built an operating system in
the 1980s, which is known as Macintosh OS. it was developed by Steve Jobs,
co-founder of Apple.
Features of operating system and computer system

Computer System Features:

Hardware Components: Computer systems consist of a variety of hardware components, including
the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices (e.g., hard drives, SSDs), input
devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse), output devices (e.g., monitor, printer), and networking hardware.

Processing Power: The CPU's processing power is a crucial feature that determines how fast a
computer can execute instructions and perform tasks.

Memory Capacity: The amount of RAM in a computer system affects its ability to run multiple
programs simultaneously and handle large datasets efficiently.

Storage Capacity: The size and type of storage devices (e.g., HDDs, SSDs) impact data storage and
retrieval speed and capacity.

Peripheral Support: Computer systems are equipped with various ports and connectors to support
peripherals such as USB devices, external drives, and audio equipment.

Operating System Compatibility: Different computer systems are compatible with specific operating
systems, which influence software choices and user experiences.

Form Factor: Computer systems come in various form factors, such as desktops, laptops, servers, and
mobile devices, each designed for specific purposes and usage scenarios.

Graphics Capabilities: The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) influences a computer's ability to handle
graphics-intensive tasks, such as gaming or video editing.

Connectivity: Networking capabilities, including wired (Ethernet) and wireless (Wi-Fi), enable
computer systems to access the internet and communicate with other devices.
Operating System Features:
User Interface (UI): Operating systems provide a user-friendly interface for users to interact with the
computer, which can be text-based (command-line) or graphical (GUI).

Process Management: Operating systems manage the execution of multiple processes or programs
concurrently, allocating resources efficiently and preventing conflicts.

Memory Management: They control memory allocation, ensuring that programs have access to the
right amount of memory and preventing memory leaks.

File System: Operating systems organize and manage files and directories on storage devices,
allowing users to create, delete, and manipulate data easily.

Device Management: They handle hardware devices, ensuring that peripherals like printers,
keyboards, and USB drives work correctly and are accessible to applications.

Security: Operating systems provide security features like user authentication, access control, and
encryption to protect data and prevent unauthorized access.

Networking: Support for network protocols allows computers to connect to local and internet
networks, enabling communication and data transfer.

Hardware Abstraction: Operating systems abstract hardware complexities, allowing software

developers to write code that works across different hardware configurations.

Multi-User Support: Many operating systems support multiple users, enabling concurrent access to
the computer while maintaining user-specific settings and data.

Updates and Maintenance: They facilitate software updates, patch management, and system
maintenance to enhance stability, security, and performance.

Error Handling and Recovery: Operating systems detect and handle errors gracefully, minimizing
system crashes and data loss through mechanisms like error messages and recovery tools.

Task Scheduling: They manage task scheduling to allocate CPU time efficiently among competing
processes and ensure responsive system performance.

Virtualization: Some operating systems offer virtualization capabilities, allowing multiple operating
systems to run on a single physical machine (virtual machines).
Application of computer system and operating system

Computer System Applications:

Personal Computing: Computer systems are commonly used for personal tasks
such as word processing, internet browsing, and multimedia entertainment.
Business and Productivity: In the business world, computer systems are used
for tasks like accounting, data analysis, email communication, and creating
presentations.
Scientific Research: Computer systems are indispensable in fields like physics,
biology, and chemistry for simulations, data analysis, and modeling complex
systems.
Gaming: Gaming relies heavily on computer systems for rendering graphics,
processing game logic, and providing an immersive gaming experience.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Advanced computer systems are
employed for training and deploying machine learning models, natural
language processing, and computer vision tasks.
Operating System Applications:
Server Management: Operating systems like Linux and Windows Server are
used to manage and control servers, ensuring efficient and secure hosting of
websites and applications.
Mobile Devices: Android and iOS are mobile operating systems that power
smartphones and tablets, enabling various applications and services.
Real-time Systems: Operating systems like QNX are used in real-time
applications such as automotive control systems and medical devices.
Cloud Computing: Cloud providers like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud use
specialized operating systems to manage and scale virtualized infrastructure
for cloud services.
Embedded Systems: Operating systems like Free RTOS and Tiny OS are used in
embedded systems for devices like IoT sensors, wearables, and consumer
electronics.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer System
And Operating System

Advantages of Computer Systems:

Processing Speed: Computers can execute tasks at incredible speeds, making
them efficient for complex calculations and data processing.
Storage Capacity: They offer large storage capacities, allowing users to store
vast amounts of data and information.
Automation: Computers automate repetitive tasks, increasing productivity and
reducing human error.
Connectivity: They enable seamless communication and data sharing over
networks, facilitating collaboration and remote work.
Multitasking: Modern computers can handle multiple tasks simultaneously,
enhancing multitasking capabilities.

Disadvantages of Computer Systems:

Complexity: Computer systems can be complex to understand and operate,
leading to user frustration and the need for technical expertise.
Security Risks: They are vulnerable to viruses, malware, and cyberattacks,
posing data security and privacy concerns.
Maintenance Costs: Maintaining and upgrading computer systems can be
costly, including hardware repairs and software licenses.
Dependency: Excessive reliance on computers can lead to issues when they fail
or experience downtime.
Environmental Impact: The production and disposal of computer hardware
contribute to electronic waste and energy consumption.
Advantages of Operating Systems:
Resource Management: Operating systems efficiently manage hardware
resources like CPU, memory, and peripherals.
User Interface: They provide user-friendly interfaces, making it easier for users
to interact with the computer.
Multitasking Support: Operating systems enable concurrent execution of
multiple applications, improving productivity.
Security: They offer security features like user authentication and access
control to protect data and system integrity.
Device Compatibility: Operating systems provide drivers and compatibility
layers to support a wide range of hardware devices.

Disadvantages of Operating Systems:

Complexity: Operating systems can be intricate, and troubleshooting issues
may require specialized knowledge.
Resource Overhead: Some operating systems consume significant system
resources, potentially affecting performance.
Incompatibility: Certain software may not be compatible with specific
operating systems, limiting software choices.
Updates and Maintenance: Regular updates and patches are required to keep
the operating system secure and functional.
Vendor Dependence: Users may become dependent on a particular vendor's
operating system, reducing flexibility and potentially leading to vendor lock-in.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the evolution of computer systems and operating systems has
been a remarkable journey marked by continuous innovation. Each generation
has contributed to the advancement of technology, making computing more
accessible and powerful. Operating systems, in particular, have played a crucial
role in enhancing user experiences and managing hardware resources. As we
look to the future, the possibilities for computing are boundless, with
emerging technologies poised to reshape the digital landscape. Understanding
this history is not just about the past; it's a key to unlocking the potential of
the future.

Reference:
https://chat.openai.com/
https://www.codingninjas.com/
https://www.scribd.com/