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MP - Lec 04 - Arithmetic & Logic Instructions

The document summarizes arithmetic and logic instructions in microprocessors, including ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NEG, shift instructions like SHL and SAR, and rotate instructions like ROL and RCR. It provides examples of using each instruction and explains how they perform binary operations and affect processor flags.

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37 views21 pages

MP - Lec 04 - Arithmetic & Logic Instructions

The document summarizes arithmetic and logic instructions in microprocessors, including ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, MUL, DIV, AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NEG, shift instructions like SHL and SAR, and rotate instructions like ROL and RCR. It provides examples of using each instruction and explains how they perform binary operations and affect processor flags.

Uploaded by

uabdulgwad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microprocessor Course

LECTURE(04)

Arithmetic and Logic Instructions

1
Chapter Contents
 Arithmetic instructions: ADD, ADC, INC, SUB, SBB, DEC, MUL, and DIV

 Logic instructions: AND, OR, XOR, Test, Not, and NEG

 Shift and rotate instructions: SHL, SHR, SAL, SAR, ROL, ROR, RCL, and
RCR

2
Arithmetic Instructions - Add
 The ADD instruction is used for binary addition.

 The addition causes the flag bits to change.

 Addition can be 8, 16, and 32 bits.

 All of the addressing modes presented in Chapter 3 are used by


addition.

 EX:

ADD EAX, EBX ;EAX = EAX + EBX

3
Arithmetic Instructions - INC
 The INC instruction adds a one to a register or the contents of a
memory location.

 EX:

INC BX ; BX = BX + 1

INC BYTE PTR [EBX] ; INC a memory location

4
Arithmetic Instructions - ADC
 The ADC instruction adds the carry bit into the sum.

 Used for wide additions (wider than 32-bits).

 Ex.

ADC AX,DX ;AX = AX + DX + C

ADC ESI, [EBX] ; ESI=ESI+[EBX]+C

5
Arithmetic Instructions - Sub
 The SUB instruction performs binary subtraction

 Flags change to reflect condition of the result.

 As with other arithmetic and logic instructions, subtraction exists for 8,


16, and 32 bits data.

 Ex.

SUB AL, 3 ; AL = AL - 3

SUB ECX, ESI ; ECX=ECX-ESI

6
Arithmetic instructions - DEC
 The DEC instruction subtracts one from a register or the contents of a
memory location.

 Ex.

DEC EBX ; EBX = EBX - 1

DEC DWORD PTR [EAX] ; [EAX]=[EAX]-1

7
Arithmetic Instructions - SBB
 The SBB instruction subtracts with borrow (where the borrow is held in
the carry flag).

 Ex.

SBB EAX, EBX ;EAX = EAX – EBX – C

8
Arithmetic Instructions - CMP
 The CMP instruction is a special form of the SUB instruction. A compare
does not result in a difference that is saved

 Flag bits change to reflect the difference.

 Usually followed by a conditional jump

 Ex.

CMP AL,3 ; Execute AL–3 and update flags accordingly

9
Arithmetic Instructions – MUL, IMUL
 The MUL (unsigned) and IMUL (signed) instruction exist to perform 8, 16,
or 32-bit multiplication.

 The result is always a double wide result.

 The carry and overflow bits indicate conditions about the


multiplication.

 For 8-bit multiplication, AL should contain the multiplicand. Results will


be in AX

 Ex. MUL CL
 For 16-bit multiplication, AX should contain the multiplicand. Results
will be in DX-AX

10
Arithmetic Instructions – DIV, IDIV
 The DIV (unsigned) and IDIV (signed) instruction exist to perform
division on 8, 16, or 32-bit numbers.

 Division is always performed on a double wide dividend.

 The result is always in the form of an integer quotient and integer


remainder.

 For 8-bit division, AX should contain the dividend. Quotient will be in AL


and the remainder will be in AH.

 Ex. DIV CL

11
Logical Instructions - AND
 The AND instruction performs logical multiplication (the AND operation).

12
Logical Instructions - OR
 The OR instruction generates the logical sum (OR operation).

13
Logical Instructions - XOR
 The XOR instruction performs the Exclusive OR operation.

14
Logical Instructions - NEG and NOT
 The NEG (negate) instruction 2’s complements a number,

 The NOT instruction 1’s complements a number.

 Ex.

NOT EAX

NEG DWORD PTR [EBX]

15
Shift Instructions
 There are 4 shift instructions. Two are logical shifts and two are
arithmetic shifts.

 The logical shifts reposition the bits in a number. The arithmetic shifts
multiply or divide signed numbers by powers of two.

 SHR and SHL are logical, and SAR and SAL are arithmetic shifts.

 Ex.

SHL AL,3

SHL AL,CL

16
Shift Instructions - Rotates
 Rotates are shifts that re-circulate the bit that moves out of an end of
the register or memory location.

 Four rotates exist where two just rotate the target and two rotate the
target through the carry flag.

 Ex.

ROL AL,3 or RCL AL,3

18
TEST
 The TEST instruction is a special form of the AND instruction that
produces no result except for a change of the flags.

 This instruction is often used to test multiple bits of a number.

 Ex.

TEST AL,3 ; test the right two bits (if both are zero the result is zero)

20
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