ICT REVIEWER

Installing I/O Devices MONITOR

-If you still do not have an installed 1. Identify the connection type that will
operating system, you can simply install connect the monitor to the motherboard
the keyboard and mouse first. Then, or the graphics card.
install an operating system. After 2. A DVI, VGA, or HDMI are common ports
installing an operating system, install the in the monitor and used to produce best
rest of your peripherals. picture qualities.
-These devices are important since it lets 3. Once the display is plugged to its
you control your computer. proper connector on the video card or the
KEYBOARD motherboard, the display is ready. Most of
the time, drivers are not required but it
1. Make sure to read the instruction should be downloaded to utilize a
manual of your keyboard first. maximum resolution.
2. Check whether the keyboard has a USB SPEAKERS
(flat, rectangular shape) or PS/2 (typically
round and purple colored) connector. 1. Determine the type of speaker and its
connector.
2. Connect the cable (usually a 3.5mm
jack) to the line-out jack of the computer
sound card or on the system unit.
3. Plug in the power cord.
WEBCAM

3. Install the keyboard by connecting it to -Common webcams can be simply

its proper port. plugged into the USB port and you will be
prompted to install their drivers. Some
4. Do not install the keyboard while the webcams would need to have its driver
computer is powered on. Do not remove installed first. Make sure to read the
the keyboard while the computer is manufacturer’s instruction manual first.
running.
PRINTER
MOUSE
1. Make sure to have the printer and
-The process to installing this device is power cable.
similar to that of the keyboard. Check
whether your mouse is using a PS/2 2. Connect the printer connector to the
Connector or a USB connector then unit.
connect it to its proper port. 3. Insert the ink or toner cartridge to the
printer.
4. Turn the printer on.
5. Power the computer.
6. Start the Printer Install Wizard. computer. When installing an operating
system, the BIOS should be configured to
7. Follow the instructions to install the
set the system to boot on the operating
Printer Driver.
system to be installed. It should boot first
8. Run a test print to check if the printer on the USB installer.
is installed correctly.
Running the BIOS
Configuring the BIOS
-Upon turning the computer on, press the
-The BIOS (pronounced as "bay-os") or keys that would run Setup. On most
the basic input/output system of the computers, it would be keys: ESC, DEL,
computer, is responsible in making sure F1, F2, F12, Ctrl-Esc, or Ctrl-Alt-Esc to
that all the other chips, hard drives, ports, enter setup. There is usually a line of text
and the CPU function together. at the bottom of the display that tells you
"Press ___ to Enter Setup."
-The BIOS basically sets up your computer
-- it loads your drivers and boots the -BIOS setup would depend on the
operating system. motherboard manufacturer. However,
these are the common, standard options
-The BIOS is a software usually built onto
you may see in the BIOS setup:
the motherboard that shows the major
hardware components of your computer 1. If you would like to boot from a certain
with the operating system. device, say a USB Flash Drive to install an
Operating System (which we will
-It is usually stored on a Flash memory
demonstrate later), click advanced set-up
chip on the motherboard, but sometimes
and look for the first, second, and third
the chip is another type of ROM.
boot device.
When you turn on your computer,
2. Select first boot device. By default, it
the BIOS does several things. The
would be the hard drive on the installed
sequence is as follows:
computer.
1. Check the CMOS Setup for custom
3. Make sure to choose "Save Changes"
settings
when you are changing settings in the
2. Load the interrupt handlers and device BIOS. Afterwards, this will restart the
drivers computer so the new settings take effect.

3. Initialize registers and power • System Time/Date - Set the

management system time and date
• Boot Sequence - The order that
4. Perform the power-on self-test (POST)
BIOS will try to load the operating
5. Display system settings system
• Plug and Play - A standard for
6. Determine which devices are bootable
auto-detecting connected devices;
7. Initiate the bootstrap sequence should be set to "Yes" if your
computer and operating system
By default, the first boot of the newly
both support it
installed computer is on the hard disk--
may it be on a laptop or a desktop
 performs when it is switched on.
Every computer has a boot
• Mouse/Keyboard - "Enable Num
sequence.
Lock," "Enable the Keyboard,"
3. A boot device is any device or drive
"Auto-Detect Mouse"...
that has the required boot files that
• Drive Configuration - Configure
allows the computer to start.
hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy
drives -In this case, if we are building a PC from
• Memory - Direct the BIOS to scratch, usually there is still no operating
shadow to a specific memory system. With this, an operating system
address can be booted or installed from a boot
• Security - Set a password for device.
accessing the computer
-A boot drive commonly used is the hard
• Power Management - Select
drive. Usually, an operating system like
whether to use power management,
Microsoft Windows is installed in a hard
as well as set the amount of time for
drive to load Windows.
standby and suspend
• Exit - Save your changes, discard Installing Operating Systems
your changes or restore default
-When you open a computer, usually this
settings
will either be a Windows PC or a Macintosh
Creating a Bootable Device computer. They will have different user
interfaces or applications that may be
WHY IS BOOTING REQUIRED?
specific to that computer. The Windows or
-Hardware doesn’t know where the the Mac are called operating systems.
operating system resides and how to load
-The Operating System (OS) is a layer of
it.
software which is used to manage
-Need a special program to do this job – computer resources. It also provides an
Bootstrap loader. interface, so that users can utilize
computer resources. It configures and
(e.g. BIOS – Boot Input Output System)
manages hardware to connect the
-Bootstrap loader locates the kernel, loads components and the applications.
it into main memory and starts its
Different Operating Systems
execution.
The three most popular operating systems
-In some systems, a simple bootstrap
are Windows, MAC, and Linux.
loader fetches a more complex boot
program from disk, which in turn loads the
kernel.
Bootable Devices
1. Booting is a startup sequence that
launches the operating system of a -Windows is the dominant over the other
computer when it is turned on. two. 90% of computer users use Windows
2. A boot sequence is the initial set of operating system.
operations that the computer
-Windows and MAC are expensive Linux is most preferred by which type of
operating systems however, MAC OS user?
requires the users to buy the MAC
-Programmers
systems (Macbook, Mac) built by Apple.
MAC is most preferred by which type of
-On the other hand, Linux is a free
user?
operating system.
-Graphic artists
-Windows and MAC have similar file
structures while Linux has a different code Windows is most preferred by which type
base (single file tree compared to of user?
Windows and MAC's many directories)
-Gamers
-Windows interface has a Start menu,
Installing Device Drivers
Taskbar, System Tray, and the Windows
Explore while Linux has easy to switch -This is an essential step that you need to
interfaces. be aware of after installing an operating
system. Basically, the device drivers tell
-Linux is most preferred by programmers,
your operating system how to use the
MAC is preferred by graphic artists, and
components like the motherboard,
Windows is preferred by gamers.
graphics card, network interface cards,
Common Operating Systems sound cards, and other devices.
-Most of the time, Windows would be able
to recognize a device and will install
drivers automatically. Some cases would
require to install generic drivers.
-Drivers – small software programs that
help the operating system use the device.
When a device is malfunctioning, one
should ask whether the right driver has
been installed.
Installing Device Drivers
Self-Check: Common Operating Systems
There are several ways to install device
An operating system that 90% of
drivers for your newly installed
computer users use.
components:
-Microsoft Windows or Windows
MAC OS requires the users to buy the MAC
systems (Macbook, Mac) built by which
company?
-Apple
This operating system is free.
-Linux
 1. Open the Control Panel.
2. Select System and Security.
3. Click System and select Device
Manager from the left side.
4. Click “Monitor” and you will see that a
genetic monitor is installed.

It is a free tool which automatically finds

proper drivers for a computer, then
downloads and installs it without wizards
Checking Device Driver Installation or installation prompts.
-After installation, you would want to see -Driverpack solution
if you've installed the correct device
drivers to avoid any issues that may If you are looking for the device driver
hinder the component from running in its online, you should look for the:
full performance. -Model Name and Number
-In this simple procedure, we are looking Drivers are large software programs that
if there drivers are already installed. If the help the operating system use the device.
device driver is installed, updating it
through the device manager would -False
prompt to say that the drivers are
installed.
Installing Software Types of Software
-Software is basically the instructions and System Software
programs that tells the computer to run
-Also known as Operating System. It tells
different tasks.
the CPU what to do.
It can be categorized into system or
-Most common examples include
OS, application, and programming.
Windows, MAC OS, MS-DOS and Linux.
-System/Operating System - tells the
Application Software
CPU what to do. The most common types
of operating systems are MS DOS -It accomplishes specific tasks intended
Windows, MAC OS, and Corel Linux. for personal, business, or scientific
purposes. Example tasks include
-Application - assigned to perform
inventory management, payroll
specific functions / tasks on the computer.
processing, human resource
-Programming - it is development of management, etc.
various sets of instructions for a computer
to do a task. Different programming
languages can be used to carry out a
certain task and to let the computer
operate smoothly.
Establishing Installation Procedure
-Installer - computer program that
installs files, such as applications, drivers,
software onto a computer.
-Installation (setup) of a computer
program is making a program ready for
execution or user access. This process
may varyd depending on the program,
type of computer, computer operating
system, etc. Programming Software
Common Windows Installer File -Used to make computer programs.
Extension: Programming language is used to create
-Executable - .exe computer programs.

-Microsoft Windows Installation - .msi -Eclipse

-Compressed Zip File - .zip -Coda

-ISO image - .iso -Notepad ++

-Sublime Text
File System Types/Formatting
-File System – A program used by the Follow the guidelines to format
operating system to organize data or the file system in a storage.
application files. The type of file system is
1. By default, formatting is set to FAT.
used to determine how data and programs
will be accessed. In addition to that, it can – If you try to format an internal hard disk
also control what data or programs will be that is smaller than 32 GB, you will see
available to users. the options for NTFS, FAT and FAT32.
Types of File System – If you try to format an internal hard disk
that is larger than 32 GB, you will only see
1. FAT File System
the option for NTFS.
-File Allocation Table Type allows the
– If you try to format an external USB
operating system to look for files on a
device smaller than 32 GB, you will see all
disk.
the options.
2. FAT32 File System
– If you try to format and external USB
-More advanced version of the FAT File device larger than 32 GB, you will only see
System. It can partition size as well as NTFS and exFAT.
access speed. Because of this, FAT32
2. Devices smaller than 32 GB should
allows users to have better disk space
be formatted in FAT or FAT32 for more
utilization.
reliability and less disk space wastage.
3. ExFAT
3. Files larger than 32GB should be
-Stands for Extended File Allocation Table. formatted in exFAT for latest operating
A file system type that can be used for systems.
memory sticks and SD cards.
4. For other compatible devices and
4. NTFS File System other operating systems, files larger than
32 GB should be formatted using NFTS.
-New Technology File System. Compared
to FAT and FAT32, NTFS has a much File System Types/Formatting
bigger partition and file size. It is a highly
The following are the most common file
reliable file system type because it is
formats that you will encounter when
recoverable. It also has fault tolerance
working in a computer.
which means that logged transactions can
be used to recover data.
File System Types/Formatting
- Program used by the OS to
ORGANIZE data or application files.
- Determines how data and programs
will be ACCESSED.
- CONTROLS what data or programs
will be available to users.
Storage File System Formatting
 - Windows software utility
- Removes files and speed up
computer performance.
7. System File Checker (SFC)
- Scan and restore corrupt Windows
system files.
- Available in Windows 98 and later.
Conducting Tests
Software Tools/Disk Management Testing Procedures
Tools
1. GATHERING test information.
1. fDisk
2. VALIDATING test information.
- Command-line tool
3. RESPONDING to test information.
- Creates and deletes partitions in
4. CHECKING specification.
hard drive.
- Available in Windows 2002 and
onwards External Visual Inspection
2. Disk Management Tool - Involves quick visual observation of
the exterior of the computer such as its
- Manage disks and drives (internal
devices and peripherals (monitor,
and external hard drives).
keyboard, cables, etc.)
- Create partitions and format
1. TURN OFF the computer, monitor,
devices.
and other peripheral devices.
- Used in newer version of Microsoft
2. CHECK whether all CABLES are
Windows (Windows XP onwards)
properly connected to the computer unit.
3. Format
3. CHECK whether PERIPHERALS and
- Process of preparing a data storage devices are properly connected or
device. installed to the unit. Check whether it is
properly connected to the power source.
4. ScanDisk or CHKDSK
4. EXAMINE whether the KEYBOARD
- Check integrity of files and folders in and the MOUSE are firmly attached to the
your unit. computer.
- Check the disk surface for physical 5. If applicable, INSPECT whether
errors. NETWORK cables are properly linked to
5. Defrag the computer.

- Optimizes space on hard drive. 6. CHECK whether any devices

connected to the SERIAL and PARALLEL
- Allows faster access to programs port connectors are attached. The cables
and data. must be firmly attached to its appropriate
6. Disk Cleanup connectors on the backs of the computer.
7. Make sure that the VIDEO 3. EXAMINE whether all chips,
INTERFACE CABLE is firmly attached to expansion cards, and SEC cartridge and
the video connector on the back panel or heat sink assembly or assemblies are fully
to a video expansion card. seated in their sockets or connectors.
8. CHECK all EXTERNAL MONITORS 4. To ensure that chips are fully seated
whether there is need for repair or are in their sockets, PRESS FIRMLY on the top
improper settings. of each chip.
9. ENSURE that no keys on the 5. CHECK whether all JUMPERS are set
KEYBOARD are sticking. correctly.
10. INSPECT all the CONTROLS and the 6. CHECK whether all CABLE
INDICATORS. Check the device for signs connectors inside the computer verify that
of physical damage. they are firmly attached to its right
connection.
No Problems > Internal visual
Inspection 7. REINSTALL the computer cover.
Yes Problems > Observe the boot 8. RECONNECT the computer and any
routine attached peripherals to their power
sources, turn them on.

Observing Boot Routine

Stress Testing
1. If the computer is turned off,
POWER it on including all peripherals and - Form of software testing
devices.
- Determines a system’s stability,
2. Examine the power supply fan. availability, and reliability.
Is the fan running normally? - Determine the SPEED and
EFFECTIVENESS of a computer, network,
If YES, proceed to step 3.
software, or device.
If NOT, troubleshoot system power.
3. Watch the NUM LOCK, CAPS LOCK,
Performance Testing
and SCROLL LOCK keys light in the
keyboard. - Checking the software whether it
can cope up with the current system
performance.
Internal Visual Inspection
Conducting Stress Test
- Before proceeding, MAKE SURE that
- Monitor your computer performance
all OPEN files were SAVED and running
through Task Manager (CTRL + ALT + DEL
application programs were CLOSED.
keys in launching).
1. TURN OFF the computer including
1. CLOSE all open programs and
its devices and peripherals. DISCONNECT
launch Task Manager
all power cables and electrical outlets.
2. Select “PERFORMANCE” from the
2. REMOVE the computer’s right-side
tabs.
cover.
3. OPEN as many applications as you
can or perform many tasks.
4. OBSERVE the computer’s CPU
Usage and Memory
- More RAM = smoother program
access