Remember it is how you solve the tasks that counts – not just the specific results.

You should
writ, step by step, the method of solution/ideas in a strict and understandable way.

Linear Algebra
Homework 1, Lectures 1-3
Vectors, complex numbers, polynomials

𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏 √−𝟏 = {𝒊, −𝒊}

𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 = 𝒓(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶) = 𝒓 𝒆𝒊 𝜶

𝒙 𝒚
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 = ; 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 = ;
𝒓 𝒓

−𝝅 < 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 ≤ 𝝅 ; 𝜶 = 𝒂𝒓𝒈 𝒛 = 𝑨𝒓𝒈 𝒛 + 𝟐𝒌 𝝅.

𝒓 = |𝒛| = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ; 𝒛 = 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒚 = 𝒓𝒆−𝒊𝜶

𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝜶

𝒏 𝒏 𝜶 𝟐𝝅 𝜶 𝟐𝝅
√𝒛 = {𝒛𝟎 , 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 , … , 𝒛𝒌 }; 𝒛𝒌 = √𝒓 ( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( + 𝒌 ) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( + 𝒌 ))
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝜶 𝟐𝝅
= √𝒓 𝒆𝒊(𝒏+𝒌 𝒏 )
𝒏

1. Determine the following: Re [(2+5i)/(i-1)] ; conj (3+2i) ; |3-3i|

2 + 5𝑖 2 + 5𝑖
𝑎) 𝑅𝑒[(2 + 5𝑖)(3 − 4𝑖)], 𝐼𝑚 [(2 + 5𝑖)(3 − 4𝑖)] 𝒃) 𝑅𝑒 [ ], 𝐼𝑚 [ ]
𝑖−1 𝑖−1

2 + 5𝑖
𝑐) |3 + 5𝑖 − 3 + 𝑖| 𝑑) | | 𝑒) (−𝑖 + 2)(4 + 2𝑖) 𝑓) |𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 − 4 + 3𝑖|
𝑖−1

𝑖 7 (1 + 𝑖)8 𝑖7
𝑔) | 12 | 𝒉) 𝐼𝑚 [ ]
(√2 − 𝑖√6 ) (2 − 2𝑖)4

2. Find the absolute value |𝑧|, the Real and Imaginary parts of 𝑧: 𝑅𝑒(𝑧), 𝐼𝑚(𝑧), for

𝑎) 𝑧 = 𝑖 5 + 3𝑖 7 − 3 𝑏) 𝑧 = (2 + 𝑖 2 + 3𝑖)(1 − 4𝑖) 𝑐) 𝑧 = (1 − 𝑖)2

𝑖 10 (1 + 𝑖)(1 + 𝑖)2 (1 + 𝑖)3 … (1 + 𝑖)20

𝑑) 𝑧 = 𝑒) 𝑧 =
(1 − 𝑖)12 𝑖 0 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 4 + 𝑖 6 + ⋯ + 𝑖 20

3. Solve the following equations for z  C , it is possible that there are no solutions or there
are more than one. WAlpha: 2z+(1+i)conj(z)=1-3i

𝑎) 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0 𝑏) 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0 𝑐) 𝑧 2 + √7𝑧 + 2 = 0
𝑑) 𝑖𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2𝑖 = 0 𝑒) 𝑧 4 + (1 − 𝑖) 𝑧 2 − 𝑖 = 0 𝑓) 2𝑧 + (1 + 𝑖)𝑧 = 1 − 3𝑖
𝑧+1
𝑔) 𝑧 2 = 3 + 4𝑖 ℎ) (𝑧 + 𝑧) + 2(𝑧 − 𝑧) = 3 + 8𝑖 𝑖) = −1
𝑧−1
𝑗) 𝑧 − 𝑖 = 2𝑧 + 1 𝑘) 6 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑧 2 = 0 𝑙) − 2𝑧 2 + 6𝑖 5 − 8 𝑖 42 = 0
4. Sketch the following sets in the complex plane

−3 + 2𝑖
𝑎) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶 ∶ 𝑅𝑒[𝑧] ≤ 𝑅𝑒 [ ]}
2−𝑖
−3 + 2𝑖
𝑏) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶 ∶ 𝐼𝑚[𝑧] > 𝐼𝑚 [ ]}
2−𝑖
−3 + 2𝑖
𝑐) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶 ∶ 𝑅𝑒 [𝑧] > 𝐼𝑚 [ ]}
2−𝑖

𝑑) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶 ∶ 𝑅𝑒[(4 − 𝑖)𝑧] > 𝑅𝑒 [(−5 + 7𝑖)(4 + 6𝑖)]}

5. Calculate the argument arg (𝑧) and the main argument 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧), of 𝑧.
𝑎) 𝐴𝑟𝑔(1 − 𝑖) ; 𝑎𝑟𝑔(1 − 𝑖) , 𝑏) 𝐴𝑟𝑔( √3 + 𝑖); 𝑎𝑟𝑔( √3 + 𝑖),

𝑐) 𝐴𝑟𝑔(√2 − 𝑖√6), arg( √2 − 𝑖√6)

6. Plot the following points, find their polar form (i.e. trigonometric form) and their
exponential form*

𝑎) 𝑧 = 2𝑖, 𝑏) 𝑧 = −3 𝒄) 𝑧 = −2 + 2𝑖 𝑑) 𝑧 = −3𝑖 𝑒) 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖
𝑓) 𝑧 = −√3 + 𝑖 𝑔) 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖√3 𝒉) 𝑧 = −4 − 𝑖 4√3
𝑖) 𝑧 = 𝑖 33 + (1 + 𝑖)4 𝑗) 𝑧 = (−1 + 𝑖)8

7. Sketch the following sets in the complex plane, mark the main points (wedges and circles)

𝑎) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑧 + 3 − 2𝑖| ≤ 2 } 𝑏) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑧 + 3 − 2𝑖| ≤ |√2 + 2𝑖| }

𝜋
𝑐) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑧 + 3 − 2𝑖| ≤ 2 } 𝑑) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) ≤ }
2
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
𝑒) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: − ≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧)} 𝑓) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: − ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) ≤ }
4 4 2
3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
𝑔) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: − ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔( 𝑧 ) ≤ } ℎ) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: − ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧 − 2 + 𝑖) ≤ }
4 2 4 2
𝑖) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑖) ≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) ≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑔(−1 + 𝑖)} 𝑗) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑖𝑧 + 3 − 2𝑖| ≤ 2 }
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑘) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: − ≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑔((𝑖 + 1) ⋅ 𝑧)) ≤ } 𝑙 ∗ ) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: − ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔( 𝑧 3 ) ≤ }
2 4 2 2
𝑧
𝑚) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: 0 ≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑔 ( ) ≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑔(3 + 3𝑖)}
𝑖
𝑛) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: 𝐴𝑟𝑔(1 − 3𝑖) ≤ 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑔(−2 + 5𝑖)}
8. Sketch the following sets in the complex plane, mark the main points (mixed regions)
𝜋
𝑎) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: 1 ≤ |𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖| < 3, 0 ≤ 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 ≤ }
2
𝑏) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: 𝐼𝑚[(1 + 2𝑖) ⋅ 𝑧 − 3𝑖] < 0}
𝑐) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑧 − 3 + 4𝑖| < 5 , 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 ≥ 3, 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 < −3} 𝑑) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: 𝑧 + 𝑖 = 𝑧 − 1}
|3 + 2𝑖| |𝑧 + 3|
𝑒) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: ≥ 2} 𝑓) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: ≥1}
|𝑧 − 3𝑖 − 1| |𝑧 − 2𝑖|

𝑔) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑖𝑧 + 1 − 𝑖| < 2} ℎ) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑧 − 𝑖 + 1| < 3}

𝑖) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑧 − 2𝑖| + |𝑧 + 2𝑖| = 4} 𝑗) 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: |𝑧̅ + 𝑖| < 2}
𝜋
𝑘) 𝑆 = 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶: {Im[(2 + 𝑖)(3 + 5𝑖)] ≥ |𝑧 − 3 + 𝑖| ≥ |√5 + 2𝑖 | ∧ Arg(3 − 𝑖) ≤ arg(𝑧) ≤ Arg [𝑒 𝑖 2 ] }

9. Find 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧), |𝑧| for the following complex numbers

𝑖𝜋 15 𝑖𝜋 (−3 + 3𝑖)10 𝑖𝜋
3
𝒂) 𝑧 = (𝑒 5 ) 𝒃) 𝑧 = (1 + 𝑖) 𝑒4 𝒄) 𝑧 = 4 𝑑) 𝑧 = 3 𝑖 𝑒 4
𝑖𝜋
(𝑒 3 )

10. Let 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖, write the following complex numbers in exponential form

1
𝒂) − 𝑧 𝒃) 𝑖𝑧 𝒄)
𝑧
𝜋 𝜋
11. Let 𝑧 = 2 (cos 7 + 𝑖 sin 7 ), write in exponential form

𝑎) − 𝑧, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑧, 𝑐) 1/𝑧, 𝑑) 𝑧, 𝑒)(1 + 𝑖√3) ⋅ 𝑧, 𝑓) 𝑧10 .

12. First express the complex number 𝑧 as in polar form , exponential form and in
algebraical/canonical form 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
10 (1 + 𝑖)10 (1 + 𝑖)22
𝑎) 𝑧 = (√3 + 𝑖) 𝑏) 𝑧 = 𝑐) 𝑧 = 6
(1 − 𝑖 )8 (1 − 𝑖√3)
𝑖𝜋 49
−
6
(𝑒 7)
𝑖 23 + 𝑖 44
𝑑) 𝑧 = (1 − 𝑖√3) (−1 − 𝑖)4 𝑒) 𝑧 = 24 , 𝑓) 𝑧 = 6
(−√2 + 𝑖√6) (−2 − 𝑖2√3)

13*. Calculate the Cartesian coordinates of the point 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) obtained by rotating point
𝑃(2,3) by 60° around (0,0) (hint: use the multiplication of complex numbers).

14. Calculate and plot in the complex plane, the real and imaginary parts of the following
numbers, remember there might be more than one value. Where possible find the algebraic
values of the coordinates
3 5 3 4
𝑎) √−4𝑖 𝑏) √𝑖 𝑐) √−1 𝑑) √−1 + 𝑖 𝑒) √−81 𝒇) √2 √3 − 2𝑖

𝒈) √5 + 12𝑖 𝒉) √8 + 6𝑖
15. Solve for 𝑧:
𝑧4 2𝑧 3
𝑎) 14 = 1, 𝑏) 𝑖 2 ⋅ 𝑧 4 = 𝑖 6 , 𝒄) 𝑧(1 + 𝑖)2 = 1, 𝑑) − 1 − 𝑖 = 0,
𝑖 + 𝑖 17 1−𝑖
𝑖 1 𝑧4 𝜋 1
𝑒) 3
− =0 𝑓) = √2 𝑒 𝑖 4 𝑔) 𝑧 + =1
𝑧 27𝑖 𝑖+1 𝑧

2
16. Let 𝑧1 = 3𝑖 + 𝑖 2 , 𝑧2 = 1−𝑖 . Plot these points in 𝐶.
a) determine 𝑧 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ,
b) determine 𝑧 = 3√𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ,
c) determine 𝑧 = 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2
d) determine 𝑧 = 𝑧244
e) give the geometric interpretation of the above operations (sum, product, cubic root,
power) and plot the results.
17*. Use the de Moivre’a Formula to determine the dependence of sin 2𝛼 and cos 2𝛼 on
the functions sin 𝛼 and cos 𝛼.

18*. Use the exponential form to solve

|𝑧|2 𝑧
𝑎) |𝑧|2 = 𝑖𝑧 2 , 𝒃) 3 = −1, 𝑧≠0
𝑧
1 √3
19*. Write 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖 in exponential form
2

a) calculate all the possible integer powers of z: 𝑧 𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼, 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠

b) the powers of 𝑧 𝑖 , where 𝑖 is the imaginary unit 𝑖 2 = −1.

20 . Calculate the power 𝑒 𝑖 , where 𝑖 is the imaginary unit 𝑖 2 = −1.

21. Find all the complex roots of the equations

𝒂) 𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 5 = 0 𝒃) 2𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 6 = 0 𝒄) 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 2 = 0
7 3 1
𝒅) 𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 − = 0
6 2 3
22. Let
𝑎) 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖 be one of the roots of 𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 3 + 7𝑧 2 − 30𝑧 + 50 = 0 find all the other roots,
𝒃) 𝑧1 = −𝑖√2, 𝑧2 = 𝑖 be two of the roots of 𝑧 6 − 2𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 4 − 6𝑧 3 + 8𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 4 = 0
find all the other roots.

23. Write out a polynomial with real coefficients of the fourth degree which has the
following roots: 𝑧1 = 1 − 𝑖, 𝑧2 = 3𝑖.