ART AND ITS VISUAL ELEMENTS SPACE

LINES -area that is occupied by an object or a subject,

-prolongation of a point or a mark as well as the area surrounding that object or
-Solid lines define form subject.
-broken lines suggest hidden forms. There are two types of perspective:
SHAPE AND MASS atmospheric perspective, which utilizes the
-area with boundaries identified.or drawing properties of light and air in depicting the
lines. illusion of distance; and linear perspective,
-may be natural or.living forms called.an organic which involves the use of vanishing points and
shape and can be irregular or rounded. receding hidden lines.
-may also be... measured forms called
geometric.shape
-shape is.two-dimensional,
-mass is three-dimensional
COLOR
-visual perception that allows a person to
differentiate objects due to the way various TIME AND MOTION
wavelengths of light are reflected. -can either be an illusion or an actual motion.
-a very important element because it can An illusion of movement is more common in
communicate information and emotion to the two-dimensional artworks.
viewer.
These are the three properties of color:
 Hue, which refers to the basic or pure
color, and is represented in the color
wheel.
 Value, which refers to the lightness and
darkness of color.
PAINTING
 Saturation, which refers to brightness and
-process of applying color on a flat surface. .
dullness of color. It is also referred to as
-considered two-dimensional, meaning it only
purity of the color.
has height and width.
Color Schemes
FORMS OF PAINTING:
 Monochromatic – involves using the same
Easel Painting
hue but with different gradients of value.
-most common form of painting
 Analogous – entails the use of three or
Murals
four adjacent colors in the colorwheel.
-a huge wall-sized painting used to impart
 Complementary – involves the use of a
messages to the public.
color and its complement -meaning the
-portable mural was developed to prevent the
color located opposite of the first color.
mural from being erased from the wall using
 Split-complementary – this scheme uses
bold strokes in applying bright colors on pieces
the two colors adjacent to the
of cheesecloth\or canvas.
complement.
Telon Painting
 Triadic – uses three colors that are of
-backdrop or background for.the popular forms
equal distance with each other.
of theater in the country.
 Tetradic – also known as double
Jeepney and Calesa Painting
complementary color scheme, this uses
-calesa is typically painted using one color and
two pairs of complementary colors.
borders are decorated with geometric patterns,
TEXTURE
repetitive patterns, and/or thin lines.
- the feel or appearance of a surface.
-Jeepney painting evolved from calesa painting
-maybe actual or implied.
and a logo, number, or painting is covered near
-Actual texture is tangible
the driver’s seat, as well as near the seats
-implied texture can be exhibited, for instance,
adjacent.to it.
in a painting of fur of an animal.
Collage
VALUE
-involves combining.images in a single artwork.
-lightness or darkness of an area.
Genre Painting
-portrays people in daily activities.
-folk genre, which mainly focuses on the Welded Sculptures
everyday activities of .the folk. -Creating these involve the process of
-cubism in depicting folk or urban subjects. connecting sheets of metal together by using an
-folk-naive is another style wherein it uses a lot acetylene or electric torch.
of..color .and spontaneity. Use of Glass
Historical Painting - the medium of expression used by the artist is
-depicts a scene from the past. glass.
-often has a lesson concerning national values. Symbolic Sculpture
Interiors -an abstract idea is represented by means of
-painting inside of a part of a house or a allegory and personification.
building. -usually reveals the social class of the OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL ART:
family living in that particular house, as well as Advertising Art
the traits of the people living in it. -using paid space or time in any of the.media.to
Landscapes inform and influence the public.
-portrays natural scenery or urban scenes. -used to encourage the public to patronage
Mixed media is now used in creating landscape certain goods and services, or to support
paintings. policies or persons.
Portraits Bamboo Art
-usually portrays the physical characteristics of -works made of bamboo that may be used for
the subject and seeks to show an understanding everyday purposes, for decorations or
of that person’s character. ornaments.
Nudes Basketry
-portray the unclothed human figure. - art of creating containers by weaving, plaiting,
Religious Painting or braiding materials into hollow three-
Common subjects includes a lone religious dimensional shapes
image, lives of the saints, and scenes based Book Design
from the Scriptures like the Nativity scene, and -involves structuring and reproduction of bound
the Station of the Cross. pages that are filled with text and / or images,
Still Life and are protected by hard or soft covers.
-depicts natural or man-made objects that form Costumes
a composition in a natural setting. -garments, hairstyles, and accessories that are
worn by individual members in a particular
SCULPTURE AND OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL society.
ART Embroidery
-the art of stitching ornaments on cloth by
GENERAL KINDS OF SCULPTURE: hand.
Free-standing Food Art
-sculpture that can independently stand.in. -involves packaging and / or presentation of
Space food.in an artistic way.
-has a flat horizontal base and all its sides -involves enhancing the food itself or its
contribute to the overall form of the sculpture. packaging in an artistic way.
Relief Furniture
-does not have a flat horizontal base. -decorative and functional objects which are
-form is projected from a flat surface. typically found in a public or private dwelling or
There are two types of relief – low relief or bas- building.
relief which is slightly from the flat surface; and -also known as muebles or kasangkapan.
high relief. Cagayan de Oro’s Legendary. River Komiks and Editorial Cartoon
Monster is an example of relief sculpture. -editorial cartoon is a single-frame illustration -
Assemblage komiks may use single or multiple frames with
-formed by putting together materials such as conversations of people or animals placed
found objects, pieces of paper, sponges, wood inside “balloons”.
scraps, and other materials. A good example of Leaf Art
this is Lamberto Hechanova’s Man and Woman. -used in religious rituals, food wrapping, and
Kinetic Sculpture even as a form of modern artistic expression.
-Parts of the sculpture are moving with the wind
or are vibrating with the surrounding air.
Mat Weaving
-the art of “plaiting strips of organic fibers into made from kaolin, a special type of clay that is
mats”. extra fine, white and feldspar.
Metalcraft Printmaking
-includes all objects made from metal using the refers to transferring images from a firm
processes of brass casting and blacksmithing, surface, such as metal or wood, to a pliable
tinsmithing, or goldsmithing and silversmithing. surface, such as cloth or paper, using pressure.
-Brass casting and blacksmithing -involves making the plate either by hand (of
involves casting and forging pieces of brass or the artist) or mixed with mechanical means.
bronze. Anting-anting or amulets are also Tattoo Art
created using this process. -refers to a body adornment permanently
-Goldsmithing and silversmithing engraved on the skin using a sharp instrument
involves the use of gold and silver in creating and plant dyes or inks.
objects and ornaments. Textile Weaving
-Tinsmithing -the process of creating cloth by interweaving a
Tinsmithing can be easily seen in creating series of parallel vertical threads with… another
jeepneys, kalesas, and cariton or ice cream cart. series of horizontal threads at right angles.
Multimedia
-works that involves the use of other senses in ARCHITECTURE
appreciating those works aside from the sense FORMS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE:
of vision. Domestic Buildings and Houses
-Conceptual Art Apartment
a visual artist “ideates or sets up a situation, -refers to a building composed of many
placing philosophical value in the process itself residences called units.
while negating the importance of craftsmanship -usually built in populated urban areas.
in arriving at a finished art object. Bahay na Bato
-Installation Art -considered to be a residence of the wealthy.
the artist puts together materials and objects in -generally .has a. ground floor that is made of
an exhibition space to cast a new experience or brick or stone, and has a wooden upper level.
idea. Barong-barong
-Performance Art -houses of the landless poor that are built on
an artist converts himself or herself into an art any land or area.
object in motion and sound. -usually found near the esteros, riverbanks, and
Paper Art bayshores; spaces along high walls, railroad
-processes of cutting, pasting, recycling, and / or tracks; spaces near abandoned buildings, and
constructing of objects from paper.. garbage dumps; or any vacant lot.
-used to. be limited with folk paper art such as Bungalow
taka and higante from. Angono, parol, pastillas, -one-story house with a wide front porch and
wrappings,.and kites. large windows.
Personal Ornaments Ethnic Houses
-objects that are worn on the human body. Bahay Kubo
Jewelry falls under this form. -considered as an ethnic house of Christian
-are worn either to enhance a part of the body peasant families living in the lowland areas. This
of the wearer, to exhibit rank or status, or to is typically owned by families belonging in
symbolize ritualistic and emotional states. low.income groups.
Photography Houseboat
-process of producing images using a light- - a boat that also serves as dwelling.
sensitive chemical plate or film. -The Badjaos or Sama Laut typically reside in
Pottery houseboats.
-general term for decorative and useful objects One-and-a-Half Story House
made from clay and set off at high -characterized by an upper level or story
temperatures. covering just a half of the lower level.
-Earthenware or Terracotta -may become a split-level house if half of the
made from clay and is usually fired at 1,700- ground level is higher in such a way that it is
2,100 ᵒF. halfway between the ground level and the
-Stoneware upper level.
made from clay and feldspar.
-Porcelain Split-level House
-has two main levels: the lower level houses has Fort (Kuta)
the kitchen, living and dining areas, while the -are built to defend a community against
upper level has the bedrooms and are enemies.
separated by about half or less-than-half a -usually found in areas with natural barriers,
story. such as cliffs, hills, narrow passes, mountains,
Tsalet and waters.
refers to a suburban house that has one story, Lighthouse (Parola)
a two-story house with living quarters on the -structure built on an island, peninsula, or rock
upper level, or an elevated one-story house. to ensure that ships will be able to pass through
-came from the term “chalet” which refers to a a narrow area safely.
peasant house in Switzerland that has upper Bridge (Tulay)
levels jutting over the lower levels, a steep roof -horizontal structure that serves as a
and a decorated gable. passageway between two areas separated by a
Commercial Buildings body of water, a hollow area, or a road.
Market (Palengke)
-place or building for buying and selling goods. - PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ARTS
also referred to as tindahan, and tiyangge. Contemporary art as a Breaking of Norms -
Buildings that house banks, business offices, Contemporary art can be seen as a
and factories transgression of established norm and rules.
-have plain wall surfaces and large windows. - Appropriation is an important preoccupation in
have bold rectangular forms and clean lines. contemporary art which is the practice of
Government Buildings creating a new work by taking a pre-existing
Capitol (Kapitolyo) image or from another context and combining
-building of the provincial government. the borrowed image with new ones.
Most of the kapitolyos use columns and Contemporary art and Local Heritage -
pediments in the exterior of the buildings. Contemporary art professes an awareness of
Town Hall (Munisipyo) local heritage which is something that can be
-building of the municipal government. passed from one generation to the next, can be
Public Buildings and Structures conserved or inherited, and has historic or
School (Eskwelahan) cultural value.
-place where young people are educated to FUNCTIONS OF CONTEMPORARY ART:
become productive members of the community. Contemporary art for Pleasure - A visual delight
Kamalig in the work of art, can take many forms
-the Tagalog term for a building used for storing including an appreciation of beauty or
grain. decoration, or delight in an element of surprise.
-considered to be the most economically Contemporary art as Profession - Artists earn a
significant structure among the tribes in living through their art since art and ideas are
Northern Philippines. never free.
Masjid Contemporary art as Commentary - Art has
-refers to a place of worship of...the. Muslims. been used to answer our need for information.
-typically has the following.features: a tower Contemporary art in Spirituality - Artists may
called minaret, a prayer niche called mihrab., create art to express spiritual beliefs about the
the dome, arches that are reinforced with destiny of life controlled by the force of a higher
pillars, and a pulpit called mimbar. power.
Cemetery (Sementeryo) Contemporary art as Remembrance - Art can
-place where people bury the dead. be a remembrance which is something done as
-has other names, such as kampo santo, an aid to memory.
pantyon, and libingan. Contemporary art as Self-expression - Art fulfill
Church (Simbahan) an expressive function when an artist conveys
-place of worship for a Christian congregation. information about his or her personality,
Movie House (Sinehan) feelings or worldview.
-place where people watch film or motion
pictures. Traditional Arts and Contemporary Arts
Theatre (Teatro)
-building for dance, musical, and theatrical The Philippines is home to many traditional arts.
presentations. These are the arts that started in the pre-
Other Forms and Structures colonial times and have been handed down
 from generation to generation. Traditional art is Installation
essential in a nation, for it builds posterity in the -made indoors or outdoors where a particular
culture of its natives. space is transformed into a three-dimensional
artwork.
Examples of traditional arts: -made of diverse materials, using a realistic or
abstract style.
-conceptual art that presents diverse themes,
but it is usually temporary.
Recycling
-recycling of past styles and themes, putting
them in a modern-day context; breaking up
barriers between low and pop cultures, fine and
high arts, highbrow and lowbrow.
Various Contemporary Art Form
1. PRACTICAL (Utilitarian) ART-intended for
Bulul, god of rice Woven basketry
practical for practical use or utility.
of the Ifugaos of Mangyans
-changing of raw materials for utilitarian
purposes but they must possess ornaments or
artistic qualities to make them useful and
beautiful.
2. INDUSTRIAL ARTS-the changing of raw
materials into some significant products for
human are shell craft, bamboo crafts, leather
craft, pottery making, sheet – metal work and
manufacture of automobiles, home appliances
and televisions set.
T’nalak tapestry 3. APPLIED / HOUSEHOLD ART- refers mostly to
Pissiyabit of household arts such as flower arrangement,
woven of T’bolis
Mindanao interior decoration, dress making, home –
Contemporary Art in the Philippines making, embroidery, cooking and others.
Pastiche 4. CIVIC ART-includes city or town planning,
-the blurring of divisions between fine art and maintenance, and beautification of parks.
commercial art, high culture and low culture, -beautification to improve the standards of
and highbrow and lowbrow. living.
-also means artistic musical, and literary works 5. COMMERCIAL ART-business propaganda in
that come from diverse sources - a mixture, a the form of advertisements in newspapers and
medley of different ideas. magazines, sign painting, billboard and
-there is a sense of fragmentation – for announcements, leaflets, displays, poster
instance, a narrative does not have to be designing, movie illustrations and many more.
complete; it can be open-ended. 6. GRAPHIC ART-anything printed from raised
-here is also an interweaving web of stories or sunken reliefs and plane surfaces.
which creates paradoxes. 7. AGRICULTURAL ART-(crop production),
Bricolage horticulture (garden or orchard cultivation),
-also known as assemblage, popularly used in husbandry (raising of cows, carabaos, poultry
visual arts. and swine) and farming.
-a creation or construction that uses a diverse 8. BUSINESS ART- merchandising, accounting,
range of materials – from mass-produced to bookkeeping, typewriting, stenography,
recovered objects. salesmanship, and business administration.
-A simplification of collage, and can also pertain 9. FISHERY ART-shallow and deep-sea fishing,
to the used of words as the central artistic fish refrigeration and culture, net weaving.
element. 10. MEDICAL / CLINICAL ART- first aid
Appropriation treatments, medical manufacturing, surgery,
-or borrowing, is another feature. medical operation, rehabilitations and others
-“appropriation performance” refers to the use
of the style and content of another culture for a
performance.
FILIPINO ARTIST’S ROLES AND CONTRIBUTIONS
 NATIONAL ARTIST FOR VISUAL ARTS: 9. Elizalde Navarro (May 22, 1924 – June 10,
1. Fernando Amorsolo (May 30, 1892 – April 1999)
24, 1972) -known for his hardwood masks reflecting the
-first National Artist in the country and.was human and the animal, abstract paintings in oil
known for using backlighting technique in and watercolor, and assemblages.
painting,.making his creations bright and -was also known for his fiction works for This
cheerful. Week of the Manila Chronicle, and for his
2. Carlos “Botong” Francisco (November 4, figurative drawings for Lydia Arguilla’s Juan
1912 – March 31, 1969) tamad.
-revived the art of mural and was considered.to 10. Ang Kiukok (March 1, 1931 – May 9, 2005)
be the most distinguished mural painter for -was known for his paintings expressing
about three.decades and was known for using nationalism and sociological agenda during the
historical events as subject matter for his 60’s through vivid cubistic figures.
murals. -works include “Geometric landscape,” “Pieta,”
3. Guillermo E. Tolentino (July 24, 1890 – July and the “Seated Figure.”
12, 1976) 11. Benedicto Cabrera (April 10, 1942)
-National Artist for Sculpture in 1973 and was -Known as “Bencab,”
known for designing the seal of the Republic of -noted as the bestselling painter of his
the Philippines, and the gold and bronze medals generation of Filipino artists and also known for
for the Ramon Magsaysay Award. his sketches of a scavenger named “Sabel, a
-works include the “UP Oblation”. symbol of dislocation, despair and isolation-the
4. Napoleon V. Abueva (January 26, 1930) personification of human dignity threatened by
- the Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture. life’s circumstance.”
-skillful in both representational and modern 12. Abdulmari Asia Imao (January 14, 1936 –
abstract sculptures using a wide variety of December 16, 2014)
materials. -popularized the ukil, sarimanok and naga
-also known for creating “buoyant sculpture,” a motifs in the country as original Filipino
type of sculpture to be viewed from the surface creations.
of a pool. 13. Federico Aguilar Alcuaz (June 6, 1932 –
5. Victorio C. Edades (December 23, 1895 – February 2, 2011)
March 7, 1985) -mainly known for his oil and acrylic paintings,
- Father of Modern Philippine Painting and was and sketches in ink, pencil, and watercolor.
known for using dark somber colors in his 14. Francisco Coching (January 29, 1919 –
paintings. September 1, 1998)
-works focused on factory workers, laborers or -“Dean of Filipino Illustrators,” Coching is best
other simple townspeople. known for his work on comics and illustrations
6. Vicente Manansala (January 22, 1910 – which lead to its recognition as popular art.
August 22, 1981) -influenced cartoonists such as Larry Alcala, Ben
-was known for his paintings depicting realistic Infante and Nestor Redondo.
themes using an abstract or a cubist style. - 15. Jose T. Joya (June 3, 1931 – 1995)
believed that.“the beauty of art is in the -known for pioneering abstract expressionism in
process, in the moment of doing a particular the Philippines.
painting, closely associating it with the act of -most notable work is the Granadean
making love. Arabesque (1958)
7. Hernando R. Ocampo (April 28, 1911 – -represented the Philippines in the 1964 Venice
December 28, 1978) Biennale.
-largely known for his abstract paintings.
-works featured shapes bounded with curved NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR ARCHITECHTURE:
lines painted in intense colors. 16. Pablo S. Antonio (January 25, 1902 –
-His masterpiece “Genesis” was used as the June 14, 1975)
basis of the design of the curtain of the Cultural -a pioneer in modern Philippine architecture. A
Center of the Philippines CCP) Main Theater. prominent feature of his designs is the use of
8. Cesar Legaspi (April 2, 1917 – April 7, 1994) natural light and cross ventilation.
-known for utilizing and refining cubism, a style
involving breaking parts into geometric shapes,
in his paintings.
 17. Leandro V. Locsin (August 15, 1928 – 25. Edith L. Tiempo (April 22, 1919 –
November 15, 1994) August 21, 2011)
-designs usually features themes of floating -a poet, fictionist, teacher and literary
volume and a mix of both eastern and critic who founded the Siliman
western aesthetics. National Writers Workshop in
18. Ildefonso P. Santos (September 5, Dumaguete City with her late husband
1929 – January 29, 2014) Edilberto K. Tiempo.
-pioneered landscape architecture in the 26. Virgilio S. Almario (March 9, 1944)
Philippines. His work in the Makati Commercial -Also known as Rio Alma, who is
Center incorporated fountains, sculptures and among the notable modernist poets.
landscapes to a shopping area. He reinvented the traditional Filipino
NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR LITERATURE: poetry forms.
Historical Literature 27. Amado V. Hernandez (September 13,
19. Carlos Quirino (November 4, 1910 – 1903 – May 24, 1970)
May 20, 1999) -known for his contribution in the
-the only National Artist for Historical Literature development of the Tagalog prose
and was also known for writing “The.Great through the use of colloquial style.
Malayan,” which considered to be one of the 28. Carlos P. Romulo (January 14, 1899 –
earliest biographies of Jose Rizal. December 15, 1985)
Literature - a diplomat and an awarded journalist.
20. Francisco Arcellana (September 6, He is the first Asian President of the
1916 – August 1, 2002) United Nations General Assembly, and
-writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and the only Asian to win the Pulitzer Prize
teacher, who is recognized as one of the in Journalism for his articles on the
pioneers in writing modern Filipino short stories World War II.
in English. 29. Bienvenido Lumbera (April 11, 1932)
-originated the lyrical prose-poetic form in -a multi-awarded poet, critic and
writing short stories. librettist. His works includes Likhang
21. N.V.M Gonzales (September 8, 1915 – Dila, Likhang Diwa (poems in Filipino
November 28, 1999) and English), 1993; Balaybay, Mga
-Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales is a fictionist, Tulang Lunot at Manibalang, 2002; Sa
essayist, poet and teacher. Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May
-recognitions includes the First Commonwealth Musila, 2004; Tales of the Manuvu and
Literary Contest in 1940, the Republic Cultural Rama Hari.
Heritage Award in 1960 and the Gawad CCP 30. Cirilo F. Bautista (July 9, 1941)
Para sa Sining in 1990. -a poet, fictionist and essayist. He
22. Nick Joaquin (May 4, 1917 – April 29, founded Philippine Literary Arts
2004) Council in 1981, the Iligan National
-considered as the most distinguished Filipino Writers Workshop in 1993, and the
writer in English writing. His body of work Baguio Writers Group.
extends from short stories to poems to essays 31. Lazaro Francisco (February 22, 1898 –
which includes journalism and reportage. He June 17, 1980)
used the name Guerre Quijano de Manila as -mong the prominent writers in the
journalist. Tagalog language. He established the
23. F. Sionil Jose (December 3, 1924) Kapatiran Ng Mga Alagad Ng Wikang
-one of the most widely read Filipino writers Pilipino (KAWIKA) in 1958 to support
founded the Philippine chapter of the Tagalog as national language.
international organization PEN. 32. Jose Garcia Villa (August 5, 1908 – July
24. Alejandro Roces (July 13, 1924 – May 7, 1997)
23, 2011) -one of the best contemporary poets.
-known for his comic short stories which He is best known for introducing the
includes “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken.” He reversed consonance rhyme scheme
also led the campaign to change the country’s and his use of punctuation, especially
Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. commas.
NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR DANCE, MUSIC, FILM, 40. Francisca Reyes Aquino (March 9,
AND THEATER: 1899 – November 21, 1983)
Cinema/Film -known for her research on Philippine folk
33. Lamberto V. Avellana (February 12, dances, which later resulted to a thesis entitled
1915 – April 25, 1991) “Philippine Folk Dances and Games.” It was
-“The Boy Wonder of Philippine Movies” as distributed to public and private schools.
early as 1939. Kalderong Pilak was the first film 41. Leonor Orosa Goquingco (July 24,
by a Filipino filmmaker shown in Cannes 1917 – July 15, 2005)
International Film Festival. -known as the “Mother of Philippine Theater
34. Manuel Conde (October 9, 1915 – Dance,” Goquingco blended folkloric and Asian
August 11, 1985) styles in ballet choreography. She was a
-known for producing and directing films based founding member of the Philippine Ballet
on old Filipino tales such as Siete Infantes de Theater and the Honorary Chair of the
Lara (1950), Si Juan Tamad (1974), Ang Ibong Association of Ballet Academies of the
Adarna..(1941). He also brought to the silver Philippines.
screen stories from the other parts of the 42. Ramon Obusan (June 16, 1938 –
worlds like Genghis Khan (1950). December 21, 2006)
35. Eddie S. Romero (July 7, 1924 – May -dancer, choreographer, artistic director,
28, 2013) researcher, and documentary filmmaker. He
-screenwriter, film director and producer who is was able to promote Filipino culture in other
behind the Filipino classics such as “Ganito Kami countries using the art of dance through the
Noon...Paano Kayo Ngayon?”, “Banta ng Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group.
Kahapon” and “Aguila” as well as the 13-part 43. Lucrecia Reyes – Urtula (June 29, 1929
series “Noli Me Tangere”. – August 24, 1999)
36. Lino Brocka (April 3, 1939 – May 22, -dance director of the Bayanihan Philippine
1991) Dance Company, for which she choreographed
Catalino “Lino” Ortiz Brocka is recognized for his different Philippine folk, ethnic dances,
films which explores the lives of people in the pageants and festivals.
marginalized sectors. Brocka also directed for 44. Alice Reyes (October 14, 1942)
theater organizations such as the Philippine -blending styles and movements from Philippine
Educational Theater Association (PETA) and the indigenous dance, classical ballet, and modern
Concerned Artists of the Philippines (CAP). dance in expressing Filipino subject matters.
37. Gerardo de Leon (September 12, 1913 This is said to be the “contemporary dance
– July 25, 1981) language that is uniquely Filipino.”
-prominent film maker in the 50’s and 60’s Music
producing classics such as “Daigdig ng Mga Api,” 45. Antonino Buenaventura (May 4, 1904
“Noli Me.Tangere,” “El Filibusterismo,” – January 25, 1996)
“dyesebel” and “Sisa.” -known for his marches including
38. Ishmael Bernal (September 30, 1938 – the.“Triumphal March,” “History Fantasy,”
June 2, 1996) “Echoes from the.Philippines,” and “Ode to
-“The Genius of the Philippine Cinema,” is Freedom.” He was a conductor of.the Philippine
known for directing films that projects the Army Band. He wrote compositions for solo
realities of the Filipinos. He was hailed as instruments, symphonic and orchestral works,
Director of the Decade of the 1970s by the which.are based on Philippine folksongs.
Catholic Mass Media Awards; four-time Best 46. Ernani Cuenco (May 10, 1936 – June
Director by the Urian Awards (1989, 1985, 1983 11, 1988)
and 1977); and given the ASEAN Cultural Award -known for the following songs: “Bato sa
in Communication Arts in 1993. Buhangin,” “Gaano Kita Kamahal,” “Inang
39. Ronald Alan K. Poe (August 20, 1939 – Bayan,” “Isang Dalangin,” “Kalesa,” and
December 14, 2004) “Pilipinas.” These works brought contemporary
-More known as Fernando Poe, Jr. He is an icon Filipino music to a higher level. The song,
in film. industry as an actor, director, writer and “Gaano Kita Kamahal”, he added elements of
producer. He.starred in films like “Mga Alabok Kundiman. He played with the Filipino Youth
sa Lupa” (1967), “Partida”. (1985), “Ang Symphony Orchestra and the Manila Symphony
Probinsyano” (1996), and among others. Orchestra from 1960 to 1968.
Dance
 47. Francisco Feliciano (February 19, 1941 54. Antonio J. Molina (December 16, 1894
– September 19, 2014) – January 29, 1980)
-His major works include “Ashen Wings,” -known for introducing the pentatonic scale,
“Sikhay sa Kabila ng Paalam,” and “Pamugun.” whole tone scale, linear counterpoints and the
He was known for the use of modal scales in his use of dominant ninths and eleventh chords in
operas and orchestral works. He used Philippine music.
indigenous music in his compositions. 55. Ramon P. Santos (February 25, 1941)
48. Jovita Fuentes (February 15, 1895 – -Filipino composer, musicologist
August 7, 1978) and.ethnomusicologist who was made a
-known for her portrayal of Cio-cio San in Chevalier de I’Orde des Arts et Lettres in 1987.
Giacamo Puccini’s Madame Butterfly in Italy in He helped in advocating.modern Philippine
April 1925. When she returned to the music that is still based on early Asian.practices
Philippines, she established the Artists’ Guild of and way of life.
the Philippines in an effort to instill love for
opera in her countrymen. 56. Andrea Veneracion (July 11, 1928 –
49. Jose Maceda (January 31, 1917 – May July 9, 2013)
5, 2004) -founder of the world-renowned University of
-conducted researches and fieldwork to explore. the Philippines Madrigal Singers, or simply the
Filipino traditional music further and to Philippine Madrigal Singers, which is the first
understand the. nature of Philippine ethnic and choir in the world to win the European Grand
traditional music. His. efforts.gave birth to a Prix for Choral Singing twice.
huge number of recorded Philippine.ethnic and Theater
traditional music. 57. Daisy Avellana (January 26, 1917 –
50. Lucio San Pedro (February 11, 1913 – May 12, 2013)
March 31, 2002) -co-founded the Barangay Theatre Guild,
-Best known for his compositions “Sa Ugoy ng together with her husband, National Artist
Duyan,” “Sa Mahal Kong Bayan,” “Dance of the Lamberto Avellana, in 1939. This move made
Fairies,” “Triumphal March,” and “Lahing theatre and. dramatic arts popular in the
Kayumanggi,” Lucio San Pedro was the country. She was known. as.director of films
conductor of the Peng Kong Grand Mason “Diego Silang” (1968) and “Walang..Sugat”
Concert Band, the San bands and other town (1971).
bands helped in the development of a civic 58. Honorata “Atang” dela Rama (January
culture among Filipino communities. 11, 1902 – July 11, 1991)
51. Levi Celerio (April 30, 1910 – April 2, She was named National Artist for Theater and
2002) Music in 1987. She was known as the Queen of
-only man who could play music with a leaf in Kundiman, and the first actress to portray a 15-
the Guinness Book of World Records. He also year-old in the very first Tagalog film, which was
earned Lifetime Achievement Award of the Film the film version of the Sarsuela “Dalagang
Academy of the Philippines for writing songs for Bukid.”
local movies. He was also known as the dean of 59. Salvador F. Bernal (January 7, 1945 –
Filipino lyricists. October 26, 2011)
52. Felipe Padilla de Leon (May 1, 1912 – -Honored as National Artist for Theater Design
December 5, 1992) in 2003, Bernal used local materials including
-known for Filipinizing western music forms. bamboo, abaca, hemp twine, and rattan in
His.works, which include “Mariang Maikling theater design for local productions.
Overture,”.“Maynila Overture,” “Payapang
Daigdig,” and “Ako’y. Pilipino,” expressed 60. Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (January 22,
sentiments and aspirations of the.Filipino in 1910 – May 1, 1995)
times of strife and peace. -the director of UP Dramatic Club for 16 years
53. Lucrecia R. Kasilag (August 31, 1918 – since 1947. He founded the UP Mobile Theater,
August 16, 2008) which started the concept of theater campus
-known for fusing Filipino ethnic music with tour.
Western musical influences. She was also
known for incorporating Filipino indigenous
musical instruments in orchestral works.
 61. Severino Montano (January 3, 1915 – instruments of the Palaw’an people, such as
December 12, 1980) basal, kulilal and bagit. He is an outstanding
-organized the Arena Theater Playwriting master of the basal, kulilal (musical ensemble)
Contest which became the initial ground for and bagit; a gifted pot, bard artist, and
playwrights to showcase their talents in writing musician.
while serving as Dean of Instruction of the 70. Samon Sulaiman (1993 awardee)
Philippine Normal College. He is Magindanaon, who is highly sophisticated
GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN in weaving, okir designs, jewelry, metalwork
(GAMABA): and brassware which art is Southeast Asian yet
62. Eduardo Mutuc (2005 awardee) distinct in character.
-dedicated his life in creating religious and 71. Uwang Ahadas (2000 awardee)
secular art in silver, bronze and wood. His near-blindness eyesight made music his
According to him, craftsmanship begins with constant companion. He is a Yakan, a people to
respect for one’s tools and the medium, and the whom instrumental music is of much
only way to improve one’s skills is to immerse significance, connected as it is with both the
oneself, learn the technique, and to practice. agricultural cycle and the social realm.
63. Darhata Sawabi (2005 awardee) 72. Ginaw Bilog (1993 awardee)
She is a Tausug weaver of pis syabit – the He is a Hanunoo Mangyan who is considered as
traditional cloth tapestry worn as a head cover. a master of the ambahan poetry. He shares old
Women in Sulu province have grown up and new ambahans with his fellow Mangyans
learning in weaving the pissyabit and she is one and promotes this poetic form in every
of those who took the art of pis syabit making occasion. A common cultural aspect among
to heart. cultural communities nationwide is the oral
64. Haja Amina Appi (2005 awardee) tradition characterized by poetic verses which
She is recognized as a master mat weaver are either sung or chanted.
among the Sama indigenous community for her 73. Magdalena Gamayo (2012 awardee)
unique designs, straightness of her edging She is a master weaver who makes “inabel”, an
(tabig), and fineness of her sasa and kima-kima. Ilokano handwoven cloth. She was awarded for
65. Lang Dulay (1998 awardee) her wide array skills in textile weaving. Her
She is a T’boli traditional weaver of “tinalak” or handiworks are finer than most abel. Her
T’boli cloth made of colorful abaca fabrics. She blankets have a very high thread count and her
used abaca fibers as fine as hair which speaks deigns are the most intricate that sometimes
more eloquently than words can. take up to five colors.
66. Salinta Monon (1998 awardee) CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS BASED ON THE
She is a Tagabanwa-Bagobo traditional weaver ELEMENT AND PRINCIPLES
of distinct abaca fabrics called inabal. She Appropriation refers to the act of borrowing or
developed a keen eye for the traditional designs reusing existing components inside a modern
and can identify the designs as well as the work. Postmodern apportionment craftsmen,
author of a woven piece just by a glance. counting Barbara Kruger, are sharp to deny the
67. Alonzo Saclag (2000 awardee) idea of creativity. They accept that in borrowing
He is a Kalinga master of dance and the existing symbolism or components of
performing arts who mastered not only the symbolism, they are re- contextualizing or
Kalinga musical instruments but also the dance appropriating the first symbolism, permitting
patterns and movements associated with his the audience to renegotiate the meaning of the
people’s ritual. initial in distinctive, more important, or more
68. Federico Caballero current.
He is a Sulod-Bukidnon epic chanter who works Performance art is another element of
for the documentation of the oral literature. He contemporary art which regularly increases
is considered as bantugan which means a drama, often acting and development to
person who has attained distinction. He strikes extremes of expression and continuity that are
to dispense justice in the community through not allowed within the theater. It interprets
his work as a manughusay which is an arbiter of various human activities such as ordinary
conflicts. activities such as chores, routines, and rituals, to
69. Masino Intaray (1993 awardee) socially relevant themes such as poverty,
He is a prolific and pre-eminent epic canter and commercialism, and war.
story teller recognized for his outstanding
mastery of various traditional musical
Performance art refers to art activities that are expressing something in a different way aside
presented to a live audience and can combine from its literal meaning.
music, dance, poetry, theater, visual art and -Imagery. This consists of descriptions and
video. Whether public, private or videotaped, details that can trigger the readers’ senses.
performance art often involves an artist -Sound and Rhythm. Sound is the emphasis on
performing an action that can be planned and certain words while rhythm is the position of
scripted, or can emphasize spontaneous, beats or the sound pattern of the work.
unpredictable elements of chance. Prose is a literature that is not poetry with two
Space is an art transforming space, for example categories: informative and persuasive, just like
the flash mobs, and art installations in malls and an essay.
parks. It also refers to the distances or areas -Theme or content. This is the general thought
surrounding, within, and within the components or idea of the composition.
of an item. -Style. This refers to the choices of words and
Negative and Positive Space sentence structures used to convey the
Art historians use the term positive space to message.
refer to the subject of the piece itself—the -Form and structure. This is the sequence of
flower vase in a painting or the structure of a topic and transitions that make the whole essay.
sculpture. Negative space refers to the empty -Plot or story line. This is the sequence of
spaces the artist has created around, between, events in the story that gives the flow of the
and within the subjects. Quite often, we think of narrative.
positive as being light and negative as being -Characters. This can be a person, an animal or
dark. This does not necessarily apply to every even thing who takes part in the story.
piece of art. For example, you might paint a -Setting. This is the time and place where the
black cup on a white canvas. In three- story happened.
dimensional art, the negative spaces are -Theme. This is the central thought of the story.
typically the open or relatively empty parts of -Language and style. Style is the choices of
the piece. For example, a metal sculpture may words which includes the sentence structures
have a hole in the middle, which we would call and figurative language that affect the mood of
the negative space. In two-dimensional art, the story.
negative space can have a great impact. -Point of view. The narrator may present the
Hybridity is another element and principle used author himself for the third-person point of
by contemporary artist in their artworks. It is a view. The narrator can also be one of the
usage of unconventional materials, mixing of characters in the story for the first-person point
unlikely materials to produce and artwork. For of view.
example, coffee for painting, miniature Forms of Contemporary Prose In The
sculptures from pencils. Philippines:
Technology art refers to the use of mass -Folk narrative. Any story based on real or
production and the manipulation of the virtual fictional events in the past told among the
world, its tools, and programs. So, in this age of people in a community.
transition in which material and digital -Myth. This is a story that explains the origin of
experience are in an unprecedented state of the world and its firs inhabitants.
coexistence, our understanding of the physical -Legend. Heroic and historical legend tackles
is being endlessly reshaped by advancements in episodes in the lives of great men and women.
technology. Religious legend narrates display of miracles of
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF God and of the saints. Supernatural legend
CONTEMPORARY ARTS OF PERFORMING ARTS focuses on the existence of beings from the
AND LITERATURE underworld. Toponymical legend explains why a
LITERATURE certain place has this name.
Types and elements of literature: -Folktales. These are classified into animal tales
Prose and Poetry or fables, magic tales, humorous tales, novelistic
Poetry refers to expressing of feeling or idea tales, religious and didactic tales.
with the use of figurative or symbolic language -Essay. This explains the insights or information
Meaning. A writer can use idioms, new words, using description, narration, and humor.
allusion, and connotations in expressing his -Novel. This defined as the lengthy and complex
feelings or ideas. narrative of events based on the author’s
-Figurative language. A writer may use of simile, imagination.
metaphor, and other figures of speech in
-Short story. This is a concise secular narrative -Modern dance. A dance form that emerged
with romantic, realistic and radical tradition. during the 20th century and still considered
-Komiks. This is a special form of contemporary theatrical but it veers away from the technique
literature which involves drawing frames and style of ballet.
showing a set of characters with their actions Other forms of dance
and usually contains a balloons enclosed with -Aerobic dance. Dancing to the tune of popular
words or dialogue. music with the purpose of increasing
MUSIC consumption of oxygen over a period of time.
It is an arrangement of sounds to create a -Bodabil dancing. This is used to be popular
continuous and unified compositions. during the American period.
Elements of Music: -Jazz dance. This uses African dance techniques
-Melody. This is succession of consecutive notes like isolation of individual human body parts,
or tones changing in pitch and duration. rhythm, and polycentrism.
-Rhythm. It has three qualities: tempo which -Polynesian and Tahitian dance. These dances
describes how fast or slow is the music; meter began from the people living in the Polynesian
which refers to the unit of time that is made up chain.
of beats or pulses; and rhythmic pattern. -Tap dance. A dance which entails tapping with
-Harmony. This is a combination of different toes and heels to generate rhythmic patterns.
tones or pitches played sung together at the THEATER
same time. It is an art form that involves performing
-Texture. This is the relationship of melodic and carefully planned actions and emotions in front
harmonic lines in music. of an audience. Philippine theater is described
-Dynamics. This is the degree of softness and as a wide range of mimetic performances that
loudness of music. were created and presented during occasions.
-Timbre. Also known as tone color which is the Elements of theater:
quality of sound generated by the instrument or -Performers. These are the persons who are on
voice. stage and portray their characters for the
-Form. This refers to how the elements of music audience.
are organized. -Audience. They serves as the witness of the
DANCE performance and energy given by the
It is an art of involving a series a rhythmic performers.
human movements that are purposely selected -Director. Serves as an overseer to the entire
and involves a mindful effort to combine production and ensures that the performers do
movements together. their job well and the design works well.
Elements of Dance: -Performance space. This refer to the space in
-Body element. This is how the body of the which the actors can perform and space for the
dancer moves, what part of the body moves, audience to stand.
what actions are performed, and how the body -Design. This is essential in placing the overall
support itself. feel of the production which includes lighting,
-Space. This focuses on the area where the set, costumes, and sound.
dance is performed. -Text. This is the script to be presented in a play
-Time. This is the accent, beat, duration, meter, or production.
rhythm, and acceleration. FILM
-Energy. This is referred to as dynamics. This This refers to a sequence of moving pictures
element describes how energy is directed shown on television or in cinema. Film making
through the body, and how the body releases it. became an industry in the Philippines during the
-Relationship. This is how the person relates to 1950’s.
the stage and to production elements. Elements of Film:
Forms and types of dances in the Philippines: -Time. This is considered as the most significant
-Folk dance. This is a dance that are developed element of cinema.
and performed together by ordinary people. -Techniques of cinema.
This includes ceremonial, combative, courtship, -Cutting or editing. Involves one shot with
exorcism, funeral, game, torture, comic, and another, making sure that these two shot are
religious dances. connected.
-Ballet. This is a theatrical dance presentation in -Camera movement. This is done in order to
which a plot is integrated with dancing, music, have a smoother change of view.
and stage design.
 -Framing. This helps bringing balance to the film design or cross pattern and the base of
as it is being viewed. the basket is square but the mouth is
Forms and types of Film: round.
-Aksyon (Action). This uses conflict as emphasis Mangyan Men – forge and repair blades for
based on real-life stories or actual experiences knives, axes, bolo or long knife, spears and
of persons and based from the tradition of other bladed instruments.
metrical romance or literary komedya. Mangyan Women – engage in weaving
-Animation. A film that involves creating Traditionally, all Mangyan tribes wear beaded
illustrations or inanimate images and bringing accessories made of plant seeds. Today, the
them to life. Hanunuo, Buhid and Alangan Mangyans make
-Bomba. A film that depicts nudity and sex but colorful necklaces, bracelets, anklets, keychains,
is different from X-rated pornography. rosaries and other beaded accessories from
-Dokyu (documentary). This is a motion picture commercial glass beads.
that narrates news events or explain other B. MARINDUQUE
subject matter based on facts. Moriones Festival – a festival held on Holy
-Drama. This is a motion picture that dwells on Week on the island.
personal problems and conflicts which draws -Men and women wearing costumes and mask
sentiment and emotion. replicating the garb of biblical Roman soldiers.
-Experimental. This attempts to create -Also plays a prominent role in Marinduque’s
something innovative or that is never done Culture.
before with the camera. -Arts and Crafts in Marinduque
-Fantasy. This depicts scenes in an imaginary -Ceramics
world. -Pottery
-Historical. This shows actual events that C. ROMBLON
occurred in the past. -it is known as the Marble Country of the
-Horror. This is shown to bring fear to the Philippines
audience. -Rombloanon – comes from the Visayas
-Komedi (Comedy). This is to introduce or bring Domblon” or “Lamyon” which means “sitting”
laughter to the audience. -it refers to the people and language of
CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS BASED ON THE Romblon, an island group of the mainland of
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES Southern Luzon.
ARTS AND CRAFTS -Romblon Basket – are the source of aesthetic
I. LUZON (MIMAROPA) pride and it is the major industry in Romblon.
A. Mindoro -Roping – the weaving technique of Romblon
The 7th largest island of the Philippines. -Materials for making Romblon Basket
-Mangyans – are the indigenous people of -Kokolongkoy vine – a plant that has very stems
Mindoro. and that’s grow along the ground or up
-Malasimbo Festival – sustain eco-cultural -Nito Vine – used for durable covered market
development and the preservation of the baskets and bowls of various sizes.
indigenous culture and heritage of the -Buri strips
Mangyans. -Other Popular products of Rombloanons
-Some of the Mangyan Crafts -Coiled basket
Hanunuo Mangyan people of Mindoro used a -Covered jars
visual motif of Pakudos which was coined from -Open bowls
cruz, the Spanish word for cross. The pakudos -Small coin purses
motif is a common element in Mangyan -Covered trays
embroidery and crafts. -Men’s hat and salakot
Two Kinds of Mangyan baskets D. PALAWAN
1. Irayas Basket -Known for its largest marine habitat rich in
it is hexagonal household basket made in small cultural and natural diversity.
sizes, from 18 – 20 cm in diameter. -Puerto Princesa Underground River - the
Materials: Buri, palm leaf and Nito strip. longest underground river in the world and an
Some of the Irayas basket is open grain basket important site ecological conversation and
made from bamboo strips, which are first awareness.
blackened and dried. -January 28, 2012 – officially confirmed that
2. Hanunoo Baskets – are small, fine and PPUR recognized as the Seven Wonders of
leather like in texture with padukus Nature.
-Manungul Jar – is considered as one of the -Maskara Festival in Bacolod – the most
precious artifact in Philippines. spectacular display of colors and beauty of the
-it serves as container for secondary burial of Negrenses.
the deceased love ones. -Arts and Crafts
-Arts and Craft of Palawan Sinamay is made from abaca (Musa textile)
- Salugin – the traditional Tagbanua attire made twine and indigenous plant similar to banana.
from pounded bark of tress. -Cebu is the oldest settlement established by
-Ambalad – a piece of loin cloth and a rattan the Spaniards and second most important
waist band. metropolitan center of the Philippines.
-Woven Baskets -Other nicknames of Cebu
-Materials: Rattan, Bamboo and Palm leaves of Queen City of the South
Buri or Pandan City of Fashion and Design
-Ukir – is the popular geometric motif/design ASEAN City of Culture
with color green -Guitar are popular product of Cebu
-Carve wooden pestle or Lalo III. MINDANAO
- Mortar or Lasung Mindanao is the second largest island of the
- Bracelet or Luyang Philippines at the Southern end of the
-Sapukan – the blowgun out of bamboo tree archipelago. Its culture consists of mostly
poles Muslim or “Moro” people. It is also composed
II. VISAYAS of other ethnic groups such as the Maranao,
-Panay Island – one of the largest island of the Tausug, Banguingui, and indigenous tribes
archipelago lying south of Romblon. known as Lumad.
-Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – gave the name Arts and Crafts
Panay which means “there is food” in Spanish. The Balangay (formerly synonymous with
-Ati – the first people in Panay Island. Butuan boat) is a plank boat adjoined by a
Arts and Crafts carved-out plank edged through pins and
-Weaving is an act of putting together strips of dowels.
strands of materials such as: The Balangay was the first wooden watercraft
-Buri/Buli/Pandan/Bamboo to make mats, excavated in Southeast Asia and is evidence of
baskets and other household wares. early Filipino craftsmanship and their
-A primary form of arts and crafts in Panay seamanship skills during pre-colonial times.
Island The vinta (locally known as lepa-lepa or sakaya)
-Paghahabol – the other name of weaving in is a traditional boat from the Philippine island of
Badiangan. Mindanao. The boats are made by Sama-Bajau
-Hablon refers to the hand woven textile, made and Moros living in the Sulu Archipelago,
of jusi (banana fiber), piña (pineapple fiber), Zamboaga peninsula, and southern Mindanao.
locally grown silk threads, cotton, rayon and It has a sail with assorted vertical colors that
other indigenous materials that creates an represents the colourful culture and history of
attractive textile of emerald, lavender, pink, the Muslim community. These boats are used
tangerine, and crimson colors. for inter-island transport of people and goods.
-Pagrarara it banig or mat weaving is often a Kulintang, gongs and even the elaborate designs
form of social interaction. of a Muslim jar are brasswares popularly made
-Salakot – a traditional wide-brimmed hat found in Mindanao, particularly the oldest city in the
in the Philippines. region, Cotabato City.
-it is usually made of either rattan or reeds, and Yakan weaving uses bright, bold and often
one of the traditional hats worn by Filipinos. contrasting colours in big symmetrical patterns.
-Sanggot a cutting instrument similar to kawit or Inspiration for designs comes from island living
harabas in Southern Luzon and it is used to and Islamic sacred geometry. The Yakan are
gather leaves. kind and loving people that embody a non-
-Kapis is an ideal material for lamps, decors, materialistic culture and live in close-knit
trays and souvenir items.
communities.
-Negros Island
-Buglas the other name of Negros in the pre-
Hispanic time after the type of grass similar to
sugarcane grows abundantly in the island. The malong is a traditional “tube skirt”
made of handwomen or machine-made multi-
colored cotton cloth, bearing a variety of
geometric or okir designs.

The malong is directly akin to the sarong

worn by peoples in other parts of Maritime
Southeast Asia.

T’nalak is a traditional cloth found in

Mindanao Island made by a group of people in
Lake Sebu, South Cotabato called T’bolis, Tboli
people. This traditional clothes hand-woven
made of Abaca fiber which traditionally has
three primary colors, red, black and the original
color of the Abaca leaves.