Region I

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE-CITY OF SAN FERNANDO (LU)

Community is a group of people living in the same place, having a particular characteristic in
common, and having their own set of guidelines that unify them as one.
4 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY
1. people
2. place,
3. characteristic
4. set of guidelines (government/sovereign)
Engagement is a socially responsive approach to communication practice with outcomes aligned
with individual, community, and institutional benefits.
Solidarity is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, and standards. It refers to the ties in a
society that bind people together as one. Solidarity does not reject individuals and sees individuals as
the basis of society.
Citizenship, relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance
and in turn is entitled to its protection.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY, AND CITIZENSHIP is about partnerships and
coalitions that help mobilize resources and influence systems, change relationships among partners,
and serve as catalysts for changing policies, programs, and practices.
THIS COURSE focuses on the to understand, investigate and examine the challenges of
contemporary application of ideas and methods of the applied social sciences community life.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT is the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of
people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to address issues
affecting the well-being of the people.
COMMUNITY SOLIDARITY- unity or agreement of feeling and action, especially among individuals
with a common interest; mutual support within a group.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IS GUIDED BY THE FF. CORE VALUES
1. human rights,
2. social justice,
3. empowerment and advocacy,
4. gender equality,
5. participatory development.
Human rights are the basic rights that belong to every person in the world, from birth until
death. They apply regardless of where you are from, what you believe or how you choose to live your
life.
-Right to life, right to equality between men and women, Freedom from discrimination, Freedom from
torture, Freedom from slavery, Right to be treated with humanity in detention.
Freedom of movement. The freedom of movement includes the right to move freely within a
country for those who are lawfully within the country, the right to leave any country and the right to
enter a country of which you are a citizen.
Social justice is the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights
and opportunities like equal access to education, health care, and employment opportunities.
EMPOWERMENT AND ADVOCACY are social democratic practices that enable people to
overcome barriers and contribute to practice and focus on social justice. Embraces all aspects
of client's life and seeks to aid clients in attaining power on decisions and actions in their own
lives.
GENDER EQUALITY is when people of all genders have equal rights, responsibilities and
opportunities. Everyone is affected by gender inequality - women, men, trans and gender diverse
people, children and families.
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT is an important approach for people-oriented development that
emphasizes raising the quality of participation in local societies as a step toward the realization
of self-reliant sustainable development and social justice.
SHARED SOCIAL IDENTITY- It refers to a set of people who view each other as members of a
common social group.
COMMUNITY-ACTION INITIATIVES - it refers to any activity that increases the understanding,
engagement and empowerment of communities in the design and delivery of local services.
Community action includes a broad range of activities and is sometimes described as 'social action.
KOINONIA- embraces concepts conveyed in the english term’s community, communion, joint
participation, sharing and intimacy.
AGORA- The Greek word for "community" or "gathering. place."

COMMUNITAS - LATIN WORD, which is in turn derived from communis, which means "common,
public, shared by all or many."
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY ACROSS DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
THE SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
 Anthropology
 Economics
 Political Science
 Psychology
 Sociology

ANTHROPOLOGY - This field examines the various aspects of humans, such as their biology,
behavior, culture, and social interactions.
COMMUNITY (anthropology) - A group of people with different cultures and behaviors interact with
each other, adapt their ways of living to the environment to solve community concerns.
ECONOMICS - This field studies the production, allocation, and consumption of goods services. In
any community, one finds various forms of wealth distribution. The goal of the group/organization is to
improve the lives of every member.
POLITICAL SCIENCE - The field encompasses the various ways and means of allocating power,
influence, and decision-making.
PSYCHOLOGY - This discipline studies the human mind, brain, and social behavior. This extends to
interaction between people and interpersonal relationships.
SOCIOLOGY - This field is the study of society, social order, social interactions, and culture.
SOCIAL CAPITAL - the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular
society for the effective functioning of the
community.
COMMUNITARIANISM - This is a philosophy that
emphasizes the connection between the
individual and the community. Means each one
has a role in the community.
CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE - Civil society
comprises organizations that are not associated
with the government. They are an important source
of information for both citizens and government. They monitor government policies and actions and
hold government accountable.
LOCAL AND GRASSROOTS PERSPECTIVE- This perspective highlights volunteerism. Members of
communities may involve themselves in various programs or activities.
INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
1ST DIMENSION - It is an existing establishment or physical space where members of the community
go for a certain purpose.
2ND DIMENSIONS- It is the institutional community as a social model. This is defined by networks and
institutions where community groups are formed in certain areas such as schools, churches, or
companies.
3RD DIMENSION - Community is composed of the ways people act, interact with each other, react,
and expect each other to act and interact.
COMMUNITY DYNAMICS - are the changes in community structure and composition over time,
often following environmental disturbances such as volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, fires, and
climate change. Is the change and development involved in a community that includes all forms of
living organisms.
ECONOMY - is the management and use of resources to meet household and community needs.
ECOLOGY - is the pattern of relationships between living things and their environment/ the
study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them.
EQUITY - Equity is fairness. Ideally everyone in a community shares in its well-being. Where there is
equity, decisions are based on fairness, and everyone has opportunities and is treated with dignity.
The Three E’s (Economy, Ecology, Equity) – provide a framework for the communities to
explore and anticipate how the choices they make today affect tomorrow.
Communities may be formed into two.
Communities may be formed in two ways.
Geographical - the members of the community share the
same geographical vicinity, such as a village, province, or
neighborhood.
Non-Geographical - these communities are formed
based on needs, ideas, interests, identity, practices rules,
and social institutions such as at home, at work, and in
government, society, or the community at large.
Micro level - a group is formed based on personal social
ties. This may include groups formed to pursue common interests or goals, like forming a small
organization to hold a fundraising activity such as a concert.
Macro level - large group affiliations are formed such as national, international, and virtual
communities. Companies and corporations may develop various programs that would include
different members across the country.
Communities may also be divided into two levels.
Types of activities that can be planned and
executed by the communities.
Asset Transfer - the process of transferring
ownership or leasehold of a property
Making Better Use of Physical Resources -use
of physical resources
Community Networks - making contacts Through
face-to-face Interaction.
Community Engagement in Decision Making -
the community may decide on their priorities, designs, and services to be conducted based on their
goals.
STRUCTURES OF COMMUNITY
SOCIAL STRUCTURE is the term that is given to all
of the interconnected relationships of the
various social groups and institutions in which
people create and become part.
Socio-Political Communities - A sociopolitical
institution is a body that has both social and political
components.
-Involving a combination of social and
political factors. It describes people based on their political beliefs and social class.
(security, poverty, national wealth, income inequality, social integration, and political
conflicts)
Socio-political Community Rights
- Rights to protect individual’s freedom from violation by governments, social organizations, and
private individuals
 - Rights to ensure one’s ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state
without discrimination.
Cultural Communities - A group of people sharing common bonds of language, customs,
traditions, and other different cultural traits, and who have, since time immemorial occupied,
possessed and utilized a territory. A social group of any size whose members reside in a specific
locality, share government and often have a common cultural and historical heritage. (In Luzon:
Ifugao, Bontoc, Konkana, Ivalo, Kalinga, Tiguan, Singe, Gadding, Ilonggo, Negrito)
Indigenous People’s Right
Republic Act No. 8371- An act to recognize, protect, and promote the rights of indigenous
peoples, establishing implementing mechanisms, appropriating funds therefore, and for other
purposes.
Economic Structures - Economic structure is a term that describes the changing balance of
output, trade, incomes, and employment drawn from different economic sectors – ranging from
primary (farming, fishing, mining, etc.) to secondary (manufacturing and construction industries) to
tertiary and quaternary sectors (tourism, banking, etc.)
Economic Communities - any economic alliance which is specially designed to foster trade and
cooperation among member countries. Its underlying purpose is to reduce trade barriers and
increase cooperation among its members.
Types of Economic Group
Business groups - are the most common type of interest group; more than half of all registered
lobbyists work for business organizations. Businesses also form associations with companies from
the same industry to promote all of their interests. For example, the American Petroleum Institute
works on behalf of oil companies.
Labor groups - represent unions, which work to increase wages and improve working
conditions for both skilled and unskilled workers. Individual workers have very little power, but
banded together, they can wield significant influence.
Agricultural groups - represent the interests of farmers. Farmers have been organized for
centuries to protect themselves against price fluctuations and other issues.
Professionals Group - have formal organizations that set ground rules for the profession,
regulate practices, and promote standards of conduct. Professional associations also lobby the
government on issues related to their profession.
Economic Rights of the Child
- Rights to an adequate standard of living which include housing and food.
- Right to survival and development, right to health, right to education.
- Protection from child labor
Diversity - refers to the inclusion of a wide range of people from different backgrounds.
Examples of diversity include gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic, age, cultural, religious, and
political diversity.
DIVERSITY EXAMPLES
Gender diversity - refers to ensuring people of all genders are included. Whereas once we thought
of this as simply men and women, today we also look at gender diversity to include trans and gender
non-conforming people.
Racial diversity - refers to the inclusion of people of a range of different races into a process.
Examples of races include black, white, Asian, and Native American.
Ethnic Diversity - Whereas racial diversity refers to a biological categorization, ethnic diversity
refers to a cultural classification. For example, while Asian may be a race, we can identify a range
of Asian ethnicities: Han-Chinese, Japanese, Rohingya, Thai, Uyghurs, Tagalog people, and so on.
Age diversity- refers to the inclusion of people from a spectrum of ages and seasons of life.
The typical example here is the inclusion of elderly people for their experience, and young for their
enthusiasm.
COMMUNITY POWER - is the belief that people should have a say over the places in which they
live and the services they use.
- is the belief that people should have a say over the places in which they live and the services
they use?
IMPORTANCE COMMUNITY POWER
- Involving people in decision-making, alongside supporting them with resources and wider
social infrastructure, can enable community action to improve well-being and resilience
locally.
NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES - Health services serve patients, families, communities, and
populations. They cover emergency, preventative, rehabilitative, long-term, hospital, diagnostic,
primary, palliative, and home care. These services are centered around making health care
accessible, high quality, and patient-centered.
MARKET - a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes place as a result of
buyers and sellers being in contact with one another, either directly or through mediating agents or
institutions. Issues concerning the market include the following: Inflation rate, Supply of goods and
services, and Consumers’ behavior.
ECONOMIC INSECURITIES - Economic insecurity can be defined as “the anxiety produced by the
possible exposure to adverse economic events and by the anticipation of the difficulty to recover from
them”. Economic insecurity affects people's productivity as well as their ability to invest in their
children's education and health.
Examples could include a fear of unemployment or an expectation of a worsening financial situation.
DISCONNECTION - Social disconnectedness can be characterized by a lack of contact with
others. It is indicated by situational factors, like a small social network, infrequent social interaction,
and lack of participation in social activities and groups. It also includes loneliness; isolation or
separation; loss; rejection, exclusion, or ostracism; and feeling detached or disconnected from others.
SPENDING MONEY - Consumer spending money is the total money spent on final goods and
services by individuals and households for personal use and enjoyment in an economy.
Consumer spending is by far the biggest driver of the economy.
LEADERSHIP - the action of leading a group of people or an organization. the capacity or
ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or a certain event. The ability to develop a
vision that motivates others to move with passion towards a common goal.
FOUR FACTORS OF LEADERSHIP
1. Leader - A leader is someone who inspires passion and motivation in followers. A leader is
someone with a vision and the path to realizing it.
2. Follower - one who gives full loyalty and support to another. Followers can be defined by their
behavior—doing what others want them to do.
3. Organizational communication refers to the communication that takes place between people
who are working towards common goals within an organization. It consists of the interactions
that take place for working together towards these goals or conducting business in general.
4. Situation - is the relative position or combination of circumstances at a particular moment.
LEADERSHIP STYLES
- A leadership style refers to a leader's methods, characteristics, and behaviors when directing,
motivating, and managing their teams.
- A leader's style is shaped by a variety of factors, including personality, values, skills, and
experiences, and can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of their leadership.
1. The Authoritarian or Autocratic - The autocratic leader MAKES DECISIONS ALONE AS
POWER IS CENTRALIZED IN ONE PERSON. Decisions are enforced using rewards and the fear of
punishments. It is an abusive, unprofessional style called “bossing people around”.
2. Democratic - The democratic leader INCLUDE ONE OR MORE EMPLOYEES IN THE
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. Communication flows freely, and SUGGESTIONS are made in
both parties. The participation encourages member commitment to the final decision.
3. Laissez-faire or Free Reign Leader - The free reign leader GIVE POWER TO SUBORDINATES
TO MAKE DECISIONS. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made.
This is used when employees can analyze the situation.
4. Delegative Leader - A delegative leadership style focuses on DELEGATING INITIATIVE TO
TEAM MEMBERS. This is generally known as one of the least intrusive forms of leadership; this
translates to “let them do.”
5. Participative Leader - Decision-making is based on group consultation and information is
shared with the group.
6. Achievement-Oriented - CHALLENGING GOALS ARE SET AND HIGH PERFORMANCE IS
ENCOURAGE while showing confidence in the group's ability.
TYPES/TYPOLOGIES OF COMMUNITY
RURAL COMMUNITY - The Census does not define “rural.” They consider “rural” to include all
people, housing, and territory that are not within an urban area. Any area that is not urban is rural.
- Consist of agricultural lands, also referred to as pre-industrial communities.
- A rural area is an open swath of land that has few homes or other buildings, and not very
many people.
- means a society that lives in the village and is dependent on the natural environment.
- rural living conceals an endless list of very important health benefits. From fresh food and
clean air to quiet surroundings, off-grid opportunities, and close-knit communities (BOUND
TOGETHER)
- minimize energy needs, reduce one's carbon footprint (GREENHOUSE GASES), and lower
contributions to global climate change.
- limited job opportunities
- Lack of employment and income.
- Lack of Public Transportation
URBAN COMMUNITY – pertains to highly industrialized communities. An urban community is in a
city or town: lots of people live there, and there are lots of different kinds of buildings close together.
 - Definitions of urban area: a geographical area constituting a city or town. synonyms: populated
area.
- An urban area is often the main area of employment.
- Urban areas have the most human-built structures. This built environment creates
opportunities for health such as sidewalks and public transit.
- Internet connections will be available.
- More modernized equipment.
- Higher wages in cities on average.
- -The problem of unemployment will be solved.
- -High transportation facilities.
- -More education opportunities.
- -Recycling process.
- the common benefits of urban living are improved access to public transport, better high-
paying job opportunities, and endless entertainment options.
- Busy towns or cities can feel crowded and may mean you feel more stress or pressure.
- Urban areas tend to be more expensive to live in.
- poor nutrition, pollution-related health conditions, communicable diseases, poor sanitation and
housing conditions, and related health conditions.
- fiscal difficulties, crowding, housing, traffic, pollution, public education, and crime.
FORMAL - The groups formed by the management of the organization to accomplish a specific task.
FORMAL GROUPS - Some of the common formal groups that exist within the organization or
community include schools, churches, hospitals, government, and civic organizations. It also includes
task groups & committees. (Businesses and government)
INFORMAL GROUPS - informal groups are formed voluntarily by the employees based on their likes,
interests, and attitudes. The employees of the organization themselves enter into groups, without the
approval of the management to satisfy their social needs on the job. (Clubs or social networks)
Difference between FORMAL & INFORMAL GROUPS
- A formal organization is defined as an organization that has set rules and regulations to be
followed by the employees. On the other hand, an informal organization is defined as an
organization that focuses on building social relationships and networks.
Formal Organization is an organization in which job of each member is clearly defined, whose
authority, responsibility and accountability are fixed.
Informal Organization is formed within the formal organization as a network of interpersonal
relationship when people interact with each other.
SUBURBAN COMMUNITIES - an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work in
the town or city often live.
- is a cluster of properties, primarily residential, that are not densely compacted, yet located very
near an urban area that is.
- Also referred to as "suburbs," these areas are often located just outside of larger metro areas
but can span even further.
- more living space, more bedrooms and more bathrooms, you'll also get a yard for your pets
and kids to play in
- Bulacan is one of the promising locations for a home outside the metro. Its suburban charm is
irresistible: more greens, fewer people and cars, and spacious housing options.
- You Get More Space for Less Cost. ...
- It's Easier to Connect with Neighbors. ...
 - The schools are Often More Attentive. ...
- There's Less Crime. ...
- The Suburbs are More “Convenient.”
- Suburban life is often boring to some. There isn't as much going on as there is in the city, and
you might run out of things to do for fun.
- value over the long term
Action Plan - An action plan is a document that lists what steps must be taken to achieve a
specific goal. It breaks down the goal into actionable steps that can be easily followed and tracked.
Importance of an Action Plan
Action Plans are useful because they give you a framework for thinking about how you will
complete a project efficiently. They help you finish activities in a sensible order, and they help you
ensure that you don't miss any key steps.
Community-Action - refers to the collective efforts of people directed toward addressing
social problems, (e.g., social inequalities, environmental degradation, and poverty) to achieve social
well-being.
Community-Action Initiatives - This is a community-based collaborative project in partnership
with political and social institutions and sometimes with religious and business associations.
Community-Action Initiatives
- Feeding Program
- Disaster Management
- Clean-Up Drive
- Livelihood Projects
SHORT-TERM (CAI) Community-Action Initiatives
- It takes few hours, days, or week to complete.
- It requires less money to complete than long-term efforts. Because short-term projects
typically cost less, they usually require fewer approvals to get started and completed. Short-
term project leaders may simply keep track of expenditures.
- Short-term projects typically have a limited impact. You may initiate a project to handle a
specific problem or react to a situation. Once the problem is solved, the project team disbands.
- In evaluating short-term projects, it only requires
less effort and analysis.
EXAMPLE OF SHORT-TERM (CAI) Community-Action Initiatives
- Clean-up a local park
- start a garden in your community.
- Donate your old clothes for the poor in the
Community
LONG-TERM (CAI) Community-Action Initiatives
- Long-term projects take months or even years to finish.
- Typically, companies require more documentation and infrastructure for longer-term efforts.
- Long-term projects tend to be complex. Project
plans describe multiple objectives, business.
needs and interdependent requirements.
- Long-term projects may be divided into smaller.
projects to make them more manageable and to
 produce more immediate results.
EXAMPLE OF LONG-TERM (CAI) Community-Action Initiatives
1. offer to babysit or nanny for a family in need
2. organize a campaign to raise money to buy
and install new equipment for the community.
3. volunteer at a nature camp and teach kids
about the environment

Community-Action-Modalities
1. Community Engagement - Denotes interaction, sharing, and relationships at different levels. It
can be defined as the partnership between two pares such as academic institutions and local
communities for mutual benefits and is characterized by reciprocal.
4-PART DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
- Active collaboration
- Builds on the resources, skills, and expertise and knowledge of campus and community.
- Improves the quality of life in the communities.
- In a manner that is consistent with the campus mission.
Forms of Community Engagement
a) Direct Service - Giving personal time and energy to address immediate community needs.
b) Community Research - Exploring a community to learn about its assets and how it is being
affected by current social problems. This form of community engagement provides knowledge
that other efforts can build upon.
c) Advocacy and Education - Using various modes of persuasion (e.g., petitions, marches,
letter-writing to convince government or corporate decision-makers to make choices that will
benefit the community.
d) Capacity Building - Working with the diverse groups of a community and building on existing
assets to solve problems and make it a better place.
e) Political Involvement - Participating in processes of government like campaigning for a
program
f) Socially Responsible Personal and Professional Behavior - Maintaining a sense of
responsibility to the welfare of others when making personal or professional decisions. Using
one’s career or professional training to benefit the community.
g) Philanthropic Giving - Donating needed items; organizing or participating in fundraising
events.
h) Participation in Association - Participating in community organizations that develop the
social networks that provide a foundation for community building efforts including a civic
association, sports leagues, church choirs, and school boards
2. Citizenship - the position or status of being a citizen of a particular country. A legal status and
relation between an individual and a state that entails specific LEGAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES.
3. Solidarity - unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a
common interest; mutual support within a group. This means that a person must relate responsibly
and act in solidarity with others and the whole humanity.
REFLECTION:
SELF-AWARENESS: Understanding oneself, including values, strengths, weaknesses, and
motivations, is essential for effective community action. Self-aware individuals can identify their
passions and interests, aligning them with community needs.
EMPOWERMENT: When individuals recognize their potential to make a difference, they become
empowered to take action. This self-empowerment is a catalyst for initiating and sustaining
community projects.
COLLABORATION: While self-motivation is vital, collaboration with others in the community
enhances the impact of actions. By working together, individuals can pool resources, share expertise,
and leverage diverse perspectives to address complex issues effectively.
RESPONSIBILITY: Self-awareness fosters a sense of responsibility towards one's community.
Recognizing the interconnectedness of individuals within a community encourages a commitment to
collective well-being and social responsibility.
- Solidarity encourages individuals and groups to work together towards common goals.
- Solidarity cultivates empathy and understanding among people from diverse backgrounds.
- Solidarity empowers marginalized and disadvantaged groups to demand recognition, equality,
and justice.
- Promoting cooperation, empathy, collective action, and justice, thereby contributing to
national and global community development
OPPORTUNITIES
- Volunteer work: Offer your time and skills to local community organizations, such as food.
banks, shelters, or educational programs.
- Fundraising initiatives: Organize or participate in events to raise funds for community
projects, such as building schools, healthcare facilities, or infrastructure improvements.
- Mentorship programs: Support and guide individuals in your community, especially youth
or those facing challenges, by offering mentorship and encouragement.
- Advocacy and awareness campaigns: Raise awareness about social issues affecting.
your community and advocate for positive
change through grassroots efforts or online.
campaigns.
- Collaborative projects: Partner with other
individuals or organizations to tackle community challenges together, whether it's
environmental conservation, poverty alleviation, or cultural preservation.
- Skill-sharing workshops: Share your expertise to the members of the community.