Introduction 1

Rajitha B, Assistant Professor, CSED,MNNIT ALLD
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
CSED,MNNIT ALLD
Rajitha B, Assistant Professor,
“One picture is worth more than ten
thousand words”
TEXT BOOK
“Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C.
CSED,MNNIT ALLD
Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods,
Addison-Wesley, 2002
CONTENTS
Topics to be covered:
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1. What is a digital image?
2. What is digital image processing?
3. History of digital image processing
4. State of the art examples of digital
image processing
5. Key stages in digital image processing
1. WHAT IS A DIGITAL IMAGE?
A digital image is a representation of a two-
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
dimensional image as a finite set of digital values,

called picture elements or pixels
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1. WHAT IS A DIGITAL IMAGE? (CONT…)
Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colors,
heights, opacities etc
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Digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation of a real scene
1 pixel
1. WHAT IS A DIGITAL IMAGE? (CONT…)
Image formats:
 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
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 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and
“Alpha”, a.k.a. Opacity)
2. WHAT IS DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING?
Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

 Improvement of pictorial information for
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human interpretation
 Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception
Some argument about where image processing ends
and fields such as image analysis and computer
vision start
2. WHAT IS DIP? (CONT…)
Low Level Process
Input: Image
Output: Image
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Examples: Noise removal, image sharpening
Mid Level Process

Input: Image
Output: Attributes
Examples: Object recognition, segmentation
High Level Process

Input: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Scene understanding, autonomous navigation
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3. HISTORY OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of

digital imaging was in the news paper
industry
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 The Bartlane cable picture transmission
service
 Images were transferred by submarine
cable between London and New York
 Pictures were coded for cable transfer and
reconstructed at the receiving end on a
telegraph printer
3. HISTORY OF DIP (CONT…)
Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system
resulted in higher quality images
 New reproduction processes based on photographic

techniques
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 Increased number of tones in reproduced images
Improved
digital image Early 15 tone digital
image
1960s: Improvements in computing technology and

the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in
digital image processing
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1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe.
Such techniques were used
in other space missions
including the Apollo landings
A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used
in medical applications
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1979: Sir Godfrey N.
Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) scans Typical head slice CAT
image
1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing
techniques has exploded and they are now used for
all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas
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3.1 Image enhancement/restoration
3.2 Artistic effects
3.3 Medical visualisation
3.4 Industrial inspection
3.5 Law Enforcement
3.6 Human computer interfaces
3.1 EXAMPLES: IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
One of the most common uses of DIP techniques:
improve quality, remove noise etc
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3.1 EXAMPLES: THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE
Launched in 1990 the Hubble telescope can take images
of very distant objects However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s images useless
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Image processing techniques were used to fix this
3.2 EXAMPLES: ARTISTIC EFFECTS
Artistic effects are used

to make images more
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visually appealing, to
add special effects and to
make composite images
3.3 EXAMPLES: MEDICINE
Take slice from MRI scan of heart, and find
boundaries between types of tissue
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 Image with gray levels representing tissue density
 Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

3.3 EXAMPLES: GIS
Geographic Information Systems
 Digital image processing techniques are used extensively

to manipulate satellite imagery
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3.3 EXAMPLES: GIS (CONT…)
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Night-Time Lights of the
World data set
 Global inventory of
human settlement
 Not hard to imagine the
kind of analysis that
might be done using this
data
3.4 EXAMPLES: INDUSTRIAL INSPECTION
Human operators are

expensive, slow and
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unreliable.
Make machines do the
job instead.
Industrial vision systems
are used in all kinds of
industries
Can we trust them?
3.4 EXAMPLES: PCB INSPECTION
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection
 Machine inspection is used to determine that all
components are present and that all solder joints are
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acceptable
 Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are
used
3.5 EXAMPLES: LAW ENFORCEMENT
Image processing techniques
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are used extensively by law
enforcers
 Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated toll
systems
 Fingerprint recognition
 Enhancement of CCTV images
3.6 EXAMPLES: HCI
Try to make human computer
interfaces more natural
 Face recognition
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 Gesture recognition
Does anyone remember the
user interface from “Minority
Report”?
These tasks can be extremely
difficult
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
PROCESSING: IMAGE ACQUISITION
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
PROCESSING: IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
PROCESSING: IMAGE RESTORATION
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
PROCESSING: MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
PROCESSING: SEGMENTATION
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
PROCESSING: OBJECT RECOGNITION
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
PROCESSING: IMAGE COMPRESSION
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
PROCESSING: COLOUR IMAGE PROCESSING
Image Morphological
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Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
IMAGE PROCESSING: DEFINITION
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Image processing is the study of any algorithm
that takes an image as input and returns an
image as output
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APPLICATIONS OF IP:
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APPLICATIONS
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APPLICATIONS
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APPLICATIONS
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APPLICATIONS: CONTRAST ADJUSTMENT
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APPLICATIONS: EDGE DETECTION
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APPLICATIONS: REGION DETECTION,
SEGMENTATION
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APPLICATIONS: COMPRESSION
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APPLICATIONS: DIGITAL IN-PAINTING
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KEY DIFFERENCES
COMMON IMAGE FILE FORMATS
GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
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PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
PGM (Portable Gray Map)
FITS (Flexible Image Transport System)

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Rajitha B, Assistant Professor, CSED,MNNIT ALLD

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

“Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C.

dimensional image as a finite set of digital values,

heights, opacities etc

Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

Mid Level Process

High Level Process

Early 1920s: One of the first applications of

 New reproduction processes based on photographic

1960s: Improvements in computing technology and

improve quality, remove noise etc

Artistic effects are used

boundaries between types of tissue

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

 Digital image processing techniques are used extensively

Human operators are

Image processing techniques

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)

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