LO.

8-Elfayoum Chemi Club

Made by : Mahmoud Taha
 Key Concepts
01 Pure Substance. 02 Solution.

03 Solute. 04 Solvent. 05 Colloid.

06 Solvent. 07 Suspension.
 01

Pure Substance
• What is a Matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space

It is everything you see surrounds you in the environment or in the

outer space, some of these matters you can see, like water, brass or
steel and some others you cannot, maybe you cannot see them
because they are two small, like a body cell, organic molecules or the
air particles.
Note:
Not everything is matter, there are some things that are not classified
as a matter, they are photons (light), Heat (Energy), The waves of
radiation like Microwaves, and your own thoughts
• Classification of Matter:
There are 2 two types of Matter; Pure substances and Mixtures, and
each of these types consists of two types. For example, the Pure
substance classified into elements, that are found in the periodic table
like copper (29Cu) and Iron (26Fe), and compounds, that have a constant
composition and formula like Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and
table salt (NaCl). And in the other hand, there are Mixtures, that are
classified into Homogeneous Mixtures, like table salt (NaCl) with Water
(H2O) and Rubbing alcohol that has a 70% of pure alcohol (C2H5OH) and
30% of water (H2O). And Heterogeneous Mixtures, like Green Salad,
Sand with Water and Pizza.
An element: is a substance that consists of only one type or kind of
atom. An element is a pure substance as it cannot be broken down or
transformed into a new substance even by using some physical or
chemical means. Elements are mostly metals, non-metals or metalloids.
Ex: Gold

Compounds: are also pure substances when two or more elements are
combined chemically in a fixed and single ratio. However, these
substances can be broken down into separate elements by chemical
methods, like electrolysis as we studied before.
Ex: water
A homogeneous mixture: it is occasionally called a solution, is
comparatively unvarying in configuration or constant. Every unit of the
mixture is like every other unit. For instance, if you liquefy sugar in
water and blend it well, your concoction is essentially the same, no
matter where you sample it. This mixture contains two or more
chemical substances.

A heterogeneous mixture: is a concoction whose configuration varies

from spot to spot within the sample. For example, if you put a little
amount of sugar in a vessel, add some sand, and then shake the jar a
couple of times, your concoction doesn’t have the same configuration
all throughout the jar. As the sand is heftier, there’s possibly more
amount of sand at the bottom of the jar and more sugar at the top
part. These mixtures can be identified visually and separated easily by
physical means.
❖We can differentiate between them easily in which the components
of the homogenous mixtures cannot be seen by naked eyes, but we can
do with heterogenous.

Properties of pure substances:

1.Pure substances are mostly homogeneous in nature containing only
one type of atoms or molecules.
2.These substances mainly have a constant or uniform composition
throughout.
3.The substances have fixed boiling and melting points.
4.A pure substance usually participates in a chemical reaction to form
predictable products.
 02 03 04
Solution Solute Solvent
A Solution: Is a homogeneous liquid Mixture in which the solute breaks
down into its most basic particles and spread throughout the solvent.
For Example: Salty Water is a Solution which consists of Water (H2O)
which is the Solvent and Table Salt (NaCl) which is the Solute
In the term of this example, the table salt compound (NaCl) breaks
down into the negatively charged ion of Chloride (Cl-) and this ion is
attracted to the positively charged ion of Hydrogen (H+) in water
compound (H2O), and positively charged ion of Sodium (Na+) and this
ion is attracted to the negatively charged ion of Oxygen (O-) in water
compound, and this process happens due to the polarity of water
molecules, as we know the oxygen part of water has a partial negative
charge, so it attracts the Sodium ion to it, and the hydrogen part has a
partial positive charge, so it attracts the Chloride ion, breaking down
the crystal form of Sodium Chloride compound and forming a solution
of Salty Water.
Solubility:
Solubility: It is the process by which a solute dissolve in a solvent
leading to the
disappearance of the solute.
Substances can be classified according to their solubility into:
Soluble Substances: They are the substances that dissolves in solvents
and the formed homogeneous mixture from this dissolution is called a
solution. For example, Table Salt and Table Sugar as we mentioned
before.
Insoluble Substances: They are the substances that does not dissolve
in solvents and the formed heterogeneous mixture will be called a
suspension.
Suspension: Heterogeneous liquid mixture in which the particles of the
solute are suspended through the solvent and can be separated by the
filtration process.
•Factors that affect the solubility process:
1.Quantity of solvent and solute: By increasing the quantity of the
solute, solubility increases and vice versa
Note that: solubility depends on the quantity of solute and solvent, as
by increasing the quantity of solvent and decreasing the quantity of
solute, the solubility increases and vice versa.
2. Temperature: Increasing the temperature increases the process of
solubility.
3. Stirring: it increases the speed of solubility.
4. Kind of the Solute.
 05 06

Colloids Tyndall Effect

• Colloids and types of colloids:
A Colloid is type of mixtures that falls between Homogeneous and
Heterogeneous Mixtures.
As we said before, solutions are Homogeneous mixtures resulted from
the dissolution of a soluble substance in the solvent, so the parts of this
substance don’t appear in the solution and the mixture (solution)
appears as an only one substance, but when an insoluble substance is
mixed with the same solvent or any other one and has an appearance
in the solvent or not dissolved in it, then you tried to make a stirring
between them, then a suspension will be formed. The colloid is some
where between them, but it has some special properties and cases.
•Tyndall effect phenomenon of Colloids
The particles in a colloid are large enough to scatter light, a
phenomenon called the Tyndall effect. This can make colloidal
mixtures appear cloudy or opaque, such as the searchlight
beams shown in the figure below. Clouds are colloidal
mixtures. They are composed of water droplets that are much
larger than molecules, but that are small enough that they do
not settle out.

The paths of searchlight beams are made visible when light is

scattered by colloidal-size particles in the air (fog, smoke, etc.).
The term “colloid” from the Greek words
kolla, meaning “glue,” and eidos, meaning
“like” was first used in 1861 by Thomas
Graham to classify mixtures such as starch
in water and gelatin. Many colloidal
particles are aggregates of hundreds or
thousands of molecules, but others such as
proteins and polymer molecules consist of a
single extremely large molecule. The protein
and

synthetic polymer molecules that form

colloids may have molecular masses ranging
from a few thousand to many million atomic
mass units.
• Colloidal Systems and colloids’ components
Analogous to the identification of solution components as “solute” and
“solvent,” the components of a colloid are likewise classified according
to their relative amounts. The particulate component typically present
in a relatively minor amount is called the dispersed phase and the
substance or solution throughout which the particulate is dispersed is
called the dispersion medium. Colloids may involve virtually any
combination of physical states (gas in liquid, liquid in solid, solid in gas,
etc.), as illustrated by the examples of colloidal systems given in the
table below.
• How to prepare colloid systems:
We can prepare a colloidal system by producing particles of colloidal
dimensions and distributing these particles throughout a dispersion
medium. Particles of colloidal size are formed by two methods:
Dispersion methods: that is, by breaking down larger particles. For
example, paint pigments are produced by dispersing large particles by
grinding in special mills.
Condensation methods: that is, growth from smaller units, such as
molecules or ions.
For example, clouds form when water molecules condense and form
very small droplets.
A few solid substances, when brought into contact with water, disperse
spontaneously and form colloidal systems. Gelatin, glue, starch, and
dehydrated milk powder behave in this manner. The particles are
already of colloidal size; the water simply disperses them. Powdered
milk particles of colloidal size are produced by dehydrating milk spray.
Some atomizers produce colloidal dispersions of a liquid in air.
We can prepare an emulsion by shaking together or blending two immiscible liquids.
This breaks one liquid into droplets of colloidal size, which then disperse throughout
the other liquid. Oil spills in the ocean may be difficult to clean up, partly because
wave action can cause the oil and water to form an emulsion. In many emulsions,
however, the dispersed phase tends to coalesce, form large drops, and separate.
Therefore, emulsions are usually stabilized by an emulsifying agent, a substance
that inhibits the coalescence of the dispersed liquid. For example, a little soap will
stabilize an emulsion of kerosene in water. Milk is an emulsion of butterfat in water,
with the protein casein as the emulsifying agent. Mayonnaise is an emulsion of oil in
vinegar, with egg yolk components as the emulsifying agents.
Condensation methods form colloidal particles by aggregation of
molecules or ions. If the particles grow beyond the colloidal size range,
drops or precipitates form, and no colloidal system results. Clouds form
when water molecules aggregate and form colloid-sized particles. If
these water particles coalesce to form adequately large water drops of
liquid water or crystals of solid water, they settle from the sky as rain,
sleet, or snow. Many condensation methods involve

chemical reactions. We can prepare a red colloidal suspension of iron

(III) hydroxide by mixing a concentrated solution of iron (III) chloride
with hot water
Hope You Good Luck!
STEM Fayoum Chemistry Club