IoT BASED SMART ATTENDANCE SYSTEM USING RFID: A

SYSTEMATIC LITRATURE REVIEW

Kashif Ishaq1*, Samra Bibi1

1
School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan

Corresponding Author Email:

kashif.ishaq@umt.edu.pk

Abstract:
The use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is ubiquitous in a number of
businesses and sectors, including retail sales, smart cities, agriculture, and transportation.
Additionally, educational institutions have started using RFID to track student attendance,
combining this technology with Google Sheets and the Internet of Things (IoT) to build a real-
time attendance tracking system. For a thorough examination of the creation of a student
attendance system, this paper includes a systematic literature evaluation of 21 major research
published on IoT based attendance systems employing RFID. This RFID-based attendance system
enables automation, eliminating several problems connected with the manual process, such as time
wasting, proxies, and the possibility of losing the attendance sheet, in contrast to the traditional
attendance system, which depends on manual signatures. By creating a system that automatically
registers students' attendance by merely flashing their student cards at the RFID reader, all the
aforementioned difficulties may be successfully addressed. This automated method guarantees
attendance monitoring accuracy and dependability while also saving time. This paper's conclusion
highlights the significant advantages of implementing an IoT-based attendance system based on
RFID technology. The suggested solution provides a trustworthy, efficient, and secure alternative
to manual attendance techniques, successfully addressing their shortcomings. This paper offers
helpful insights for institutions looking to create a cutting-edge attendance system that increases
student involvement and academic achievement by looking at guiding principles, best practices,
and the successful resolution of difficulties.

Keywords: IoT, RFID, Smart Attendance System, Attendance Monitoring System, Internet of
Things, Smart Education.
1. Introduction:
The "Internet of Things" (IoT) concept has recently acquired popularity in both academics and
business. In an Internet of Things (IoT) environment, objects—including people and animals—are
given distinctive IDs and the ability to independently exchange data over a network without direct
human-to-computer interaction. Every educational institution and other organization facilities uses
the manual attendance method, which is time consuming(Shah & Abuzneid, 2019). The time-
consuming and unsafe conventional method of taking attendance—calling names or having people
write their names on paper—is ineffective. One of the answers to this challenge is an attendance
system based on radio frequency identification (RFID). It is possible to utilize this system to record
a student's attendance at a school, college, or university. It may also be used to track employee
attendance at workplaces (Singhal & Gujral, 2012). RFID is a technology that transfers information
from an electronic tag or label affixed to an object through a reader using radio waves in order to
identify and track the thing (Shah & Abuzneid, 2019). It is particularly helpful since, based on the
tag included, it may separately identify a person or a commodity. It may be completed rapidly, and
it often takes a fraction of a second (Lim et al., 2009). EHUOYAN's YHU638 RFID reader was
chosen as a result of its low cost and simplicity of use. (Saparkhojayev & Guvercin, 2012). The
ESP32 module serves as the system's brain (Singh et al., 2022).

Figure 1: RFID reader

The manual attendance method not only takes a lot of time, but it also runs the serious danger of
losing important data. The use of such a system has a lot of drawbacks. For instance, lecturers with
big classes may find it difficult to acquire the students' manual signatures on the attendance sheet
and may find it distracting to educate and gain the students' undivided attention. (Kassim et al.,
2012). Monitoring student attendance in the classroom is necessary to improve their academic
performance since some students miss class for various reasons and therefore perform poorly on
exams (Olanipekun & Boyinbode, 2015). Because it can send accurate data needed as input for
software on the attendance system, read data accurately within the reading range, and requires less
direct contact between the RFID tag and reader when reading or rewriting data on the RFID tag,
RFID technology is superior to other identification technologies. (Ula et al., 2021). Our goal in
writing this paper is to use RFID technology to solve this problem. We aim to improve the
monitoring of timeliness and successfully manage student and employee absences by
implementing a high-quality and well-organized attendance system. A possible method of
streamlining attendance monitoring and ensuring a more accurate and seamless record of
attendance is the use of RFID.
The essential components of the RFID system are RFID tags, readers, a backend storage system,
and a central section that houses all the electrical components. This RFID-based attendance system
is particularly user-friendly for commercial usage and contains a storage system that stores the
individual identification number of the student or employee (Choudhury, 2017). The system
utilizes RFID tags, enabling educational institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities to
monitor student attendance. The system automatically uploads attendance data to a Google Sheet
notifies parents through SMS when something is happening. If parents use the services, it will deter
kids from using the SMS capability to skip class. Our platform also makes it simple to generate
reports with just one click. In addition to being affordable, this IoT-enabled RFID reader is also
quite portable. In addition, the power supply system is built to automatically convert to battery
power in the event of an AC power outage. The device's mobility is ensured by its small size,
which makes it simple to carry to schools or other locations. To achieve our goal, we synced both
the hardware and software components. Every user's record will be kept up to date and will have
a unique RFID tag.

Figure 2: RFID cards Figure 3: RFID tag

In conclusion, the purpose of this thorough literature research is to develop a thorough knowledge of
the RFID-based smart attendance system. The review provides a thorough discussion of the issues
and the solutions to them through a thorough investigation of the literature. For organizations wishing
to use this cutting-edge technology, the thorough analysis of guiding principles, best practices, and
implementation challenges pertaining to IoT-based attendance systems provides insightful
information. This system is a major improvement in attendance management due to its real-time
attendance tracking, smooth data integration, and increased accuracy. Educational institutions may
promote student engagement, improve academic achievements, and expedite administrative
procedures by embracing this cutting-edge technology. A more effective and efficient method of
tracking attendance in educational settings is one of the many potential advantages of the IoT-based
attendance system.
1.1. Background:
A system with hardware nodes based on RFID technology was illustrated by Zhang Yuru, Chen
Delong, and Tan Lipping in 2013. The system's design greatly increases production and decreases
resource waste, both material and human. The enormous potential of RFID-based technologies has
already been recognized and addressed in previous publications. When a student reaches the
campus, an SMS may be sent to a guardian using the GSM application that has been researched
(Joshi et al., 2021). With the use of a central database and finger prints, Farzana Akter and her
team proposed using the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor student attendance (Mon et al., 2019).
Only recently has the importance of RFID technology for controlling commercial supply chains
been realized (Kurniali, 2014). Barcodes are among the most well-known and well-used systems
now in use. It is an automated scanning system that looks like parallel lines of various widths and
saves data about an object (Choudhury, 2017).

Figure 4: Barcode

This technology has a flaw in that barcodes may be readily copied by printed using an ordinary
printer, despite the fact that it is quick enough and inexpensive (Dedy Irawan et al., 2018). The
barcode reader is the most extensively used and well-liked existing system. It is made up of
parallel, varying-width lines that function as an automated scanning system to record specific
information about items. The item is tracked and identified using the electronic information
contained in these parallel lines. A barcode card is a surface that has a barcode printed on it; they
may be found on a variety of items, including digital gadgets, papers, plastics, and even textiles,
such as shampoo bottles.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm in which everything may be connected to other
things in order to immediately identify physical items and transport, store, and analyze information
about them (El Mrabet & Moussa, 2020). The reader and the tags are the two essential elements
of an RFID system. The tag often has a microchip that contains information and is affixed to the
monitored things. On the other hand, the reader finds tags that fall within its detection range and
either writes to or reads from them (Shah & Abuzneid, 2019). To conclude and authenticate
students and workers of an organization, attendance records are required. As a result, several
studies have been conducted in this field to enhance and replace the current system of attendance
with RFID technology (Shah & Abuzneid, 2019).
 Table 1: Research questions
RQ Statement Objectives and Motivation
Which regions have been targeted by The goal of RQ1 is to find high-quality research papers
Attendance system using RFID research for the RFID attendance system using the main
RQ1 throughout the years, and what are the top publications channels, taking into account geographical
publications channels for Attendance system areas and publication trends over time.
using RFID?
What is the quality rating of the pertinent Utilizable data on the framework/model, approach, and
RQ2 articles, target Attendance system employing results were gleaned from the quality evaluation of the
RFID, its procedures, and research chosen papers and the meta-information.
challenges?
What are the key components, features and You can monitor staff hours with the assistance of a
benefits of implementing smart attendance smart attendance management system, ensuring that no
RQ3 system, and how does it contribute to creating rules or regulations are violated. An effective and
sustainable and efficient attendance system? reliable attendance system helps in managing absences
and keeping track of employees' timeliness.
How can the integration of various IoT IoT has several benefits for smart systems. IoT enables
devices and technologies improve the quality institutions to collect and analyze enormous volumes of
RQ4: of attendance for schools, colleges, and data by integrating numerous devices, sensors, and
institutions with smart attendance systems? systems, resulting in more effective operations and
improved services for the attendance system.
What impact does the incorporation of smart Smart systems provide multiple advantages that
system solutions have on the overall growth improve the presence quality of attendance by
and effectiveness of the smart attendance combining various IoT devices. As an illustration,
RQ5: system? consider connectivity, time consumption, energy
management, safety, and security, ease of use, and
efficient.
What are the main guiding principles, best To recognize the underlying principles and procedures
practices, and difficulties discovered in IoT that can ensure the successful and efficient
in the attendance system? implementation of IoT in smart attendance systems.
Additionally, there are a number of issues that must be
RQ6: resolved for the implementation to be successful,
including interoperability, scalability, data security, and
privacy, cost and funding, the absence of manual
systems, and administrative and juridical structures.
 Table 2: Method of searching
Used filter
Electronic library Search query
TITLE: (attendance system) OR TITLE: (smart attendance 2015-2023
system) OR TITLE: (student attendance system) OR TITLE:
(RFID based attendance system) OR TITLE: (RFID) OR TITLE:
(IOT based attendance system) OR TITLE: (internet of things) OR
Web of Science
TITLE: (smart attendance system rfid based) AND TITLE:
(Core Collection)
(Comprehension) OR TITLE: (smart system) AND TITLE:
(attendance) AND TITLE: (sensor) AND TITLE: "advance
attendance system" OR "Institute" OR "University" OR "College"
OR "School" Defining

Choosing according to inclusion/exclusion criteria

1. Selection standards
The review's report must take into account students' attendance, absences, and presences while
concentrating on the study themes. In addition, papers submitted at conferences or publications
from 2015 to 2023 were taken into account. The evaluation also featured papers on smart
attendance at the high school, college, and university levels that were concerned with evaluating,
controlling, and the student's attendance.
2. Exclusion Standard
Articles that weren't in English or that didn't focus on using Smart Attendance systems in schools,
colleges, and universities to teach and study English were omitted.

3 3 3

2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1
0

2009 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Figure 5: Year-by-year graph of the selected studies

 Record identified through Google scholar collection database search (n=1450)
SCI-Expanded: SCIE; A&HCI; SCCI-HUB
Record Excluded for out of scope

Record Screened by title (n=200)

Record Excludes (n=1250)
Out of scope
Did not use RFID Tag Attendance system

Recording Screened baesd on introduction and conclusion (n=100)

Record Excluded (n=79)
Focuseis not discussing Attendance system using RFID

Studies Included in the systematic review (n=21)

Figure 6: Choosing pertinent articles with the help of the Systematic Review Process

2. EVALUATION AND CONVERSATION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This part examined 21 primary research papers that had been completed and were based on our research
topics.
Table 3: steps of selection and outcomes.
Sr. Select Selection standards Index’s:, Google Scholar, Research
gate SCI-HUB, Peerj.com

1 Search Keyword 1450

2 Title 200

3 Filtering Abstract 150

4 Introduction and summary 70

5 Inspection Full article 21

RQ1: Which regions have been targeted by Attendance system using RFID research
throughout the years, and what are the top publications channels for Attendance system using
RFID?
For academics in the fields of education, technology, and industry, the integration of an attendance
system into learning tools, techniques, material, and the choice of a theoretical viewpoint presented
a considerable problem. It was important to find trustworthy publication platforms and do
scientometric analysis based on meta-data inside the IoT domain in order to solve this difficulty.
This portion emphasized developing in-depth information about the sources, categories, and years
of research publications as well as how selected studies were dispersed throughout different
publishing channels and among grade levels and regions. The goal of this analysis was to provide
readers a thorough grasp of IoT research in the context of integrated smart systems and attendance.
Each year, the research from the core collection of Web of Science were examined and presented
in Table 6 and Figure 6. The maximum number of publications, i.e. three, were chosen from the
years 2015, 2019, and 2021 out of a total of 21 publications. The use of smart attendance systems
in education, technology, and learning suggests a greater interest in the growth of IoT. However,
there was less interest shown in the years 2009, 2017, 2018, 2022, and especially in 2023, which
led to little advancement in improving teaching and learning in order to better meet the demands
of students and the market.

Figure 7: Graph of the studies found, sorted by continent.

 Table 4: Publications broken down by region
Items No. Region Nations Publication number
1 Asia Malaysia 2
Indonesia 3
India 8
Pakistan 1
USA 2
Bangladesh 1
China 1
Kazakhstan 1
2 North Africa Morocco 1
South Africa 1
Total 21

Table 4 and Figure 7 shows how research is distributed throughout various geographic areas. 19
of the 21 publications, or the bulk, were from different Asian nations. In addition, one research
from Africa and one from North Africa were published. According to statistics in Table 5, the
majority of papers were taken from famous publications that are listed in Google Scholar. One
single piece was taken from a reputable seminar. With seven papers chosen, the Computer &
Education journal came in first, followed by the Educational Technology & Society journal.

Table 5: sources for publications

Item Sources for publications Channel No. of articles

1. 2012 IEEE Control and System Graduate Research 1

Colloquium (ICSGRC)
2. EPJ Web of Conferences 2
3. 2009 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics 1
and Applications (ISIEA 2009)
4. 2019 3rd International Conference on Energy 1
Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE)
5. International Conference on Advanced Computing & 1
Communication Systems (ICACCS) Conference
6. IEEE – 40222 1
7. International Conference on electronics and 1
communication system (ICECS 2015)
8. Online international conference on green 1
engineering and technologies (IC-GET)
9. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science 1
Issues
10. International Conference on electronics and 1
communication system (ICECS 2015)
 11. Online international conference on green 1
engineering and technologies (IC-GET)
12. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science 1
Issues

13. Journal of Physics 1

14. MATEC Web of Conferences 164, 01020 (2018) Journal 1

15. Computer Engineering 1

16. International Association of Online Engineering 1

17. International Journal of Computer Applications 1

18. International Journal of Smart Home 1

19. International Journal of Engineering Research & 1

Technology (IJERT)

Q2: What is the quality assessment of the relevant publications, target Attendance
system using RFID, its practices and challenges research?

Each completed study received a QA score in accordance with the guidelines in "Research
Methodology" section B.3, as shown in Table 6. Less than four QA ratings were disregarded, with
values ranging from 4 to 8. This QA score may be helpful to IoT researchers in choosing pertinent
studies and resolving their usage and difficulties. The majority of articles published in Q1 journals
obtained the highest score, while a few lesser-known but nonetheless pertinent publications
received a score of 4. 19 of the 21 experiments received the top possible score of 8, demonstrating
compliance with all QA requirements. Nine studies, however, were given a score of 4, which is
the set's lowest QA rating.

Table 6: Rating for stable and recognized publication sources

Publication
Number +4 +3 +2 +1 0
of Source
Not JCR
1 Journal Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Ranking
Core Not Core
2 Conference Core A Core B Core C
A Ranking

Table 7 demonstrates the thorough categorization output and QA (Quality Assurance) of the
completed research. The stated research kinds served as the foundation for the taxonomy that is
described in section V. To raise the bar for quality, points were given to research that carefully
confirmed their findings by statistical analysis, experiments, surveys, or case studies. Only 8 out
of the 21 evaluations in category (c) of the quality assessment criteria did not provide empirical
results, earning them a score of 0. Similar to category (d) of the quality evaluation criteria, only
five studies received a score of 0, while the others received higher values, demonstrating their
suitability as trustworthy sources. The four studies with the lowest scores each earned one.
RFID is increasingly being used in a variety of industries, including transportation, agriculture,
and manufacturing. The laborious manual attendance system is one of the biggest issues in
educational institutions. Our intention is to use RFID technology to resolve this issue. The essential
components of the RFID system are RFID tags, readers, a backend storage system, and a central
section that houses all the electrical components. When it was initially presented in the late 1960s,
RFID technology wasn't particularly useful (Choudhury, 2017). We developed the questionnaire
as an essential instrument to identify and comprehend the most significant obstacles to tracking
attendance in Moroccan schools. At various school levels, the study focused on 411 teachers and
superintendents. By analyzing the approaches to managing absenteeism in schools, this survey
intends to investigate the causes of school absence. Our survey consists of a series of inquiries sent
frequently to a sample of instructors in order to gather data on how to address student absence (El
Mrabet & Moussa, 2020).
The students might be given RFID tags with their roll numbers on them. A copper coil within an
RFID reader serves as an antenna. Due to the mutual inductance energy, data is conveyed to the
reader when the tag is brought close to it. The microcontroller receives the data after which it
continually checks for it. After then, the data is kept in a database. If the tag is legitimate, only
then does the microcontroller take the attendance (Joshi et al., 2021). A number of repairable units
make up each circuit's whole arrangement. The selection of materials was focused on budget,
competency, robustness, and availability in order to have a project that was deserving, long-lasting,
and cost-effective. This article explores the creation of an intra-connected configuration of RFID
readers inside a learning environment using a typical structural design. Users may then readily
access the registered data that is kept in the database and approach the data for further
administration using applications such as Microsoft Excel (Bakht et al., 2019).
A label, which is actually a little silicon chip and radio wire, is used to identify anything. RFID
scanners use radio waves to scan the labels on moving or stationary objects. The RFID reader must
scan over the label on which the data is stored before sending it to a database, which interprets the
label (Senthilkumar et al., 2020). The hardware's job is to read a signal produced by the tag in
order to determine the tag ID. The database will receive the tag data before sending it on to the
software program for additional data processing and analysis. The program is in charge of handling
database-related tasks, processing data, and generating output in the form of reports and graphs.
Numerous services might be employed once data has been gathered and saved in the database
(Shah & Abuzneid, 2019).
 Table 7: Quality Control
Classification Quality Control
Ref. P. Year Type of
Method Methodologies (a) (b) (c) (d) Score
Channel Publication Research
Solution
1. 2009 Experiment Prototype 1 0 1 1 3
Suggestions

Experiment
2. 2012 1 2 1 4 8
and Survey
Framework
3. 2012 Survey proposed 1 1 1 2 5
Research
4. 2014 Experiment 1 2 1 2 6
Evaluation
5. 2014 Survey 1 2 1 4 8

6. 2015 Experiment 1 2 1 4 8

7. 2015 Survey 1 2 1 4 8
Solution
8. 2015 1 1 1 3 6
Suggestions Learning tool
Research Experiments
9. Research 2016 1 1 1 1 4
Evaluation
Journal Solution
10. 2016 1 2 1 4 8
Suggestions
Research Experiment +
11. 2017 1 2 1 4 8
Evaluation Survey
Solution
Experiment + Framework
12. 2018 Suggestions 1 1 0 1 3
Survey proposed
13. 2019 Experiment Methodology 1 2 1 4 8

14. 2019 Survey Learning tool 1 2 1 4 8

Solution Experiment
15. 2019 1 1 1 1 4
Suggestions and Survey Framework
Experiment proposed
16. 2020 1 4 1 2 8
and survey
17. 2020 Framework 1 0 0 4 5
18. 2021 2 1 1 0 4
19. 2021 Research Survey 2 1 2 1 6
Methodology
20. 2021 Evaluation 1 1 1 1 4
21. 2022 1 2 1 4 8

Table 8. Summary
Sr.
References Score
No
1 (Choudhury, 2017; Nurbek & Selim, 2012; Olanipekun & Boyinbode, 2015; 8
Santoso & Sari, 2019; Senthilkumar et al., 2020; Shah & Abuzneid, 2019; Sharma
& Aarthy, 2016; Singh et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2022; Yadav & Nainan, 2014)
3 (Makutunowicz & Konorski, 2014; Mishra et al., 2015; Naen et al., 2021) 6
4 (Kassim et al., 2012; Revathi et al., 2020) 5
5 (Santoso & Sari, 2019; Sharma & Aarthy, 2016; Ula et al., 2021) 4
RQ3: What are the key components, features and benefits of implementing smart attendance
system, and how does it contribute to creating sustainable and efficient attendance system?
The Table 8 offers a comprehensive overview of the key components, features, and benefits entailed
in deploying a smart attendance system. This sophisticated system harnesses diverse hardware and
software elements to establish a streamlined and eco-friendly attendance recording process in
educational institutes.

Table 8: Benefits and Features

Contribution
to Sustainable
Key
Aspect Features Benefits and Efficient
Components
Attendance
System
Hardware RFID Readers, Automated Accurate and Real- Reduces Paper
Components Biometric Data Capture time Attendance Usage and
Scanners, etc. Recording Waste
Touch less Enhanced Security Lower
Authentication and Prevention of Environmental
Fraud Impact
High Speed Swift and Efficient
Data Transfer Data Processing
Software Cloud-based Cloud Storage Centralized Data Minimizes
Functionality Database, and Access and Storage Physical
Analytics Tools Management Storage
Requirements
Data Analytics Advanced Facilitates
and Reporting Attendance Informed
Analysis and Decision
Insights Making
Mobile Convenient Access Reduces the
Application for Students and Need for
for Users Faculty Printed
Attendance
Lists
Integration and API, Integration Integration Seamless Maximize the
Scalability with LMS with Existing Incorporation with Use of Existing
Systems Educational Recourses
Infrastructure
Scalability and Easily Future Proof
Expandability Accommodates System with
Growing Institutes Room for
and Campuses Expansion
Environmental Energy Efficient Low Power Reduced Energy Contribution to
Impact Hardware Consumption Usage and Carbon Sustainability
Footprint Goals of the
Institution
Paperless Minimizes Paper Supports Eco-
Attendance Waste and friendly
Processing Environmental Initiatives of
Impact the Institution
 Data Privacy Encryption Data Data Ensures Mitigates Risks
and Security Transmission Protection Confidentiality and of Data
Measures Privacy of Breaches and
Attendance Data Unauthorized
Access
Role-based Restricts
Access Unauthorized Data
Control Access
Secure Ensures Only
Authentication Authorized Users
Methods Can Marks
Attendance

Incorporating a smart attendance system yields a multitude of advantages, encompassing precise

attendance records, heightened security, effortless data accessibility, and well-informed decision-
making. Furthermore, the system's sustainable attributes, such as diminished paper usage and
minimized energy consumption, harmonize with the institution's environmental objectives,
rendering it a valuable asset in crafting an efficient, eco-friendly, and progressive attendance
system. In most colleges, instructors take attendance by calling out students' names and surnames,
marking them, whereas in other institutions, instructors dole out sheets of paper and instruct
students to sign the sheet of paper next to their surnames. Both methods have disadvantages. In
the first scenario, verifying all of the students by name and surname who come to the session in
several groups may take around ten minutes out of each lesson; in the second scenario, friends of
missing students can jot down the names and surnames of the students who aren't there. When it
comes to recording attendance, these procedures significantly harm university instructors and their
organizations. We have chosen to use the RFID-card in order to address these recurring issues.
Each card has a unique ID that prevents card duplication (Nurbek & Selim, 2012).
The RFID scanner instantly reads a student's ID as soon as they walk into the class and sends
information to the PC. This ID is transmitted to the computer, where the system will use it to
compare the information with data in the database. The system then uses the given internet network
to upload the statistics data for the current ID to the database server. Data about students who are
present or not in a certain lecture, as well as student attendance time, will be stored in a database
on the server. Professors may obtain database information for use in assessing attendance (Shah
& Abuzneid, 2019). The hardware and software components make up the two primary sections of
the creation of the RFID-based automated attendance system. The RFID reader, tags, and host
computer make up the hardware component. The host system program, created using VB.net and
integrated with a Microsoft Access database, is the software component. The system allows the
administrator or lecturer to log in and use the application, which keeps a record of the ID, time,
and date of each student who enters the lecture hall for class. Additionally, it may register new
students by utilizing each tag's ID (Shah & Abuzneid, 2019).
The two types of tags utilized are active tags and passive tags. The amount of energy that each tag
has stored within it determines how long it can last. Active tags have two power options: they may
link to a powered infrastructure or draw power from the internal battery. The advantage of passive
tags is that they often do not require batteries and don't require maintenance. The tags have a long
lifespan and are small enough to fit within a useful sticky label. A passive tag consists of three
components: an antenna, a semiconductor chip, and some kind of encapsulation. When a passive
RFID tag is brought close to an RFID tag reader, it powers up and simultaneously transfers data
to the reader (Konatham et al., 2016). The tag antenna absorbs the energy and transmits the ID of
the tag. A gear motor, a DC motor, generates high torque at a low speed. The door is connected to
a motor shaft. The DC motor is connected to the microcontroller by a driver. GSM devices are
used to transmit mobile voice and data services. GSM utilizes TDMA to transfer speech or data in
different time slots. A GSM modem is attached to the microcontroller. The microcontroller uses
UART, which is controlled by AT instructions that are transmitted from the microcontroller to the
modem (Konatham et al., 2016).
The hardware and software are required to construct the RFID Based Student Attendance System
with Notification to Parents Using GSM. This system includes a professor and student automated
attendance mechanism. Both the lecturer and the student must use their RFID cards to record their
attendance while entering the classroom. After processing through the microcontroller, this
attendance will be sent to a central computer where it will be kept. Notification of a student's
absence from class will be given to the student's parents (Yadav & Nainan, 2014). The proposed
system shows an automated roll call that may identify pupils who are present or not. This
information is sent to cloud storage in order to keep track of each student's attendance and
attendance status. Cloud storage, administration, and user node are the three components of work
flow. User modules include sensors, and management modules (classrooms) recognize user sensor
data (Mon et al., 2019).
When a student is registered, the management module sends tag data to cloud storage and verifies
the tag to see if the student is registered. Valid student information is saved to cloud storage via
the network and an internet application interface so that it may be accessed whenever necessary to
display the student's status in real time. Locally, the management module operated. It gets data
from the user node and transmits it over the Wi-Fi module to the cloud storage. This framework's
suggested use of cloud storage includes a system with both storage space and an application. Data
is obtained and saved to cloud storage using it. Cloud storage aids in preserving all presence
information on each person's attendance status (Mon et al., 2019). The adoption of a smart
attendance system offers potential to raise intelligence levels and advance ICT abilities (El Mrabet
& Moussa, 2020).

RQ4: How can the integration of various IoT devices and technologies improve the quality
of attendance for schools, colleges, and institutions with smart attendance systems?

The advent of IoT technologies has heralded a new era of progress in educational institutes,
revolutionizing both classroom experiences and safety protocols. The varied array of
implementations observed in universities and colleges serves as a testament to the remarkable
adaptability and versatility of IoT solutions within educational settings. Embracing these cutting-
edge technologies empowers institutes to cultivate highly interactive, streamlined, and secure
learning environments, benefiting both students and staff alike as shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Usage of IoT Devices and Technologies in Educational Institutes
Sr. Educational IOT technologies in Use Purpose of IoT implementation
institute
1. University RFID reader, LED, Buzzer, LCD, Enhance Class-room Experience
Network, microcontroller.
RFID reader, Computer, Graphical Improve Security and Safety
2. user interface, database
3. RFID Tag/key, RFID Reader, Improve Security and Safety
GSM Module, database
4. RFID Card, RFID Reader, Camera, uniqueness, stability, permanency
PC, Database and easily taking
5. RFID reader, microcontroller, save time and Streamline
database, GSM. Attendance Tracking
6. RFID tags, RFID card reader, Improve Security and Safety
Cloud, Camera,
7. College Microcontroller (RTC), Enhance Classroom Experience
(EEPROM), Keypad, LCD, and Improve Security and Safety
ZigBee module. Raspberry Pi.
8. RFID reader, microcontroller, Enhance Classroom Experience
Arduino Uno, LCD, cloud database
9. University RFID reader, Camera, Streamline Attendance Tracking
microcontroller, LCD, Database
10. RFID tags, RFID reader, Database Enhance Classroom Experience
11. RFID tag, RFID reader, Improve Security and Safety
microcontroller, pc, buzzer, LCD
12. Smart card, RF reader, database, Streamline Attendance Tracking
Arduino, LCD, RTC module, and Improve Security and Safety
solenoid Lock

IoT is a new paradigm in which everything can be connected to other things in order to immediately
identify physical items and transport, store, and analyze data between the real world and the virtual
world at any time and from any location (El Mrabet & Moussa, 2020). One of the automated
identifying technologies in recent years is RFID. In order to fully utilize this technology, there is
much research and development being done in this field. In the upcoming years, a number of new
applications and research areas will continue to emerge. Numerous applications, including
inventory management, product tracking during manufacturing and assembly, parking lot access
and control, bank locker security systems, automatic toll collection systems (ATCS), library
management systems (LMS), attendance management systems, etc., have made extensive use of
RFID systems (Yadav & Nainan, 2014).
The essential components of the RFID system are RFID tags, readers, a backend storage system,
and a central section that houses all the electrical components. This RFID-based attendance system
is particularly user-friendly for commercial usage and contains a storage system that stores the
individual identification number of the student or employee (Choudhury, 2017). The goal is to
streamline the high school attendance tracking process, look at methods to cut down on absences,
and improve cooperation between parents and the school. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a
worldwide network architecture that links numerous items to the Internet in order to share
information and perform intelligent identification. Kevin Ashton originally used the phrase in 1999
(El Mrabet & Moussa, 2020).
The use of RFID tags allows school/college administration to monitor student mobility across the
campus (Shah & Abuzneid, 2019). The primary purpose of an RFID project is to automatically
track employee or student attendance. The use of new technology helps to improve technique and
reduce human mistake. The goal of the suggested system is to identify an automated method for
tracking university student attendance. The class list is used to complete the roll call system for
students, and it takes time and energy to check on students' attendance, thus the suggested approach
suggests that teaching will take up a lot of teacher time and resources. Therefore, it is very
important to employ effective and current methods in order to avoid wasting time and energy.
Thus, an automatic and universal attendance system might be implemented. In comparison to the
conventional approach of looking at students, an automated system can provide greater routine
and efficiency (Mon et al., 2019).
Data input is more timely and accurate thanks to the automatic ID and data gathering technology
known as RFID. Microchip and radio frequency technology are combined in RFID to provide a
smart system for the identification, monitoring, security, and inventory of things (Aravindhan et
al., 2021). In order to maintain track of the number of pupils present in classrooms, institutions, or
other settings, attendance is used. It is a crucial component of upholding order among employees
in a business and providing high-quality instruction in schools and universities. If someone
deviates from the established norms, correct action may be done (Ali et al., 2022; Singh et al.,
2015). Automatic attendance tracking saves a professor time and improves parent-child
communication. This takes time and bothers the lecturer and students alike (Konatham et al.,
2016).

RQ5: What impact does the incorporation of smart system solutions have on the overall growth
and effectiveness of the smart attendance system?
The integration of smart system solutions yields significant benefits for the overall growth and
effectiveness of a smart attendance system. Consider the following impacts:

Streamlined Automation and Enhanced Efficiency: Smart system solutions automate various
attendance tracking processes, such as data collection, analysis, and reporting. This reduces the
need for manual effort and ensures accurate and timely attendance management (Asadov, 2023).
Real-time Tracking: Smart attendance systems equipped with smart system solutions enable real-
time tracking of attendance data. This feature delivers instant updates and notifications about
attendance status, facilitating prompt intervention and improved decision-making (Srinidhi & Roy,
2015).
Improved Data Accuracy and Reliability: By incorporating smart system solutions, the smart
attendance system minimizes human errors and inconsistencies in attendance data. Automated data
collection methods, including biometric recognition and RFID technology, guarantee precise and
dependable attendance records (Rana, 2021).
Enhanced Security Measures: Smart system solutions bolster the security of the attendance
system by implementing features such as biometric authentication or facial recognition. These
measures effectively prevent buddy punching or fraudulent attendance practices, ensuring that
only authorized individuals are accounted for (Makutunowicz & Konorski, 2014).
Scalability and Flexibility: Smart system solutions offer scalability, allowing the attendance
system to adapt and cater to the evolving needs of an organization. These solutions can effortlessly
handle varying attendance volumes, making them suitable for both small and large scale
applications (Kuppusamy, 2019).
Advanced Data Analysis and Insights: The integration of smart system solutions empowers the
smart attendance system with advanced data analysis capabilities. By analyzing attendance data,
organizations can discern patterns, trends, and insights that optimize workforce management,
identify attendance patterns, and improve overall productivity (Inamdar & Aswani).
Time and Cost Savings: Smart system solutions streamline attendance management processes,
resulting in time and cost savings. The automation of data collection and analysis eliminates the
need for manual entry and calculation, freeing up administrative staff to focus on other critical
tasks (Bharathy et al., 2021).
Seamless Integration with Other Systems: Smart system solutions seamlessly integrate with
other systems, such as payroll or HR systems. This seamless integration facilitates efficient data
exchange, eliminates duplicate data entry, and improves overall data accuracy (Zorić et al., 2019).
Improved Compliance Adherence: Smart attendance systems equipped with smart system
solutions assist organizations in adhering to regulatory and compliance requirements. These
solutions generate detailed attendance reports, audit trails, and compliance documentation,
ensuring compliance with labor laws and regulations (Dixon & Abuzneid, 2020).
Remote and Mobile Access: Smart system solutions often provide remote and mobile access to
attendance data. This feature enables authorized personnel to conveniently access attendance
information from anywhere, facilitating flexible work arrangements and enabling real-time
monitoring and management (Singhal & Gujral, 2012).
Customization and Adaptability: Smart system solutions provide organizations with the ability
to customize the smart attendance system to align with specific organizational needs.
Administrators can configure attendance rules, generate customized reports, and adapt the system
to evolving requirements, ensuring a tailored solution (Arbanowski et al., 2004).
Enhanced Employee Experience: Implementing a smart attendance system with smart system
solutions elevates the overall employee experience. Employees benefit from streamlined
attendance processes, reduced paperwork, and increased transparency, resulting in heightened
satisfaction and engagement among the workforce (LinkedIn).
Predictive Analytics: Advanced smart system solutions leverage predictive analytics algorithms
to forecast attendance patterns, identify potential issues, and optimize resource allocation. This
proactive approach empowers organizations to effectively manage attendance-related challenges
and make data-driven decisions to enhance operational efficiency (LinkedIn).
Environmental Sustainability: By replacing manual attendance tracking methods with smart
system solutions, organizations actively contribute to environmental sustainability. The reduction
in paper usage and energy consumption associated with traditional attendance systems
significantly lowers the carbon footprint, aligning with eco-friendly practices (Revathi et al.,
2020).
Analytics-driven Insights: Smart system solutions offer comprehensive analytics and insights
into attendance patterns and trends. Through the analysis of attendance data, organizations gain
valuable insights into employee behavior, identify areas for improvement, and make informed
decisions to optimize workforce management (Mridha & Yousef, 2021).
Resource Optimization: With smart system solutions, organizations can optimize resources based
on attendance data. By understanding attendance patterns and demand, resources can be allocated
efficiently, ensuring the appropriate number of staff members are present at any given time to meet
operational requirements (Naen et al., 2021).
Proactive Attendance Management: Smart system solutions enable organizations to proactively
manage attendance-related issues. Automated notifications can be configured to alert managers or
supervisors about attendance discrepancies, facilitating prompt action, addressing concerns, and
ensuring compliance with attendance policies (Kamel et al., 2021).
Seamless Integration with Existing Infrastructure: Smart system solutions are meticulously
designed to seamlessly integrate with existing infrastructure, such as access control systems or
time clocks. This integration streamlines the attendance management process, creating a unified
and efficient system while reducing complexities and improving overall performance (LinkedIn).
Mobility and Flexibility: Smart system solutions often provide mobile applications or web
interfaces, empowering employees to conveniently mark their attendance using smartphones or
tablets. This mobility and flexibility enhance employee convenience, enabling accurate
attendance tracking even for remote or off-site workers (Sandhya et al., 2022).
Improved Decision-Making: By harnessing the insights provided by smart system solutions,
organizations can make data-driven decisions regarding workforce planning, scheduling, and
resource allocation. These informed decisions lead to improved operational efficiency and
productivity, maximizing organizational outcomes (Zhao et al., 2022).
Promoting Employee Accountability: Smart attendance systems equipped with smart system
solutions foster a culture of employee accountability. By maintaining accurate and transparent
attendance records, employees are well aware that their attendance is under close monitoring. This
heightened awareness acts as a deterrent against absenteeism, late arrivals, and other attendance-
related issues (Barth, 1992).
Ensuring Enhanced Data Security: Smart system solutions prioritize data security through the
implementation of robust encryption, access controls, and data backup mechanisms. These
measures safeguard attendance data, ensuring its protection and confidentiality. By complying
with privacy regulations, organizations mitigate the risk of data breaches and maintain the integrity
of attendance information (Mishra et al., 2015).
Facilitating Continuous System Improvement: Smart system solutions often incorporate
feedback mechanisms and analytics tools, enabling organizations to gather insights on system
performance and user experience. This valuable feedback serves as a basis for ongoing
improvements to the smart attendance system, addressing usability or functionality gaps and
ensuring continuous enhancements (Arulogun et al., 2013).
Scalability to Accommodate Growing Organizations: Smart system solutions offer scalability,
making them suitable for growing organizations. As the workforce expands, the smart attendance
system seamlessly scales to handle the increased volume of attendance data. This scalability
ensures consistent system performance and accommodates the evolving needs of the organization
(Samaddar et al., 2023).
RQ6: What are the main guiding principles, best practices, and difficulties discovered in
IoT in the attendance system?
In the realm of IoT within the attendance system, a range of guiding principles, best practices, and
challenges have emerged.
Guiding Principles:
The guiding principles that govern the application of IoT in attendance systems center on
fundamental values and essential considerations. These principles are designed to facilitate the
seamless integration and operation of IoT Technologies in attendance tracking, promoting
efficiency, security, and reliability. The following are some several key guiding principles to
consider:
Security and Privacy: It is imperative to prioritize security measures and safeguard the privacy of
attendance data. Robust encryption, access controls, and data anonymization should be
implemented to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of data (Nguyen et al., 2022).
Interoperability: Emphasizing interoperability among diverse IoT devices and platforms enables
seamless integration and efficient data exchange. Adhering to standardized protocols and open
APIs fosters compatibility and facilitates system scalability (Abounassar et al., 2022; LinkedIn).
Data Accuracy and Reliability: Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of attendance data is crucial.
Implementing redundant data collection mechanisms, such as employing multiple sensors or
biometric authentication, helps minimize errors and inconsistencies (LinkedIn).
Data Governance: Implementing comprehensive data governance practices ensures the
responsible and ethical management of attendance data throughout its lifecycle, including
collection, storage, usage, and disposal (Rana, 2021).
Scalability and Flexibility: Designing the attendance system with scalability and flexibility as key
considerations allows for seamless expansion and adaptation to changing organizational
requirements. This encompasses accommodating new IoT devices, managing increased data
volumes, and integrating with other systems (Kuppusamy, 2019).
Standards and Interoperability: Adhering to industry standards and promoting interoperability
among IoT devices and systems ensures compatibility, seamless integration, and future scalability
(LinkedIn).
User-Centric Design: Placing emphasis on user experience and designing the attendance system
with the end-users in mind fosters user adoption and engagement. Intuitive interfaces, clear
instructions, and simplified workflows enhance usability (Nguyen et al., 2022).
Best Practices:
The phrase "best practices in IoT for the attendance system" refers to a group of suggested methods
and tactics that are intended to maximize the use and use of IoT technology for tracking attendance.
These procedures have been carefully designed to raise the IoT-based attendance system's overall
efficacy, efficiency, and performance. Here are a few essential best practices to think about:
Scalable Architecture: Designing a scalable architecture allows the attendance system to
accommodate growing data volumes as the organization expands. Leveraging cloud-based
solutions and edge computing technologies aids in managing large-scale deployments effectively
(Nguyen et al., 2022).
Real-time Data Processing: Processing attendance data in real time enables instant updates and
notifications. Employing edge computing or edge analytics minimizes latency, ensuring prompt
system responsiveness (Srinidhi & Roy, 2015).
Data Analytics and Insights: Leveraging data analytics techniques allows organizations to derive
valuable insights from attendance data. Identifying attendance patterns, optimizing resource
allocation, and detecting anomalies enhance decision-making and operational efficiency (Mridha
& Yousef, 2021).
User-friendly Interfaces: Developing user-friendly interfaces for both administrators and
employees simplifies system usage and encourages widespread adoption. Intuitive dash boards,
mobile applications, and self-service options enhance the user experience and drive engagement
(Nguyen et al., 2022).
Energy Efficiency: Optimizing the energy consumption of IoT devices and infrastructure not only
reduces operational costs but also supports sustainable practices. By incorporating power saving
features, efficient communication protocols, and effective device management strategies,
organizations can enhance energy efficiency (Naen et al., 2021).
Remote Monitoring and Maintenance: Leveraging remote monitoring and maintenance
capabilities minimizes the need for physical intervention. Remote diagnostics, firmware updates,
and proactive device management enhance system uptime while minimizing disruptions (Singhal
& Gujral, 2012).
Data Analytics for Decision-making: Employing advanced data analytics techniques such as
machine learning and predictive analytics on attendance data empowers organizations to extract
meaningful insights. These insights enable informed decision-making in areas such as workforce
management, resource allocation, and operational planning (Nguyen et al., 2022).
Redundancy and Resilience: Implementing redundant components and backup systems ensures
high availability and resilience. This includes redundancy in data storage, failover mechanisms,
and the establishment of comprehensive disaster recovery plans to mitigate service disruptions
(Nguyen et al., 2022).
Regular System Maintenance: Implementing routine maintenance procedures, including device
updates, security patches, and performance optimizations, ensures the ongoing reliability and
stability of the IoT-based attendance system (Nguyen et al., 2022).
Data Backup and Recovery: Implementing regular data backup mechanisms and disaster recovery
plans safeguards attendance data from potential loss or corruption. This includes offsite backups,
redundant storage systems, and data replication strategies (Nguyen et al., 2022).
Difficulties:
In the context of IoT in the attendance system, difficulties encompass the array of challenges and
obstacles that organizations might confront while deploying, running, and maintaining IoT
technologies for attendance tracking. The nature of these difficulties may fluctuate based on the
unique circumstances and intricacies of the IoT-based attendance system. Among the common
challenges encountered are the following:
Connectivity and Network Reliability: Ensuring reliable connectivity between IoT devices and the
network infrastructure can be challenging, especially in remote or complex environments.
Implementing network redundancies and robust connectivity solutions becomes crucial for
maintaining seamless system functionality (Nadhan et al., 2022).
Data Security and Privacy Risks: IoT devices and data transmission channels introduce potential
security vulnerabilities. Protecting data from unauthorized access, mitigating cyber threats, and
complying with privacy regulations pose ongoing challenges (Abounassar et al., 2022).
Data Integration and Interoperability: Integrating data from diverse IoT devices and platforms
can be complex. Varied data formats, protocols, and compatibility issues necessitate meticulous
planning and implementation of data integration strategies (Abounassar et al., 2022; LinkedIn).
System Complexity and Scalability: Deploying and managing a large-scale IoT attendance system
requires careful handling due to inherent intricacies. Ensuring system scalability, addressing
infrastructure requirements, and effectively managing device provisioning and firmware updates
demand comprehensive planning and allocation of resources (Abounassar et al., 2022; LinkedIn)..
Change Management and Adoption: Implementing IoT technologies in the attendance system
often necessitates organizational and cultural changes. Overcoming resistance to change,
providing adequate training, and fostering user acceptance become vital for successful adoption
(Sneesl et al., 2022).
Interoperability Challenges: Integrating diverse IoT devices from different manufacturers and
ensuring seamless interoperability can be a challenge due to varying protocols, standards, and
compatibility issues. Overcoming these challenges requires meticulous planning and collaborative
efforts (Abounassar et al., 2022; LinkedIn).
Data Privacy and Consent: Managing data privacy and obtaining user consent can be complex,
particularly when biometric data is involved. Organizations must navigate legal and ethical
considerations, adhere to privacy regulations, and establish transparent policies regarding data
collection and usage (Nguyen et al., 2022).
Data Integration and Management: Integrating attendance data from multiple sources, such as
Access control systems, biometric devices, and sensors, can be intricate. Ensuring data
consistency, synchronization, and quality across different systems and platforms poses significant
data management challenges (Zorić et al., 2019).
Cost Considerations: The implementation of IoT-based attendance systems entails substantial
upfront costs, including device procurement, infrastructure setup, and system integration.
Organizations must conduct a thorough assessment of the return on investment (ROI) and carefully
evaluate long-term cost implications (Santoso & Sari, 2019).
Connectivity and Network Infrastructure: Establishing reliable connectivity between IoT devices
and the network infrastructure can be challenging, particularly in large or geographically dispersed
environments. Overcoming connectivity issues and ensuring adequate network coverage are
critical (Hossain et al., 2019).
Data Integration and Management Complexity: Managing and integrating attendance data from
multiple sources, such as biometric devices, access control systems, and IoT sensors, can be
complex. Organizations must address data format inconsistencies, data quality assurance, and data
governance challenges (Hossain et al., 2019).
System Security Vulnerabilities: IoT-based attendance systems may be vulnerable to security
breaches, including unauthorized access, data manipulation, or denial-of-service attacks.
Implementing robust security measures, such as authentication protocols, encryption, and intrusion
detection systems, is essential (Hossain et al., 2019).
Privacy and Compliance: Collecting and managing personal attendance data raises privacy
concerns and requires compliance with applicable data protection regulations. Organizations must
ensure compliance with privacy laws, obtain necessary consents, and establish transparent data
handling practices (Hossain et al., 2019).
Data Volume and Analytics: Large amounts of attendance data created by IoT devices can be
difficult to manage and analyze in terms of data storage, processing power, and gaining useful
insights. To extract value from the data, organizations need use scalable data storage systems and
cutting-edge analytics methods (Hossain et al., 2019).

Taxonomy
Security
Vulnerabilities

Challenges Initial Cost

Technical
Issues
Smart
RFID Attendance
system scalabilities
and flexibility

IoT Benefits Environmental

beefits

Time and
resourse saving

Figure 8: Taxonomy
The Figure 8 depicts the intricate interconnections among diverse concepts in the realm of IoT,
centering on RFID technology and its implementation in Smart Attendance Systems. Additionally,
the diagram explores the challenges and advantages entailed in the adoption of these systems. The
diagram highlights the substantial role of IoT, particularly with the integration of RFID
technology, in advancing and implementing Smart Attendance Systems within educational
institutions. Despite the existence of challenges, the benefits derived from these systems surpass
any obstacles, providing educational institutions with an effective, secure, and technologically
sophisticated method for managing attendance data.
Conclusion:
This comprehensive study of the literature intended to discover emerging research directions in
RFID-based IoT-based attendance systems. To provide a complete discussion of the problems and
potential solutions in this field, the literature was carefully examined. The search was conducted
using a wide range of well-known terms associated with smart attendance systems, and the
outcomes were carefully reviewed. The search, which included research up to that point, was
wrapped up in August 2023. In the investigation, 21 out of 1450 papers from the Google Scholar
core collection were chosen for evaluation. Notably, all but one of the selected pieces came from
conferences, and the bulk were published in respected publications. Most of the selected research
was evidence-based, highlighting the numerous benefits that a Smart attendance system can offer
for both teachers and students. Attendance system emerged as a frequent key aspect, with a
particular emphasis on language learning strategies and evaluating students' performance. On the
other hand, specific aspects of the attendance system emerged as a frequent key aspect, with a
particular emphasis on language learning strategies and evaluating students' performance. The
SLR found some shortcomings, especially in terms of study methods, the precision of data
collecting, and probable misclassification. The method of employing distinct terms from the
Google Scholar core collection repository, however, helped to reduce the possibility of selection
mistakes. Specific inclusion/exclusion rules were adopted, and all data extractions were evaluated
by two independent specialists in order to allay external concerns. This comprehensive evaluation
of the literature offers important new information about the current state of study on RFID-based
IoT-based attendance systems. The results highlight how these tools might completely change how
attendance is tracked in educational settings. The use of an evidence-based methodology and an
in-depth analysis of research trends expands the body of knowledge in this area and paves the way
for smart attendance system enhancements in the future.

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