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    Z Transform

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    jasmhmyd205
    The document discusses the z-transform, which is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform. It defines the z-transform and provides examples of calculating z-transforms of different sequences. The document also covers properties of the z-transform and using it to solve difference equations.

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    Z Transform

    Uploaded by

    jasmhmyd205
    6 views12 pages
    The document discusses the z-transform, which is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform. It defines the z-transform and provides examples of calculating z-transforms of different sequences. The document also covers properties of the z-transform and using it to solve difference equations.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses the z-transform, which is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform. It defines the z-transform and provides examples of calculating z-transforms of different sequences. The document also covers properties of the z-transform and using it to solve difference equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views12 pages

    Z Transform

    Uploaded by

    jasmhmyd205
    The document discusses the z-transform, which is the discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform. It defines the z-transform and provides examples of calculating z-transforms of different sequences. The document also covers properties of the z-transform and using it to solve difference equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    Z Transform

    4.1 INTRODUCTION

    The z-transform is a useful tool in the analysis of discrete-time signals and systems and is the
    discrete-time counterpart of the Laplace transform for continuous-time signals and systems.
    The z-transform may be used to solve constant coefficient difference equations, evaluate the
    response of a linear time-invariant system to a given input, and design linear filters. In this
    chapter, we will look at the z-transform and examine how it may be used to solve a variety of
    different problems.

    DEFINITION OF THE Z-TRANSFORM

    We saw that the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of a sequence .c(n) is equal to the
    sum

    The z-transform is a generalization of the DTFT that allows one to deal with such sequences
    and is defined as follows:
    Definition: The z-transform of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined by

    Many of the signals of interest in digital signal processing have z-transforms that are rational
    functions of z:

    Factoring the numerator and denominator polynomials, a rational z-transform may be


    expressed as follows:

    1
    The roots of the numerator polynomial, βk, are referred to as the zeros of X(z), and the roots

    of the denominator polynomial, αk, are referred to as the poles. The poles and zeros uniquely
    define the functional form of a rational z-transform to within a constant.

    Example 6.1.1 Determine the Z-transforms of the following finite-duration signals.

    (a) 𝑥(𝑛) = (1 ,2 ,5 ,7 ,0 ,1}

    X (z) = 1 + 2𝑧−1 + 5𝑧−2 + 7 𝑧 −3 + 𝑧−5, ROC: entire z-plane except z = 0

    𝑥(𝑛) = (1 ,2 ,5 ,7 ,0 ,1}
    (b) ↑
    X (z) = 𝑧2 + 2𝑧 + 5 + 7 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧−3, ROC: entire z-plane except z = 0 & z = ∞

    (c) 𝑥(𝑛) = (0, 0,1 ,2 ,5 ,7 ,0 ,1}

    X (z) = 𝑧−2 + 2𝑧−3 + 5𝑧−4 + 7 𝑧 −5 + 𝑧−7, ROC: entire z-plane except z = 0

    (d) 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛) X (z) = 1 ROC: entire z-plane

    (e) 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛 − 𝑘) X (z) = 𝑧 −𝑘 ROC: entire z-plane except z = 0


    (f) 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛 + 𝑘) X (z) = 𝑧 𝑘 ROC: entire z-plane except z =∞

    EXAMPLE 6.2.1 Let us find the z-transform of the sequence 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛼𝑛𝑢(𝑛). Using the
    definition of the z-transform and the geometric series given in Table 1 -I, we have

    The region of convergence is the exterior of a circle defined by the set of points |𝑍| > |∝ |

    2
    EXAMPLE 6.2.2 Let us find the z-transform of the sequence 𝑥(𝑛) = −𝑎𝑛𝑢(−𝑛 − 1).
    Proceeding as in the previous example. we have

    The region of convergence is the exterior of a circle defined by the set of points |𝑍| > |∝|

    3
    1
    EXAMPLE 6.2.3 Find the z-transform of 𝑥(𝑛) = ( )𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 2𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1), and
    2
    find another signal that has the same z-transform but a different region of convergence.

    Here we have a sum of two sequences. Therefore, we may find the z-transform of each
    sequence separately and add them together. From Example 4.2.1, we know that the z-transform
    1 𝑛
    of
    𝑥1(𝑛) = ( ) 𝑢(𝑛)
    2

    From Example 4.2.1, we know that the z-transform of 𝑥2(𝑛) = − 2𝑛𝑢(−𝑛 − 1)

    Therefore, the z-transform of 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥1(𝑛) + 𝑥2(𝑛) is

    The region of convergence ROC 1 < 𝑍 < 2


    2

    4
    Example Find z-transform of the following sequences.

    Z-Transform Properties

    5
    6
    Inverse z-Transform

    7
    Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction

    8
    9
    Difference Equation Using Z-Transform

    The procedure to solve difference equation using z-transform:

    1. 1Apply z-transform to the difference equation.


    2. Substitute the initial conditions.
    3. Solve for the difference equation in z-transform domain.
    4. Find the solution in time domain by applying the inverse z-transform.

    10
    11
    12

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