Cement

Pumping time
The cement slurry must stay liquid long enough for the cement to be
pumped into place. The pumping time is the estimated time that it will take
from the start of mixing cement to the time that the plug is bumped, and the
cement is in place. The thickening time is the time from when the cement is
.mixed until the cement is too thick to move
The thickening time of the cement slurry needs to be longer than the
pump time and include some contingency time. Contingency time should
.be agreed between the drilling engineer and the cementer before the job
,Contingency time may be calculated as 2h, or half of the slurry pump time
,whichever is longer. However, if early compressive strength is required
such as for kick-off plugs or shallow casing strings, and the pump time is
short, the contingency time may be reduced. Reducing the thickening time
adds operational risk but increasing the thickening time too much also adds
.risk to the set performance of the cement
.Thickening time of a slurry is measured by the thickening time test
Rheological stability 5.7.2.5
The cement slurry should perform consistently throughout the placement
process so that the placement will have predictable pressures and displacement
characteristics. The best slurries do not have excessive free-fluid development or settling
.tendencies which can be measured in the laboratory
Slurries also go through significant temperature and pressure changes
during the placement processes. In deep-water wells, the slurry may be
cooled to sea floor temperatures, as cool as 40°F, before heating up to the
bottom hole temperatures, higher than 250°F. The more consistent the rheology is through the
.temperature and pressure changes, the easier it is to predict the placement pressures
Static gel strength development 5.7.2.6
The time the slurry takes to change from a liquid to a solid is related to the
risk of gas migration. The slurry maintains a hydrostatic force on the formation when it is a
liquid. At the point where it reaches the critical static gel
strength (CSGS), gas can migrate into the slurry. Once the slurry reaches 500
pounds per 100ft2, it is considered impermeable to gas. The time that it takes
for the slurry to go from the CSGS to 500 pounds/100ft2 is called the critical
.gel strength period (CGSP)
:The equation for CSGS is described in the following equation
¼ CSGS
ð Þ OBP ð Þ 300
ð Þ L=Deff
Fluid loss control

,Fluid loss from a cement slurry occurs when the fluid portion of the slurry
the cement filtrate, leaks off into a permeable formation, or across a small
gap, leaving a filter cake behind. Fluid loss performance requirements are
typically specified for cases where gas migration is a risk, for cementing
through tight restrictions, and for situations where a high-performance
.slurry is desired
Good fluid loss control performance is also associated with slurry stability
.and gas migration control
For high-performance slurries, a fluid loss control requirement of 50mL
in 30 min (API) is typically specified. Liner cementing, horizontal wells, and
coiled tubing cementing applications often require slurries with fluid loss
control less than 50mL in 30min (API). Less fluid loss control, measured
with more filtrate leak-off, may be specified for a medium performance
slurry. Surface casing and other large annulus cement applications typically
.do not specify a fluid loss performance requirement
Stability (free fluid and sedimentation) 5.7.2.8
Slurry stability performance requirements may be specified for a cement
slurry. A slurry that is not stable will exhibit excess sedimentation and free
fluid development which may affect the slurry performance. Free fluid could
migrate in the wellbore, and slurries that settle may have a variation in set
cement properties in the annulus. A stable slurry will perform reliably
through the placement process and will result in consistent properties in
.the annulus where it is placed
Slurry stability is measured in the laboratory by performing a free-fluid
test, and a sedimentation test. Slurry stability performance requirements
are typically specified where high-performance slurries are required such
as liner and horizontal well cementing applications. When specified, slurry
stability requirements are typically specified as a free-fluid performance
requirement of “zero” or “trace.” A numerical target for sedimentation
is difficult to specify other than to say that a slurry should not exhibit excessive
.sedimentation
Gas migration control 5.7.2.9
Gas tight slurries are typically specified for applications where gas migration
is a risk. The gas migration control performance of a slurry is linked to the
CGSP, fluid loss control, and slurry stability. The performance requirements
for a gas migration control slurry are that the slurry exhibits zero (0) free
fluid, fluid loss control that is less than 50mL in 30min (API) and has a CGSP
.less than 45min
Gas migration control may also be specified as a minimum concentration
of a specific additive. The concentration requirement may be defined during
the product development as a result of laboratory testing and application
.investigation
Several gas migration control testing methods have been developed
around the world. Each investigates specific slurry properties, gas migration
geometries, or slurry application and may be useful for comparing slurries in
specific situations. Where a specific test method is required, it is useful to

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Pumping time

Fluid loss control

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