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CIMATU, BHYRON JOHN V.
BSME-3
Combustion Engineering
Research Work 2
Sublimation is the conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of matter, with
no intermediate liquid stage. For those of us interested in the water cycle, sublimation is most
often used to describe the process of snow and ice changing into water vapor in the air without
first melting into water.
It involves direct vaporization and condensation of a solid without formation of an
intermediate liquid phase. Sublimation is used most extensively for separation of volatile
components from non-volatile components. Hence, it is a useful preparative technique for
recovery of compounds that can be sublimed at reasonable temperatures, at either atmospheric or
reduced pressure. The temperature at which a sublimate first becomes noticeable in a given
system is often referred to as the sublimation temperature, but it is useless for comparative
purposes unless the variables such as pressure, the size and geometry of the sublimation
apparatus are standardized. The enthalpy of sublimation can be calculated by adding the
enthalpies of fusion and vaporization or by subtracting the molar enthalpy of the vapor state by
the molar enthalpy of the solid state.
Examples of Sublimation
1. Sublimation of dry ice
2. Disappearance of naphthalene balls
3. Sublimation in forensic sciences
4. Even snow sublimates
5. Dye-sublimation printers
6. Sublimation in psychology
Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off
heat. The original substance is called the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called the oxidizer.
The fuel can be a solid, liquid, or gas, although for airplane propulsion the fuel is usually a
liquid, Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
1. Carbon Dioxide
2. Carbon Monoxide
3. Sulfur Dioxide
4. Nitrogen Oxides
5. Lead
6. Particulate Matter
Flue Gas is usually composed of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor as well as nitrogen
and excess oxygen remaining from the intake combustion air. It may also contain a small
percentage of air pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur
oxides and mercury. Typically, more than two-thirds of the flue gas is nitrogen. It is performed
by inserting a probe into the flue of the furnace, boiler, etc., between the last heat exchanger and
draft diverter or any source of make-up air that could enter the flue that did not pass through the
combustion process. This is known as 'in-situ' testing.
Avogadro’s law, also known as Avogadro’s principle or Avogadro’s hypothesis, is a gas law
which states that the total number of atoms/molecules of a gas (i.e. the amount of gaseous
substance) is directly proportional to the volume occupied by the gas at constant temperature and
pressure. Avogadro’s law is closely related to the ideal gas equation since it links temperature,
pressure, volume, and amount of substance for a given gas.
Formula and Graphical Representation

At constant pressure and temperature, Avogadro’s law can be expressed via the following
formula:
V∝n
V/n = k
Where V is the volume of the gas, n denotes the amount of gaseous substance (often expressed in
moles), and k is a constant. When the amount of gaseous substance is increased, the
corresponding increase in the volume occupied by the gas can be calculated with the help of the
following formula:
V1/n1 = V2/n2 ( = k, as per Avogadro’s law).
Derivation
Avogadro’s law can be derived from the ideal gas equation, which can be expressed as follows:
PV = nRT
Where,
 ‘P’ is the pressure exerted by the gas on the walls of its container
 ‘V’ is the volume occupied by the gas
 ‘n’ is the amount of gaseous substance (number of moles of gas)
 ‘R’ is the universal gas constant
 ‘T’ is the absolute temperature of the gas
Rearranging the ideal gas equation, the following equation can be obtained.
V/n = (RT)/P
Here, the value of (RT)/P is a constant (since the temperature and pressure kept constant and the
product/quotient of two or more constants is always a constant). Therefore:V/n = k
Molar Volume of a Gas
As per Avogadro’s law, the ratio of volume and amount of gaseous substance is a constant (at
constant pressure and temperature). The value of this constant (k) can be determined with the help
of the following equation:
k = (RT)/P
Under standard conditions for temperature and pressure, the value of T corresponds to 273.15
Kelvin and the value of P corresponds to 101.325 kiloPascals. Therefore, the volume occupied by
one mole of a gas at STP is:
Volume occupied by 1 mole of gas = (8.314 J.mol-1.K-1)*(273.15 K)/(101.325 kPa) = 22.4litres
Therefore, one mole of any gaseous substance occupies 22.4litres of volume at STP.
Example problem:
A 6.00 L sample at 25.0 °C and 2.00atm contains 0.500mol of gas. If we add 0.250mol of gas at the
same pressure and temperature, what is the final total volume of the gas?
Solution
The formula for Avogadro's law is:
V1=6.00 L; n1=0.500mol
V2=?;Lmmln2=0.50 mol + 0.250mol = 0.750mol
V2=V1×
V2=6.00 L× =9.00 L
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CIMATU, BHYRON JOHN V.

Formula and Graphical Representation

The formula for Avogadro's law is:

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