Screenshot 2024-03-27 at 1.12.49 AM

Task No.
01
1. Describe the func on and the name of each component for the couplings
shown in figure 1 and 2.
1- Fluid Coupling 2-Torque Converter
Fluid Coupling torque converter
Main component 1.Impeller: Connected to the

 1.Housing: engine, it spins and generates
It is also known as the shell. It has oil-tight fluid movement within the
seal around the drive shaft. It also protects converter.
the impeller and turbine 2.Turbine: Connected to the
from outside damage transmission input shaft, it
 2.Impeller or pump: receives fluid from the impeller
It is a turbine which is connected to the and transfers torque to the
input shaft and called as impeller. It is also transmission.
known as pump because it
acts as a centrifugal pump. 3.Stator: Positioned between the
 3.turbine impeller and turbine, it redirects
It is connected to the output shaft to fluid flow to improve torque
which the rotational power is to be multiplication during
transmitted . acceleration.
2- Describe the method of opera on of each type and compare them in terms
of torque and speed ra os
 1-Fluid Coupling
1.As the prime mover moves, it rotates the impeller of the coupling. The impeller acts as a
centrifugal pump and throws the fluid outward and directs it towards the turbine blade.
2.As the high moving fluid strikes the turbine blades, it also starts rotating, after striking on
the blades, the direction of the fluid is changed and it is directed towards the impeller again.
The blades of the turbine are designed in such a way that it can easily change the direction
of the fluid. It is the changing of direction of the fluid that makes the turbine to rotate .
3.As the impeller speed increases, the speed of the turbine also increases. After some time
the speed of both the impeller and the turbine becomes equal. In this way, power is
transmitted from one shaft to another by the use of fluid coupling.In same way torque
converter works but the difference is that it has stator placed in between impeller and
turbine for torque multiplication
 Torque
-torque and input torque are roughly identical 1:1 when the turbine speed
is 90% of the pump speed.
 Speed ratio
The speed ratio is almost 1:1: Input speed (engine) = Output speed
(transmission)
 2-TORQUE CONVERTER operations:
When the engine runs, power flows from the crankshaft trough the fluid to the
transmission input shaft.Torque converter can be divided into 3 main members:
Impeller: The impeller, also known as the pump, is the driving member and rotates with
the engine.
Turbine: The impeller vanes pick up fluid in the converter housing and direct it toward
the turbine. Unless the torque converter is locked, the turbine is normally turns slower
than the impeller.
Stator: Fluid flow drives the turbine, and when the flow between the impeller and turbine
is adequate, the turbine rotates and turns the transmission input shaft. A torque converter
contains the stator, or reactor, a reaction member mounted on a one-way clutch.
The vanes used in each of the three elements of a torque converter are curved to increase
the diversion angle of the fluid. This also increases the force exerted by the fluid and
improves the hydraulic advantage
 Torque
-Torque multiplication decreases and a torque converter behaves more like a
fluid coupling when the speed ratio gets closer to 90%.
-The torque is increased by the torque convertor in a ratio of roughly 2:1,
2.5:1, or 3:1.
-The torque multiplication gradually approaches a 1:1 ratio as the speed rises.
 Speed ratio
-Based on the throttle input and load. at low output speeds, input speed is
higher than output speed
3-Explain the func on of lockup clutch and in which coupling is used? Also,
Explain its opera ng principle.
 Explain func on of lockup clutch

1. Elimina on of Slippage: When engaged, the lockup clutch mechanically links the
engine’s output sha directly to the transmission’s input sha , bypassing the fluid coupling of
the torque converter. This eliminates slippage between the engine and the transmission,
resul ng in more efficient power transfer.
2. Improvement of Efficiency: By elimina ng slippage, the lockup clutch helps to
improve overall transmission efficiency. With a direct mechanical connec on, less energy is lost
as heat during power transfer, leading to smoother opera on and be er performance.
3. Improvement of Fuel Economy: Reduced slippage and improved efficiency
translate into be er fuel economy. When the lockup clutch engages, the engine operates more
efficiently at cruising speeds, leading to lower fuel consump on compared to when the torque
converter is solely relied upon.
4. Improved Accelera on: In addi on to enhancing fuel economy, the direct
connec on provided by the lockup clutch can also result in improved accelera on, especially
during situa ons where quick response and power delivery are needed, such as overtaking or
merging onto highways.
 Explain its opera ng principle.

1. Engagement: The lockup clutch is typically controlled by the vehicle’s transmission
control module (TCM) or engine control module (ECM). When certain condi ons are met, such as
reaching a certain speed or engine load, the TCM/ECM sends a signal to engage the lockup clutch.
2. Mechanical Linkage: Once engaged, the lockup clutch creates a direct mechanical
connec on between the engine’s output sha and the transmission’s input sha . This bypasses the
fluid coupling of the torque converter, effec vely elimina ng slippage between the engine and
transmission.
3. Locking: The lockup clutch locks the turbine and impeller of the torque converter
together, essen ally crea ng a solid connec on. This allows power to be transferred directly from
the engine to the transmission without the energy losses associated with fluid coupling.
4. Disengagement: When certain condi ons change, such as decelera on or the need for
addi onal torque, the TCM/ECM signals to disengage the lockup clutch. This restores the fluid
coupling within the torque converter, allowing for smoother opera on at lower speeds or during
transi onal driving condi ons
4. Discuss the different problems caused by torque converter.
Problem Symptoms Causes

1-Torque converter overheats A-Restricted oil cooler / lines A-Inspect oil cooler / lines for
B- Excessive torque converter blockage
case oil level A-Repair / replace as needed
B- Perform torque converter
case drain test
B- Inspect seals for leaks,
replace as needed
B-Inspect scavenging pump for
excessive wear (if applicable)
2-High torque converter inlet A-Converter inlet relief valve A-Inspect converter inlet relief
pressure stuck CLOSED valve
B-Oil passage / oil cooler A-Replace as needed
restric on B-Inspect oil cooler / lines for
blockage
B-Repair / replace as needed
3-Torque Seal Damage A-increased heat generation A-Excessive Heat
B- wear and damage to the B- Improper Instalation
internal components
4-Low torque converter Converter inlet relief valve stuck A-Inspect converter inlet relief
pressure OPEN valve
B-Replace as needed
5. You have checked the coupling in the service center store and find that there is no
coupling with same dimensions. Evaluate the effect of changing the torque converter with
another one with different diameter (smaller or larger) on vehicle performance
The torque converter's stall speed is determined by its outer diameter and the
angle of its stator blades. The smaller converter uses less centrifugal force to
move the fluid within when it has the same stator blade angle and turns at the
same speed as the large diameter converter.
Evaluate the effect
 Smaller Diameter Torque Converter
The stall speed will increase because the engine must rev faster before power
is transferred. therefore produce better fuel efficiency through faster
acceleration and enhanced launch performance.
 Larger Diameter Torque Converter
Lower engine RPM will result in better launch performance, increased fuel
efficiency, and the lowest possible exhaust emissions when power transfers
from the engine to the gearbox.
Task No.02
1. Write two different types of compound planetary gear sets used in automa c transmission?
Illustrate the construc on of each type. Also, explain the difference between them.
1. Ravigneaux Gear : comprises two sets of

planet gears, one large and one small sun gear, and
two sets of planet gears. A single ring gear
encircles the entire assembly, with three long and
three short pinions and a common planetary
carrier.) -The short planetary pinion gears are
meshed with the little sun gear. In order to drive
the large planetary pinion gears, these short
pinions function as idler gears. The big sun gear
and the ring gear mesh with the lengthy planetary
pinion gears.
* The input shaft is connected to one solar gear and
the output shaft to the other. Additionally The
carrier assembly can spin around the outer ring
gear, which is usually stationary.
2. Simpson Gear: comprise (two
carrier assemblies, two sets of planet
gears, two outer ring gears, and one sun
gear) -Two sets of planet gears are
contained in the carrier assembly; one
set meshes with the sun gear and the
other set meshes with the outer ring
gear.
*The carrier assembly is attached to the
output shaft, while the sun gear is
attached to the input shaft.In most
cases, the outer ring gear is immobile.
 difference between them
1- An output shaft is attached to a solar gear in the Ravigneaux gear set.
2- The carrier assembly is attached to the output shaft of the Simpson gear set.
3- There are two sun gears (one small and one large) in the Ravigneaux gear set.
4- There is one sun gear in the Simpson gear set.
5- the Ravigneaux gear is more compact
6- the Simpson gear is more complex
2. For a simple planetary gear sets shown above, calculate the
reduction ratios for the irst, reverse gears and direct drive.
Also, state the condition of each gear for actuating the irst and
reverse gear.
1. First gear
Ring : held (𝜔 = 0)
Sun gear : input
Carrier : output
𝐷 = 2𝐷
𝐷 = 2𝐷 + 2𝐷 = 4𝐷
𝐷 𝜔 + 𝐷 𝜔 = (𝐷 + 𝐷 ) 𝜔
𝐷 𝜔 =0
𝐷 𝜔 = (𝐷 + 𝐷 ) 𝜔
𝑖 = = = =3
2. direct drive
Sun gear: input
Carrier & Ring : held (𝜔 = 𝜔 ) = 0
𝐷 𝜔 + 𝐷 𝜔 = 𝜔 (𝐷 + 𝐷 )
𝜔 2𝐷 + 𝜔 4𝐷 = 𝜔 (6𝐷 )
𝜔 2𝐷 = 𝜔 6𝐷 − (2𝐷 + 4𝐷 )
𝜔 2𝐷 = 𝜔 (6𝐷 − 4𝐷 )
𝜔 2𝐷 = 𝜔 2𝐷
𝜔 2𝐷
𝑖 = = = 1
𝜔 2𝐷
3.reverse gears
Ring : output
Sun gear : input
Carrier : held (𝜔 = 0)
𝐷 𝜔 + 𝐷 𝜔 = (𝐷 + 𝐷 ) 𝜔
𝜔 =0
𝐷 𝜔 =−𝐷 𝜔
𝑖 = = = = −2

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Task No.

1- Fluid Coupling 2-Torque Converter

Fluid Coupling torque converter

Main component 1.Impeller: Connected to the

 Explain func on of lockup clutch

 Explain its opera ng principle.

Problem Symptoms Causes

1. Ravigneaux Gear : comprises two sets of

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