Abstract

Abstract
Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, the sterilization has become a major necessity

for humans to avoid exponential Infection. In order to avoid touching
contaminated surfaces, we develop an embedded system prototype, which allows
the bottle or any other medium to pour the sterilization product without touching
it. The human hands are detected using sensor HC05 ultrasonic sensor. To
overcome the stability problem due to the problem of sensor noise and enhance
the system performance a Kalman filter algorithm is implemented to ensure
stable hands detection. The efficiency of the prototype mounted on an Arduino
board is checked. After the completion of the prototype, a comprehensive cost
analysis is conducted.
COVID-19 (or coronavirus 2019 disease) is an infectious disease caused by the
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (or SARS-CoV-2), previously
referred to as the new coronavirus 2019 (or 2019-nCoV), a type of coronavirus.
The initial infections were observed in Wuhan, China, at the end of December
2019 before propagating around the world. The current outbreak was registered
as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Many scientific research projects are underway,
whether in medicine, pharmacy or technology. As far as medicine is concerned,
the diagnosis of the coronavirus in the human body is extremely intricate and this
is due to its strength and interaction which leads to its massive propagation in the
human environment. As a result, the World Health Organization (or WHO) has
insisted that all humanity should remain confined to its homes and not take to the
streets to contain and eliminate this dangerous virus.
In the pharmaceutical field, they have found drugs that help decipher the virus,
such as hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, but they have not reached the
limit, as some researchers think that the corona virus could return. For that, the
optimal solution is a vaccine that prevents it from spreading completely.
In the technological field, we have observed that researchers work hard to
engineer artificial respirators because these are very important for people
infected with coronaviruses, which help them to breathe as the corona virus
destroys lungs. In addition to this invention, they have manufactured devices to
measure human temperature, which depends on infrared radiation to identify the
infected persons with coronaviruses Everyone is aware of the danger of Covid-19
and as we are an integral part of this world, we are investigating a new challenge
in the technological field, the smarter sterilization bottles. This contribution favors
reducing the propagation of virus. Before presenting the proposed contribution in
this paper, we are interested in explaining the importance of hand sterilization or
hand washing or hand hygiene in health care and in the community.
However, the correct term of “sterilization” has more practical value than one
might expect at first view On the other hand, if we ask the following question,
what is the term “disinfection”? From we found the answer to this question, the
authors state that the disinfectant must be bactericidal, fungicidal, veridical, etc.
Nevertheless, the sterilization is a process after which no living organism can be
detected.
For exact descriptions of the term “hand washing and hand hygiene”, we present
some related works in this context.
In , the authors report a scientific review of the effects of hand washing with soap
on the risk of diarrhoea to estimate potential reductions in diarrhoeal deaths.
However, the authors have declared that the hand washing is regarded as a key
anti-infection practice. Furthermore, they noted that a lot of discussion exists on
how to improve hand washing practices in health care facilities, but that little
attention is focused on the importance of hand washing at home, particularly in
developing countries. As a conclusion, they also mentioned that the modern
methods of hand washing promotion have the potential to be effective and cost-
effective on a large scale, because soap is broadly available even in poor
developing countries’ households, although, it is mainly applied for cleaning and
washing clothes.
In the authors discuss an interesting topic; concerning the cleanliness of surface
environment and the risk of contamination when washing hands. However, the
effective hand washing and including drying is important in infection control and
to decrease skin-surface microbial counts. The authors in examine a salient
element, it is the environmental surface cleanliness, and in addition, they studied
the contamination of hands during washing process. For this reason, they
examined and analyzed the surfaces of hand washing stations that can be
suffused with the bacteria that can be touched during hand washing. As solution
for testing, the adenosine triphosphate (or ATP) used. According to certain
findings, the authors noted that the contamination of hand washing surfaces can
lead to the spread of microbial contamination in hospitals, and which can provide
a pool of the microbial contamination, and finally, it can result in the
contamination of hands during or after hand washing. In addition, they tested
three areas of hand contact surfaces, namely: faucet handles, soap dispenser
activation mechanisms and folded paper towel dispenser outlets. Finally, the
obtained results indicate that the surfaces most sensitive to contamination are
the faucet handles more than others.
Based on , the authors provide an overview about hand hygiene in health care
and in the community, as well as hand drying and structural aspects which
determine hand hygiene performance are also discussed. By definition, the
authors report that the hand hygiene is the most effective measure to stop the
spread of microorganisms that cause infections within the community and the
health care environment. Due to the fact that the use of hand hygiene is
considered unlikely to be successful in reducing infection, if it is seen as a sole
measure to reduce infection whereas other infection control factors are absent,
such as environmental hygiene. Therefore, the hand hygiene is part of an
integrated infection control approach, and if one talks about the
recommendations for hand hygiene all over the world, there is participation in
this aspect tends to be very low, although the procedures involved in hand
hygiene are not complicated. In conclusion, the authors of] reached the
conclusion that the health and community environment can be better if it is not
based entirely on hand hygiene practices, but it must be accompanied with the
environmentally clean surfaces. And in addition to these, the hand hygiene
facilities must be also available and appropriate. In the context of the
aforementioned related works. The present paper aims to design and produce a
prototype smarter sterilization bottle (or SSB) based on Arduino nano card with
using some hardware components connected, and which is dedicated to the
prevention of Covid-19 and resolves the issues raised by the authors in the above
references, among them the cleanliness of surface environment for the hand
hygiene facilities. Finally, we encourage hand sterilizing without contact with the
sterilization bottle or the hand hygiene facilities in order to reduce the risk of
contamination of hands during or after hand sterilizing.

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Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, the sterilization has become a major necessity

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