Africa

Africa, the second largest continent (after Asia), covering about one-fifth of the total
land surface of Earth. The continent is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on
the north by the Mediterranean Sea, on the east by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean,
and on the south by the mingling waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Africa’s total land area is approximately 11,724,000 square miles (30,365,000 square
km), and the continent measures about 5,000 miles (8,000 km) from north to south
and about 4,600 miles (7,400 km) from east to west. Its northern extremity is Al-
Ghīrān Point, near Al-Abyaḍ Point (Cape Blanc), Tunisia; its southern extremity
is Cape Agulhas, South Africa; its farthest point east is Xaafuun (Hafun) Point, near
Cape Gwardafuy (Guardafui), Somalia; and its western extremity is Almadi Point
(Pointe des Almadies), on Cape Verde (Cap Vert), Senegal. In the northeast, Africa
was joined to Asia by the Sinai Peninsula until the construction of the Suez Canal.
Paradoxically, the coastline of Africa—18,950 miles (30,500 km) in length—is shorter
than that of Europe, because there are few inlets and few large bays or gulfs.
Off the coasts of Africa a number of islands are associated with the continent. Of
these Madagascar, one of the largest islands in the world, is the most significant.
Other, smaller islands include the Seychelles, Socotra, and other islands to the east;
the Comoros, Mauritius, Réunion, and other islands to the southeast; Ascension, St.
Helena, and Tristan da Cunha to the southwest; Cape Verde, the Bijagós
Islands, Bioko, and São Tomé and Príncipe to the west; and the Azores and
the Madeira and Canary islands to the northwest.
The continent is cut almost equally in two by the Equator, so that most of Africa lies
within the tropical region, bounded on the north by the Tropic of Cancer and on the
south by the Tropic of Capricorn. Because of the bulge formed by western Africa, the
greater part of Africa’s territory lies north of the Equator. Africa is crossed from north
to south by the prime meridian (0° longitude), which passes a short distance to the
east of Accra, Ghana.
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Geography of Africa Quiz
In antiquity the Greeks are said to have called the continent Libya and the Romans to
have called it Africa, perhaps from the Latin aprica (“sunny”) or the
Greek aphrike (“without cold”). The name Africa, however, was chiefly applied to the
northern coast of the continent, which was, in effect, regarded as a southern
extension of Europe. The Romans, who for a time ruled the North African coast, are
also said to have called the area south of their settlements Afriga, or the Land of the
Afrigs—the name of a Berber community south of Carthage.
The whole of Africa can be considered as a vast plateau rising steeply from narrow
coastal strips and consisting of ancient crystalline rocks. The plateau’s surface is
higher in the southeast and tilts downward toward the northeast. In general the
plateau may be divided into a southeastern portion and a northwestern portion. The
northwestern part, which includes the Sahara (desert) and that part of North Africa
known as the Maghrib, has two mountainous regions—the Atlas Mountains in
northwestern Africa, which are believed to be part of a system that extends into
southern Europe, and the Ahaggar (Hoggar) Mountains in the Sahara. The
southeastern part of the plateau includes the Ethiopian Plateau, the East African
Plateau, and—in eastern South Africa, where the plateau edge falls downward in a
scarp—the Drakensberg range. One of the most remarkable features in the geologic
structure of Africa is the East African Rift System, which lies between 30° and 40° E.
The rift itself begins northeast of the continent’s limits and extends southward from
the Eritrean Red Sea coast to the Zambezi River basin.
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Africa contains an enormous wealth of mineral resources, including some of the
world’s largest reserves of fossil fuels, metallic ores, and gems and precious metals.
This richness is matched by a great diversity of biological resources that includes the
intensely lush equatorial rainforests of Central Africa and the world-famous
populations of wildlife of the eastern and southern portions of the continent.
Although agriculture (primarily subsistence) still dominates the economies of many
African countries, the exploitation of these resources became the most significant
economic activity in Africa in the 20th century.
Climatic and other factors have exerted considerable influence on the patterns
of human settlement in Africa. While some areas appear to have been inhabited more
or less continuously since the dawn of humanity, enormous regions—notably
the desert areas of northern and southwestern Africa—have been largely unoccupied
for prolonged periods of time. Thus, although Africa is the second largest continent, it
contains only about 10 percent of the world’s population and can be said to be
underpopulated. The greater part of the continent has long been inhabited by Black
peoples, but in historic times there also have occurred major immigrations from both
Asia and Europe. Of all foreign settlements in Africa, that of the Arabs has made the
greatest impact. The Islamic religion, which the Arabs carried with them, spread from
North Africa into many areas south of the Sahara, so that many western African
peoples are now largely Islamized.
This article treats the physical and human geography of Africa, followed by discussion
of geographic features of special interest. For discussion of individual countries of the
continent, see such articles as Egypt, Madagascar, and Sudan. African regions are
treated under the titles Central Africa, eastern Africa, North Africa, Southern Africa,
and western Africa; these articles also contain the principal treatment of African
historical and cultural development. For discussion of major cities of the
continent, see such articles as Alexandria, Cairo, Cape Town, Johannesburg,
and Kinshasa. Related topics are discussed in the articles literature,
African; literature, South African; architecture, African; art, African; dance,
African; music, African; theatre, African; art and architecture, Egyptian; Islam; arts,
Islamic; and Islamic world.

Africa

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Africa, the second largest continent (after Asia), covering about one-fifth of the total

Geography of Africa Quiz

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