30/08/2021

SIMPLE STRESS
𝑃
Normal stress, σ 𝜎=
𝐴
𝑉
Shear stress, 𝝉 𝜏 =
𝐴

SIMPLE STRAIN

Axial deformation:
Axial strain: s = δ/L
Hooke’s Law 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
𝑃
𝛿
=𝐸
Axial deformation 𝐴 𝑃
𝐿
formula 𝛿=𝐴
𝐸
𝜎 = axial stress
𝐸 = modulus of elasticity
𝜖 = axial strain
𝑃 = axial force
𝐴 = area of cross-section
𝐴𝐸 = axial rigidity

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WORKING STRESSES (ALLOWABLE STRESS

DESIGN)
The working stress 𝜎w, also called the allowable stress, is the maximum
safe axial stress used in design.
𝜎yp or
𝜎w =
𝐹
𝑆
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN
ϕRn ≥ Σ LF ∗ Service Load
ϕ = resistance factor
Rn = nominal strength
LF = load factor

UNIAXIAL LOADING; POISSON’S

RATIO

𝜖y = 𝜖z =
−𝜇𝜖 x
𝜖x = 𝜎x
𝐸
𝜖x = strain along the x
𝜖y = strain along the y
𝜖z = strain along the z
𝜎x = stress along the x
𝐸 = modulus of elasticity

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SHEAR STRAIN THERMAL STRESS/STRAIN

Hooke’s Law for Shear 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾 ϵT = α(ΔT)

δT = ϵTL = α ΔT L
Shear strain 𝛾=
ẟx L
ϵT = thermal strain
Relationship between 𝐸
Shear modulus and Modulus 𝐺 δT = thermal deformation
= 2(1 + α = coefficient of thermal expansion
of Elasticity 𝜇)

BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

𝐸
𝐾=
3 1 − 2𝜇
𝜇 = Poisson’s Ratio

TORSION

Torsional shearing stress, Ss = Tρ F

J F
d

Maximum torsional shear stress, Ss max = Tr

J
r
θ
L
Angle of twist, θ = JG
TL T T

𝐽𝐺 = torsional rigidity

𝑟𝜋4 𝑑4 𝜋 o𝑟4 − ri4 𝐷 4 − 𝑑4)

(𝐷
𝐽= = 𝐽= =
2 32 2 32
16𝑇𝐷
𝜏max =
16𝑇 �max =
� 𝜋 𝐷4 −
𝑑3
𝑑4
𝑇𝑟 𝑇 𝑇
𝜏max = = 2
= (general formula for thin
tubes) 𝐽 2𝑟 𝑡 2𝐴𝑡

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THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

TANGENTIAL STRESS (Circumferential Stress)

𝑝𝐷
𝜎t =
If there is an external pressure
2𝑡 and an internal pressure,
the formula may be expressed as,
(𝑝i − 𝑝o)𝐷
𝜎t =
2𝑡
LONGITUDINAL STRESS
𝑝𝐷
𝜎L =
If there is an external pressure4𝑡and an internal pressure,
the formula may be expressed as,
(𝑝i − 𝑝o)𝐷
𝜎L =
4𝑡
𝜎t = 2𝜎L

SPHERICAL SHELLS
𝑝𝐷
𝜎L =
If there is an external pressure4𝑡and an internal pressure,
the formula may be expressed as,
(𝑝i − 𝑝o)𝐷
𝜎L =
4𝑡

SPRINGS

The elongation of the bar is

For light springs, neglecting the curvature of 64𝑃𝑅3𝑛
the spring: 𝛿=
𝑃 𝐺𝑑4
Notice that the deformation δ is directly
16𝑃𝑅 r = r1 + r2 = 2 +
𝑑 /4 proportional to the applied load P. The ratio
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 of P to δ is called the spring constant k and is
r= 3 1+ equal to
𝑑 4𝑅
For heavy springs and considering the 𝑃 𝐺𝑑4
curvature of the spring, a more precise 𝑘= =
𝛿 64𝑅3𝑛
formula is given by: (A.M. Wahl Formula):
16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615 For springs in series:
+
r= 3 4𝑚 − 4 1 1 1
𝑑 = + +⋯
Where m is the spring 𝑚 index (m = 2R/d) and 𝑘 𝑘1 𝑘2
0.615 For springs in parallel:
4m–1
+ is the Wahl factor
4m–4 m 𝑘 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 +
⋯

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FILLET WELDS
Area of resisting fillet weld
Aw = 0.707wL

Nominal capacity
Rn = AwFnw = 0.707wLFnw
where Fnw is the ultimate shearing stress of the weld metal

The minimum effective length of fillet welds

designed on the basis of strength shall be not less
than four times the nominal size, or else the size of
the weld shall be considered not to exceed ¼ of its
effective length.
Lwmin ≥ 4 tw

FILLET WELDS
For end-loaded fillet welds with a length up to 100 times the leg dimension, it is permitted
to take the effective length equal to the actual length.
𝐿e = 𝐿w ≤ 100𝑡w
When the length of the end-loaded fillet welds exceeds 100 times the weld size, the
effective length shall be determined by multiplying the actual length by the reduction
factor,
𝛽.
𝐿e = 𝛽𝐿w where 𝐿w >
𝛽 = 1.2 − 0.002 ≤ 1.0
100𝑡w 𝑡w
where Lw = actual length of end-loaded weld; tw = weld leg size, mm

When the length of the weld exceeds 300 times the leg size, the value of 𝛽 shall be taken as
0.60.
0.60 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 1.0

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FILLET WELDS

For fillet welds loaded in-plane the design strength, Ф𝑅n, and the allowable strength, 𝑅n/Ω, of welds is
permitted to be determined as follows:
Φ = 0.75 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω = 2.00
(𝐴𝑆𝐷)
𝑅n = 𝐹nw𝐴w
𝐹nw = 0.60𝐹EXX 1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5 𝜃
Where
FEXX = electrode classification number or weld strength, MPa
𝜃 = angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis, degrees
Aw = effective area of the weld = 0.707tw

11

WELD STRENGTH (NSCP 2015)

For simple (that is, concentrically loaded) welded connections with both longitudinal and transverse
welds, NSCP 2015 specifies that the larger nominal strength from the following two options be used:
1. Use the basic weld strength, 𝐹nw = 0.6𝐹EXX, for both the longitudinal and the transverse welds:
𝑅n = 𝑅nwl + 𝑅nwt
where 𝑅nwl and 𝑅nwt are the strengths of the longitudinal and transverse welds, both calculated with
𝐹nw = 0.6𝐹EXX.
2. Use the 50% increase for the transverse weld, but reduce the basic strength by
15% for the longitudinal welds. That is, use 𝐹nw = 0.85 0.6𝐹EXX for the longitudinal welds and 𝐹nw =
1.5(0.6𝐹EXX) for the transverse welds:
𝑅n = 0.85𝑅nwl + 1.5𝑅nwt

12

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NSCP CODE PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO

STEEL CONNECTIONS
NSCP 2001 NSCP 2015
510.2.1.1 Connections shall be 510.1.1 Design Basis
proportioned so that the calculated The design strength 𝜙𝑅n and the
stress is less than the allowable stress… allowable strength 𝑅n/Ω of connections
(Refers to ASD method) shall be determined in accordance with
the provisions of this section… (Uses ASD
or LRFD methods)

13

LOAD COMBINATIONS
NSCP 2001 NSCP 2015
203.3.1 Basic load combinations for Load and 203.3.1 Basic load combinations for LRFD:
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD): 1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹)
1.4𝐷 1.2(𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇) + 1.6(𝐿 + 𝐻) + 0.5(𝐿r 𝑜𝑟
1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 + 0.5𝐿𝑟
𝑅)
1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿r + (𝑓1𝐿 𝑜𝑟 1.2𝐷 + 1.6(𝐿r 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) + (𝑓1𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊)
0.8𝑊) 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 𝑓1𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿r 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)
1.2𝐷 + 1.3𝑊 + 𝑓1𝐿 + 0.5𝐿r 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1𝐿
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1𝐿 0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.6𝐻
0.9𝐷 ± (1.0𝐸 𝑜𝑟 1.3𝑊) 0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.6𝐻

D = dead load
L = live load, except roof live load
E = earthquake load
Em = estimated maximum earthquake force
F = load due to fluids
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
Lr = roof live load
P = ponding load
T = load as an effect of temperature change
W = load due to wind pressure
R = rain load on the undeflected roof (NSCP 2015)

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LOAD
COMBINATIONS
203.4.1 Basic load combinations. Where allowable
NSCP 2015
203.4.1 Basic Load Combinations for Allowable Stress
stress design (working stress design) is used, or Allowable Strength Design
structures and all portions thereof shall resist the 𝐷+𝐹
most critical effects resulting from the following 𝐷+𝐻+𝐹+𝐿+𝑇
combinations of loads: 𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 𝐿r 𝑜𝑟 𝑅
𝐷 𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75 𝐿 + 𝑇 𝐿r 𝑜𝑟
𝐷 + 𝐿 + 𝑅
𝐿𝑟 𝐸
𝐷 + 𝑊 𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟
𝐸
1.4
𝑜𝑟
𝐸
0.9𝐷 ±
1.4 𝐸
𝐷 + 0.75 𝐿 + 𝐿r + 𝑊 𝑜𝑟
1.4

15

DESIGN OF TENSION
MEMBERS NSCP 2001 NSCP 2015
504.2.1 The allowable stress Ft shall not exceed 504.2 Tensile Strength
0.60Fy on the gross area nor 0.50Fu on the effective For tensile yielding on gross section:
net area. Tension yielding on gross section: 𝑃n = 𝐹y𝐴g
𝐹t ≤ 0.60𝐹y 𝜙t = 0.90 Ωt = 1.67
Tension rupture on net area: For tensile
𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
rupture in the net section:
𝐹t ≤ 0.50𝐹u 𝑃n = 𝐹u𝐴e
𝜙t = 0.75 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 Ωt = 2.00
(𝐴𝑆𝐷)

Ae = effective net area, mm2 (Ae ≤ 0.85Ag per Sec. 502.4.8 (2001) or 510.4.1 (2015)
Ag = gross area of member, mm2
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel being used, MPa
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of the type of steel being used, Mpa

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DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

NSCP 2001 NSCP 2015
502.3 Net Area 504.3.2 Net Area
502.3.2 The width of a bolt or river hole shall be taken In computing net area for tension and shear, the width
as 1.6 mm greater than the nominal dimension of the of a bolt hole shall be taken 2 mm greater than the
hole. nominal dimension of the hole.

502.3.3 (NSCP 2001); 504.3.2 (NSCP 2015)For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag
line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters or
slot dimensions as provided in Sec. 510.3.2, of all holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage space in the
chain the quantity s2/4g.
where
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes, mm
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines, mm

17

GROSS AND NET AREA

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NET AREA WITH STAGGERED HOLES

Net width:

𝑠2
𝑤n = 𝑤g − Σ𝑑h + Σ
4𝑔
where
wn = net width
wg = gross width
dh = hole diameter

Net area:
𝐴n = 𝑤n𝑡p
where
An = net area
tp = plate thickness

19

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

NSCP 2001 NSCP 2015
502.3 Net Area 504.3.2 Net Area
502.3.2 The width of a bolt or river hole shall be taken In computing net area for tension and shear, the width
as 1.6 mm greater than the nominal dimension of the of a bolt hole shall be taken 2 mm greater than the
hole. nominal dimension of the hole.

502.3.3 (NSCP 2001); 504.3.2 (NSCP 2015)For a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag
line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the diameters or
slot dimensions as provided in Sec. 510.3.2, of all holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage space in the
chain the quantity s2/4g.
where
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes, mm
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) between fastener gage lines, mm

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DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

(Effective Net Area)
Ae = U An, where U is the shear lag
factor shown in the following table
as applicable for bolted and
welded connections

21

BOLT BEARING
NSCP 2001 NSCP 2015
Section 510.4.7 Allowable Bearing Stress (Fp) at Bolt Holes Section 510.3.10 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
Φ = 0.75 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω = 2.00
510.4.7.1 On the projected area of bolts and rivets in shear 1. For a bolt in a connection with (𝐴𝑆𝐷 )
standard, oversized, and
connections with the end distance in the line of force not less short- slotted holes, independent of the direction of loading, or
than a long- slotted hole with the slot parallel to the direction of
1.5d and the distance center to center of bolts not less than 3d: the bearing force:
a. when deformation at the bolt hole at service load is a
1. In standard or short slotted holes with two or more bolts
design consideration
in the line of force, 𝑅n = 1.2𝐿c𝑡𝐹u ≤ 2.4𝑑𝑡𝐹u
𝐹p = 1.20𝐹u b. when deformation at the bolt hole at service load is not
2. In long-slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular a design consideration
to the direction of load and with two or more bolts in the 𝑅n = 1.5𝐿c𝑡𝐹u ≤ 3.0𝑑𝑡𝐹u
line of force, 2. For a bolt in a connection with long-slotted holes with the slot
𝐹p = 1.00𝐹u perpendicular to the direction of force:
510.4.7.2 On the projected area of the bolt or rivet closest to the 𝑅n = 1.0𝐿c𝑡𝐹u ≤ 2.0𝑑𝑡𝐹u
edge in the standard or short-slotted holes with the edge where
distance less than 1.5d and in all connections with a single bolt d = nominal bolt diameter, mm
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of the connected
in the line of force:
material, MPa
𝐹p = 𝐿e𝐹u≤ 1.20𝐹u
2𝑑the hole is not a design Lc = clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge
510.4.7.3 If deformation around of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the
consideration, the following equation is permitted: material, mm
𝐹p = 1.50𝐹u t = thickness of the connected material, mm

22

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BOLT
BEARING
Lc1 Lc2

Le

23

BLOCK SHEAR

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BLOCK SHEAR
NSCP 2001 NSCP 2015
Section 510.5.1 At beam end connections Section 510.4.3 Block Shear Strength
where the top flange is coped, and in similar Φ = 0.75 (𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷) Ω = 2.00 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
situations where the failure might occur by The available strength for the limit state of
shear along a plane through the fasteners, or by block shear rupture along a shear failure
a combination of shear along a plane through path or path(s) and a perpendicular tension
the fasteners plus tension along a failure path shall be taken as
perpendicular plane: 𝑅n = 0.60𝐹u𝐴nv + 𝑈bs𝐹u𝐴nt ≤ 0.6𝐹y𝐴gv +
𝐹v = 0.30 𝐹u 𝑈bs𝐹u𝐴nt
acting on the net shear area Av and, where
𝐹t = 0.50 Agv = gross area subject to shear, mm2
𝐹u Ant = net area subject to tension, mm2
acting on the net tension area At. Anv = neat area subject to shear, mm2
where tension stress is uniform, Ubs = 1;
when non-uniform, Ubs =0.50

25

BLOCK SHEAR

26

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ECCENTRIC
BOLTED CONX Direct Load on Bolts:
P
PDx = x
n
P
y PDy =

n
Moment Load on Bolts:
T = Pe = P (x ) + P (y )
y p x p

Ty
Px =
J
Tx
Py =
J
J = Σ(x2 + y2)
Total Load on Bolts:

2
R= PDx + PTx 2
+ PDy + PTy

27

ECCENTRIC
WELDED Direct Load on Welds:
Fx

CONX PDx =
PDy = y
FL
L
L = ΣL = L1 + L2 + L3
Load Due to Applied Moment:
T = F xe y + F y e x
PTx = Ty
J
Tx
PTy =
J
L2 2 2
J = ΣL + xG + yG
12
Total Load per mm Length of Weld:

2
P= PDx + PTx 2
+ PDy + PTy

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COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Slenderness Ratio
π2E I Steel columns are usually subdivided into two groups: long and intermediate
Euler Critical load, Pc = columns, depending on their slenderness ratio. There are two values of
KL 2 slenderness ratios, SRx and SRy
π2E Ky Ly
Euler Critical stress, Fc = KL/r 2
SRx =
Kx Lx
rx
; SRy =
ry

505.3 Allowable Stress (NSCP 2001)

505.3.1 On the gross section of axially loaded compression members whose cross
sections meet the provisions of Table 502-1, when SR max or KL/r, the largest
effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment is less than C c, the allowable
stress is
If SRmax ≤ Cc,
KL⁄r 2
1− Fy
2Cc2
Fa =
5 3 KL⁄r KL⁄3r 3
3 + 8 Cc − 8Cc

Where:
Cc = limiting slenderness ratio against lateral buckling.

2π2E
Cc =
Fy

505.2.2 On the gross section of axially loaded compression members, when KL/r
exceeds Cc the allowable stress is:
If SRmax > Cc,
12π2E
Fa =
23 KL⁄r 2

29

FLEXURAL MEMBERS (NSCP 2001)

Allowable Bending Stress:
I-Shaped members and channels bent about major axis:

Members with compact section:

For members with compact section and with unbraced length Lb ≤ Lc, the allowable bending stress in
both tension and compression is:

Fb = 0.66 Fy Eq. (1)

200b f 137,900
where Lc is the smaller value of and .
Fy (d/Af)Fy

Members with non-compact section

For members with Lb ≤ Lc except that their flanges are non-compact (excluding built-up members and
members with yield points greater than 448 MPa), the allowable bending stress in both tension and
compression is:

bf
Fb = Fy 0.79 − 0.000762 𝐹y
2tf

30

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FLEXURAL MEMBERS (NSCP 2001)

Members with compact or non-compact section with Lb > Lc:
Allowable bending stress in tension:
Members with compact or non-compact section and with unbraced length Lb > Lc, the allowable
bending stress in tension is:
Fb = 0.60 Fy

Allowable bending stress in compression:

When 703,270Cb L
 rT
3,516,330Cb
Fy Fy ,

− Fy(L/rt)2
Fb = Fy ≤ 0.60F y
2
3 10.55×106C b

When L
> 3,516,330Cb
,
rT Fy
1,172,100C b
Fb = ≤ 0.60F y
(L/rt)2
For any value of L :
rT
82,740Cb
Fb = ≤ 0.60F y
(Ld/Af)
Where:
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 (M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 ≤ 2.3Eq. (7)

31

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL
MEMBERS (NSCP 2015)
Φb𝑀n = design flexural strength (LRFD)
Mn
= allowable flexural strength
Ωb
(ASD)
Φ = 0.90 (LRFD) Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
b b

Cb = lateral torsional buckling modification factors for non-uniform moment

diagrams when both ends of the unsupported segment are braced. Cb = 1.0 for
cantilevers or overhangs.

𝐶b = 12.5𝑀max
�m
2.5𝑀max + 3𝑀A + 4𝑀B + C �
3𝑀
Mmax = absolute max moment in the unbraced segment
MA = absolute max moment at 1st quarter point in the unbraced
segment MB = absolute max moment at midpoint of the unbraced
segment
MC = absolute max moment at 3rd quarter point of the unbraced segment
32

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33

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

- Mn (NSCP 2015)
𝑀n = nominal flexural strength

Applicable limit states for compact doubly symmetric I-shaped sections:

1. Yielding
𝑀n = 𝑀p = 𝐹 y𝑍x
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of steel, MPa
Zx = plastic section modulus about the x-axis, mm3

2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Check Lb, Lp and Lr.
Lb = length between points that are braced for lateral displacement or
torsion Lp = length at which inelastic buckling occurs
Lr = length at which elastic buckling occurs

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DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

- Mn (NSCP 2015)
𝐿p = 1.76𝑟y 𝐸/𝐹y

2
𝐸 𝐽𝑐 0.7𝐹y 𝑆x o
𝐿r = 1+ 1 + 6.76 ℎ
1.95𝑟
ts
0.7𝐹y 𝐸
𝑆xℎo 𝐽𝑐

J = torsional constant, mm4

c = 1.0 for doubly symmetric I-shape
ho = distance between flange centroids = d – tf
E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 200
GPa
Sx = elastic section modulus taken about the x-axis, mm3

35

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

- Mn (NSCP 2015)
𝐼y𝐶 𝐼yℎo 𝑏
𝑟ts = = = (acceptable approximation)
wx 2𝑆x ƒ
1 ℎ𝑡w
𝑆 12 1 +
6 𝑏ƒ
𝑡ƒ
If 𝐿b ≤ 𝐿p, no lateral torsional buckling. 𝑀n = 𝑀p =
𝐹 y 𝑍x
If 𝐿p < 𝐿b ≤ 𝐿r, 𝐿b −
𝑀n = 𝐶b 𝑀 p − 𝑀p − 0.7𝐹y x 𝐿 ≤
𝑆 𝐿rp − p
𝐿 𝑀p
If 𝐿b >
𝐿 r, 𝑀n = 𝐹cr𝑆x ≤
𝑀p
2
𝐶b 𝐽𝑐 b
𝐹cr = 𝜋2𝐸 1 + 0.078 𝐿
�b 2
𝑆xℎ 𝑟ts
�ts
𝑟 o

36

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DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

- Mn (NSCP 2015)
Applicable limit states for non-compact doubly symmetric I-shaped sections:
1. Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Follow the same procedure with compact sections.

2. Compression Flange Local Buckling

For sections with noncompact flanges,
𝜆−
𝑀n = 𝑀p − 𝑀p − 𝜆r p−
𝜆 p
0.7𝐹y𝑆x 𝜆
For sections with slender flanges,
𝑀n 0.9𝐸𝑘 𝑆
bf 4 = 𝜆c x
where 𝜆 = ; c𝑘 = 0.35 2
2tf h/tw
< < 0.76.

37

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

- Mn (NSCP 2015)

38

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DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

- Mn (NSCP 2015)

ℎ = 𝑑 – 2𝑘

39

BASE PLATE DESIGN (NSCP 2001)

Based on bearing
P
failure: 𝑓p = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓p ≤ 𝐹p
BN
where 𝐹𝑝 is the allowable bearing stress of te
concre
Based on bending of the
plate:
𝑡p = where 𝐹b =
Fb
0.75𝐹y
𝑓p𝑥2
𝑡p = 2
𝐹y
𝑥 is the largest of 𝑚, 𝑛 and 𝑛’.
𝑚 = 0.5(𝑁 −
0.95𝑑)
𝑛 = 0.5 𝐵 − 0.8𝑏ƒ
𝑛' = 𝑑𝑏
4 ƒ

40

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BASE PLATE DESIGN (NSCP 2001)

Allowable bearing stress of concrete Fp:

510.10.2 In the absence of code regulations thr following stresses apply:

On sandstone and limestone, 𝐹𝑝 = 2.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎
On brick in cement mortar, 𝐹𝑝 = 1.72 𝑀𝑃𝑎
On the full area of concrete support, 𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓’𝑐
On less than the full area of concrete support, 𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓’𝑐 𝐴2/𝐴1 ≤ c
0.70𝑓'
Where
f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete, Mpa
A1 = area of steel concentrically bearing on a concrete support
A2 = maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically similar
to and concentric with the loaded area, mm2

41

BASE PLATE DESIGN (NSCP 2015)

Based on bending of the plate:
LRFD:
2Pux2
𝑡p ≥ where Φ =
ΦBNFy
0.90
ASD:
2Pax2
𝑡p ≥ where Ω =
BN y/Ω
1.67
𝑥 is the largest of 𝑚, 𝑛 and 𝑛’.
𝑚 = 0.5(𝑁 −
0.95𝑑)
𝑛 = 0.5 𝐵 − 0.8𝑏ƒ
𝑛' = 𝑑𝑏ƒ
4

42

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BASE PLATE DESIGN (NSCP 2015)

In the absence of code regulations, the design bearing strength, Φc𝑃p, and
the allowable bearing strength, 𝑃p/Ωc, for the limit state of concrete
crushing are permitted to be taken as follows:
Φc = 0.65 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Ω = 2.31
The nominal bearing strength, Pp, is determined as follows:
1. On the full area of concrete support: 𝑃p = c 1
2. On
0.85𝑓 '
𝐴 less than the full area of concrete support:
𝑃p = 0.85𝑓c '𝐴1 𝐴2 /𝐴1 ≤ c 1
Where 1.7𝑓'𝐴
f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
A1 = area of steel concentrically bearing on a concrete support
A2 = maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is
geometrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area, mm2

43

LOCAL WEB YIELDING (NSCP 2001)

For loads applied at or near the end of the member
(distance less than dfrom the end of the member)
𝑅
≤
𝑡w(𝑁 + 0.66𝐹y
2.5𝑘)
For loads applied far from the end of the member
(distance greater than dfrom the end of the member)
𝑅
≤
𝑡w(𝑁 + 0.66𝐹y
5𝑘)

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LOCAL WEB YIELDING (NSCP 2015)

Φ = 1.00 for LRFD and Ω = 1.50 for ASD
For loads applied at or near the end of the member
(distance less than dfrom the end of the member)
𝑅n = 5𝑘 + 𝑁 𝐹yw𝑡w

For loads applied far from the end of the member (distance
greater than dfrom the end of the member)
𝑅n = 2.5𝑘 + 𝑁 𝐹yw𝑡w

k = distance from outer flange of the web to the web toe of

fillet, mm
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of the web, MPa
N = length of bearing, not less than k for end beam reactions,
mm
tw = web thickness, mm

45

LOCAL WEB CRIPPLING (NSCP

2001)
Web crippling is buckling of the web caused by the compressive
delivered
force through the flange.
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the
end of the
member: 1.5
N tw Fyw t f
R = 177.2tw 1 + 3
2
d tf tw
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance less than d/2 from the
end of the
member: 1.5
N tw Fyw t f
R = 89.3tw 1 + 3
2
d tf tw
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of beam MPa
web, d = overall depth of the member, mm
tf = flange thickness, mm

46

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LOCAL WEB CRIPPLING (NSCP 2015)

Web crippling is buckling of the web caused by the
compressive force delivered through the flange.
Φ = 0.75 for LRFD and Ω = 2.00 for ASD
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less
than d/2 from the end of the member:
1.5
N tw Fywt f
Rn = 0.80tw 2
1+3
d tf tw
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of beam web,
MPa d = overall depth of the member, mm
tf = flange thickness, mm

47

LOCAL WEB CRIPPLING (NSCP 2015)

Web crippling is buckling of the web caused by the compressive force delivered through
flange.
the
Φ = 0.75 for LRFD and Ω = 2.00 for ASD
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance less than d/2 from the end of the
member: If 𝑁/𝑑 ≤ 0.2,
1.5
N tw EFywtf
Rn = 0.40tw
2
1+3
d tf tw
If 𝑁/𝑑 >
0.2, 1.5
4𝑁 tw EFywtf
Rn = 0.40tw
2
1+ − 0.2
𝑑 tf tw
Fyw = specified minimum yield stress of beam web,
MPa d = overall depth of the member, mm
tf = flange thickness, mm

48

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