Cambridge International AS & A Level

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PHYSICS 9702/21
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions October/November 2023

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

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Data

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C

unified atomic mass unit 1u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Formulae

uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 12 at 2

v2 = u 2 + 2as

hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h

upthrust F = ρgV

fs v
Doppler effect for sound waves fo = v!v
s

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ...

1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + ...
R R1 R2
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1 (a) Compare scalar and vector quantities.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The radius of a small sphere is determined from a measurement of the volume of the sphere.
The sphere is submerged in water, displacing some of the water into a measuring cylinder as
shown in Fig. 1.1.

measuring
cylinder
sphere

displaced
water

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

The measured volume of displaced water is (28.0 ± 0.5) cm3.

Calculate:

(i) the radius, in cm, of the sphere

radius = ................................................... cm [1]

(ii) the percentage uncertainty in the radius of the sphere.

percentage uncertainty = ..................................................... % [2]

[Total: 5]
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2 A hot-air balloon floats just above the ground. The balloon is stationary and is held in place by a
vertical rope, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

balloon

rope

ground

Fig. 2.1

The balloon has a weight W of 3.39 × 104 N. The tension T in the rope is 4.00 × 102 N.
Upthrust U acts on the balloon.
The density of the surrounding air is 1.23 kg m–3.

(a) (i) On Fig. 2.1, draw labelled arrows to show the directions of the three forces acting on the
balloon. [2]

(ii) Calculate the volume, to three significant figures, of the balloon.

volume = .................................................... m3 [3]

(iii) The balloon is released from the rope.

Calculate the initial acceleration of the balloon.

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acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [3]

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(b) The balloon is stationary at a height of 500 m above the ground. A tennis ball is released from
rest and falls vertically from the balloon.

A passenger in the balloon uses the equation v2 = u2 + 2as to calculate that the ball will be
travelling at a speed of approximately 100 m s–1 when it hits the ground.

Explain why the actual speed of the ball will be much lower than 100 m s–1 when it hits the
ground.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Before the balloon is released, the rope holding the balloon has a strain of 2.4 × 10–5.
The rope has an unstretched length of 2.5 m. The rope obeys Hooke’s law.

(i) Show that the extension of the rope is 6.0 × 10–5 m.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the elastic potential energy EP of the rope.

EP = ...................................................... J [2]

(iii) The rope holding the balloon is replaced with a new one of the same original length and
cross-sectional area. The tension is unchanged and the new rope also obeys Hooke’s
law.

The new rope is made from a material of a lower Young modulus.

State and explain the effect of the lower Young modulus on the elastic potential energy
of the rope.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
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3 A trolley A moves along a horizontal surface at a constant velocity towards another trolley B which
is moving at a lower constant speed in the same direction. Fig. 3.1 shows the trolleys at time t = 0.

A B

horizontal surface

Fig. 3.1

Table 3.1 shows data for the trolleys.

Table 3.1

trolley mass / kg initial speed / m s–1

A 0.25 0.48
B 0.75 0.12

The two trolleys collide elastically and then separate. Resistive forces are negligible.

Fig. 3.2 shows the variation with time t of the velocity v for trolley B.

0.5
v / m s–1
0.4

0.3 B

0.2

0.1

0 t/s
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
–0.1

–0.2

–0.3

–0.4

–0.5

Fig. 3.2
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(a) State what is represented by the area under a velocity–time graph.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Use Table 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 to determine:

(i) the acceleration of trolley B during the collision

acceleration of B = ................................................ m s–2 [2]

(ii) the magnitude and direction of the final velocity of trolley A.

magnitude = ...................................................... m s–1

direction ...............................................................
[3]

(c) On Fig. 3.2, sketch the variation of the velocity of trolley A with time t from t = 0 to t = 0.50 s.
[3]

[Total: 9]

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4 (a) State the principle of superposition.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Coherent light is incident normally on two identical slits X and Y. The diffracted light emerging
from the slits superposes to produce an interference pattern on a screen positioned at a
distance of 1.9 m from the slits.

Fig. 4.1 shows the arrangement and the central part of the interference pattern of bright and
dark fringes formed on the screen.

1.9 m
dark fringe

X
coherent
light 0.65 mm bright fringe

Y 1.7 mm

screen

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

The separation of the slits is 0.65 mm. The distance between the centres of adjacent bright
fringes is 1.7 mm.

Calculate the wavelength λ of the light.

λ = ..................................................... m [3]
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(c) Light waves from slits X and Y in (b) arrive at a point between adjacent bright fringes on the
screen. Fig. 4.2 shows the variation of displacement with time for the waves arriving at the
point where they meet.

wave from X wave from Y

displacement

0
time

Fig. 4.2

A student makes two statements about the waves at this point:

Statement 1: ‘The phase difference between the waves is 90°.’

Statement 2: ‘The amplitude of the resultant wave is zero.’

(i) Explain how statement 1 is correct.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State and explain whether statement 2 is correct.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) The width of each slit in (b) is decreased by the same amount. There is no change to the
separation of the slits.

Describe and explain the effect, if any, of this change on the appearance of the interference
pattern.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]
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5 A train travels at a constant high speed along a straight horizontal track towards an observer
standing adjacent to the track, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

train
observer
track

Fig. 5.1

The train sounds its horn continuously as it approaches the observer, from time t = 0 until it is well
past the observer at time t = t2. The train passes the observer at time t = t1.
The horn emits a sound wave of constant frequency fS.

(a) On Fig. 5.2, sketch the variation of the frequency of sound heard by the observer with time t,
from time t = 0 to t = t2.

frequency

fS

0
0 t1 t2
t

Fig. 5.2
[1]

(b) At a particular time, the sound waves at the observer have an intensity of 4.7 × 10–3 W m–2.
The waves at the observer are incident at right angles on a circular detector of radius 2.8 cm.

Calculate the power P of the waves incident on the detector.

P = ..................................................... W [3]
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6 A battery is connected in a circuit with a light-dependent resistor (LDR), two fixed resistors and a
voltmeter, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

25 V

320 Ω

V 240 Ω

Fig. 6.1

The battery has an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 25 V and negligible internal resistance.
The resistors have resistances of 320 Ω and 240 Ω.

(a) The voltmeter displays a reading of 16 V.

(i) Show that the current in the battery is 0.050 A.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the resistance of the LDR.

resistance = ..................................................... Ω [3]

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(iii) Determine the ratio

power dissipated in the LDR
power dissipated in the 240 Ω resistor .

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The intensity of the light incident on the LDR increases.

State and explain what happens to the voltmeter reading.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

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7 (a) The results of the α-particle scattering experiment led to the development of the nuclear
model for the atom.

State the results that suggested that most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a very
small region and most of the atom is empty space.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State the composition of γ-radiation.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Table 7.1 lists the names of three particles and possible classifications for them.

Table 7.1

classification
particle name
baryon hadron lepton

neutrino

neutron

positron

Complete Table 7.1 by placing ticks (3) in the boxes to indicate the classifications that apply
to each particle. [2]

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(d) The discovery of a particle with an unusual charge was an important step in the development
of the theory of quarks. The particle is a hadron with a mass of 2.19 × 10–27 kg and a charge
of +2e, where e is the elementary charge.

(i) Calculate the mass, in u, of the particle. Give your answer to three significant figures.

mass = ....................................................... u [1]

(ii) Determine a possible quark composition of a hadron with a charge of +2e.

Explain your reasoning.

[2]

[Total: 8]

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