PK10203 - Introducction BAB 1

PK10203 THEORIES OF
COUNSELING AND
PSYCHOTHERAPY I
INTRODUCTION TO THEORIES OF COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
DR. PATRICIA JOSEPH KIMONG

Introduction
What is
Theory is composed of
Theory?
a set of concepts and
their defined
relationships, all
intended to explain
some phenomenon of
interest.
Psychotherapy? “Psychotherapy is a primary
interpersonal treatment that is based on
psychological principles and involves a
trained therapist and a client who has a
mental disorder, problem, or complaint; it
is intended by the therapist to be
remedial for the client’s disorder,
problem, or complaint; and it is adapted
or individualized for the particular client
and his or her disorder, problem, or
complaint”
Wampold (2001), p.3
All theories of Counseling and
Psychotherapy attempt to explain
the process of helping clients
change; offer some sort of
prescription of what one person,
the therapist, can do to help the
other person, the client who has
sought assistance.
Prior to the late 19th century, people had
little understanding of emotional
difficulties and mental disorders.
Development of ◦ People with severe symptoms
Theories of ◦ forcibly confined in institutions
Counseling and ◦ Exposed to largely ineffective

treatments
Psychotherapy ◦ People with mild / moderate
difficulties
◦ Received no professional help.
§The first force of psychotherapy
§The development of psychodynamic

approaches to psychotherapy, spearheaded
by the work of Sigmund Freud.
§Viewing past experiences as the sources of

people’s present emotional difficulties and
emphasizing unconscious processes and
longterm treatment.
§Provided a solid foundation for the field of

psychotherapy, but had clear limitations.
The second force : Cognitive and
Behavioral theories and intervention.
The research and practice of B.F
Skinner as well as more modern
theorists such as Albert Ellis, Aaron
Beck, William Glasser and Donald
Meichenbaum led to the emergence
of the second force.
Behavioral treatment approaches,
widely used in the 1970s
1980s – Cognitive-behavioral
approaches received considerable
attention.
Cognitive and behavioral treatment
systems emphasize the influence of
thoughts and actions on emotions.
Use interventions that generally focus
on the present and seek to minimize
dysfunctional cognitions and
behaviors while replacing them with
more helpful and positive thoughts
and actions.
The third force : Existential-humanistic
psychotherapy.
Carl Rogers’s innovative work emerged in
the 1960s, the work of Fritz Perls, Viktor
Frankl and others contributed to this
force.
Emphasizes the importance of emotions
and sensations and of people taking
charge of and finding meaning in their
own lives.
These approaches drew attention to the
importance of the therapeutic alliance.
At the beginning of the 21st century,
clinicians are entering the era of the
fourth force.
Elements of 1st-2nd –and 3rd force
treatment approaches are integrated
into a comprehensive and holistic
effort to understand people as fully as
possible.
Clinician’s awareness and
understanding of gender, culture, age
and other aspects of people facilitate
development of positive therapeutic
relationship and effective plans.
Joining with clients and grasping their
multiple perspectives of themselves
and their world are essential to
today’s clinicians.
Networking and collaboration with
other mental health professionals,
provider of community resources and
important people in clients’ lives are
now view as integral to treatment.
Theories of counseling and
psychotherapy as well their
implementation have changed in
response to the fourth force.
The Counselor as a Therapeutic person
Counseling is an intimate
form of learning, and its It is involved a person-to- Therefore, it is essential
demands a counselor to person connection that for the counselor to
be an authentic person in the client experiences genuine in the
the therapeutic growth. counseling process.
relationship.
Personal Characteristics
of Effective Counselors
Respect and Make choices
Identity Open to change appreciate that are life
themselves oriented
Authentic, Have sense of Make mistakes Appreciate the

sincere, honest humor and willing to influence of
admit them culture
Have a sincere Possess effective Become deeply

interest in the interpersonal involved in their Passionate
welfare of others skills work and derive
meaning from it
Able to maintain
healthy
boundaries
Treatment is Effective
Research by Martin Seligman (1995) – “the most extensive
study of psychotherapy on record” found that ;
◦ 87% of people who reported feeling “very poor” and
92% of those who said they felt “fairly poor” before
therapy showed clear improvement by the end of
treatment.
◦ Improvement was long lasting and was reflected in
changes in presenting concerns as well as improvement
in occupational, social and personal domains.
Lambert and Cattani-Thompson (1996) review of the
literature focused primarily on structured and planned
efficacy studies stated:
◦ “Counseling is effective…The effects of counseling seem to be
relatively lasting. These effects are attained in relatively brief time
periods, with the percentage of clients who show substantial
improvement increasing as the number of counseling sessions
increases”
The Therapeutic Alliance
The therapist relationship skills and strength of the

therapeutic alliance are the most powerful predictors of
client outcome across many therapeutic orientations
Essential Conditions of Effective Therapeutic Relationship
vEmpathy
◦ The counselor’s/therapist’s ability to see the world through the client’s eyes and to
communicate that understanding so that the client feels heard and validated
◦ Helps the client feel that the counselor/therapist can relate to their experiences and
are with them emotionally.
vUnconditional positive regard

◦ Nonjudgemental
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010)

vCongruence or being genuine with the client.
vHope or optimism
◦ Therapy and counseling are hard work for both clients and
counselor/therapist.
◦ Believe that treatment has something positive to offer to them.
(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010)

Building a positive therapeutic alliance
Building rapport and a positive therapeutic alliance are

gradual processes that evolve throughout treatment.
If the therapeutic relationship does not begin well, clients
may terminate the session.
Counselors must actively engender rapport and
collaboration from the first moment of contact with the
client.
The meta-analysis studies conducted by Wampold (2001)
on therapeutic effectiveness, found that the personal and
interpersonal components are essential to effective
psychotherapy, whereas techniques have relatively little
effect on therapeutic outcome.
Issues Faced by Beginning Therapist
Dealing with own anxieties
Being yourself and self-disclosure

Avoiding perfectionism
Being honest about own limitations
Understanding silence
Dealing with demands from clients
Dealing with clients who lack commitment

Tolerating ambiguity
Cont.
Becoming aware of countertransference
Developing a sense of humor

Sharing responsibility with the client
Declining to give advice
Defining role as a counselor – professional role

Learning to use techniques appropriately
Developing their own counseling style

Maintaining vitality as a person and as a professional.
THANK YOU
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PK10203 THEORIES OF

DR. PATRICIA JOSEPH KIMONG

Counseling and ◦ Exposed to largely ineffective

§The development of psychodynamic

§Viewing past experiences as the sources of

§Provided a solid foundation for the field of

Authentic, Have sense of Make mistakes Appreciate the

Have a sincere Possess effective Become deeply

The therapist relationship skills and strength of the

vUnconditional positive regard

(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010)

(Seligman & Reichenberg, 2010)

Building rapport and a positive therapeutic alliance are

Being yourself and self-disclosure

Being honest about own limitations

Dealing with clients who lack commitment

Developing a sense of humor

Declining to give advice

Defining role as a counselor – professional role

Developing their own counseling style

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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