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Diabetes

This document provides information about diabetes including pathophysiology, types, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic labs, and sample NCLEX questions. It covers the basics of how insulin and glycogen regulate blood sugar levels and the differences between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction or heredity factors while type 2 involves insulin resistance and lifestyle risks. Treatment depends on whether blood sugar is high or low.

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Ma. Aira Jean Pedro
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136 views

Diabetes

This document provides information about diabetes including pathophysiology, types, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic labs, and sample NCLEX questions. It covers the basics of how insulin and glycogen regulate blood sugar levels and the differences between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction or heredity factors while type 2 involves insulin resistance and lifestyle risks. Treatment depends on whether blood sugar is high or low.

Uploaded by

Ma. Aira Jean Pedro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Diabetes

Med Surg: Endocrine

Pathophysiology basics Signs & Symptoms

IN
HIGH sugar LOW sugar (70 or LESS)
INsulin = puts INto the cell (sugar & K+)
hot and dry = sugar high cold and clammy need some candy
GLycogen = Stored GLucose in Liver sulin “Hyperglycemia” Hypoglycemia
(blood turns to mud) MORE SEVERE! “Hypogly Brain will Die!”
3 P’s:Polyuria • Cool, pale “pallor”, sweaty,
Polydipsia clammy = candy NOT hot or flushing
Patho & Causes Polyphagia • Trembling, Nervous, Anxious
• HIWASH = Headache, Irritable, Weakness,
Type ONE Anxious, Sweaty, Shaky, Hungry
None: body does NOT produce insulin
Autoimmune (body attacks the pancreas)
SON: heredity “you can pass it on”
Causes

HIGH sugar (115 or MORE) LOW sugar (70 or LESS)


Type TWO • Sepsis (infection #1 cause), • Exercise
FEW-insulin receptors work • Stress (surgery, hospital stay), • Alcohol
“Insulin resistance” (Diet) • Skip insulin • Insulin PEAK times
YOU: your diet (high simple sugars) • Steroids (predniSONE) MOST DEADLY! “Hypogly brain will DIE”
& sedentary lifestyle TREATMENT: Insulin 1st TREATMENT:
Awake? Ask to eat:
Juice, Soda, Crackers, Low Fat Milk
NOT high fat milk or peanut butter
Risk Factors
Sleep? Stab them (D50 given IV/IO)
“MetaBOLic Syndrome”-Increased risk for diabetes, heart
disease, stroke
B–BP meds or HTN (over 130 sysolic)
B–Blood Sugar Meds (insulin, oral diabetics) or High 2 Common NCLEX Question
Blood Sugar (over 100+)
A client with type 1 diabetes is only responsive to painful
O–Obese (waist size: 35+ Female 45+ Male) stimuli with a blood sugar of 42, what is the first action
L–Lipids HIGH Total Cholesterol/Triglyceride/LDL taken by the nurse
LOW Sugar
200-150-100—HDL 40 1. Repeat the blood sugar assessment ‘’hypOglycemia’’
70 or LESS
(higher LDL and lower HDL are risk factors) 2. Give dextrose IV push
*3 or MORE criteria* 3. Call the HCP (doctor) Awake = Ask them to eat

4. Clock out for lunch - dis too much...


Sleeping = Stab with IV D50 (dextrose 50)

Top Missed NCLEX Question Which medication could cause risk for hyperglycemia?

Which clients are MOST at risk for developing metabolic 1. Labatolol


syndrome? Select all that apply 2. Albuterol
3. Spironolactone
1. 35 year old male with triglycerides of 140 4. Prednisone
2. 48 year old female with fasting blood glucose of 105
3. 55 year old female with waist size of 40 inches
4. 28 year old male with blood pressure of 135/85
5. 42 year old female with high density lipoprotein Tricky NCLEX Question
(HDL) level of 55
The non diabetic client is admitted for a kidney infection
that has now turned septic. The blood sugars have
increased from 150 to 225, what is the best answer to give
Diagnostic labs a family member who is asking why insulin is used?
GTT
RANDOM FASTING ‘’TOLERANCE’’
HgBA1C 1. The client now has type 2 diabetes because of the
infection.
NORMAL 70-115 UNDER 100 UNDER 140 UNDER 5.7
2. Insulin is given to control the hypoglycemia.

PRE-DM 100-125 140-199 5.7-6.4 3. High sugar is common during infection and stress to
the body, the insulin will help lower the sugar until
the infection resolves.
200+ 126+ 200+
6.5+
DM
4. Be QUIET & let me do my job

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