B1 Cells and The Microscope

B1 – Cells and the Microscope
Magnification = size of image/size of real object OrganelleCellTissueOrganOrgan

Eyepiece lens at the top (magnification 10x), then objective systemOrganism
lens (magnifications of 4x, 10x or 40x) (max. magnification is The organelles are as follows:
the eyepiece lens multiplied by the objective lens), slide, Nucleus-controls the activity of the cell, Mitochondria-
stage, coarse focus, fine focus, and the light source where respiration occurs, Chloroplasts-light energy is
absorbed and changed into food, Ribosomes-proteins are
Microscope Practical – made, Cell wall-supports the cell and keeps its shape,
Plant cells-cut an onion in half and remove the thin epidermis Vacuole-full of cell sap and maintains the shape, Cell
from one of the leaves with forceps, cut a 5mm square and membrane-controls the movement of substances in and out,
place this on a slide as flat as possible and place a drop of Cytoplasm-where many reactions take place
dilute iodine on it. Place a coverslip over the top without Eukaryotic cells all have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and
creating air bubbles, place the slide under a low powered genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus. Examples are
microscope lens, then switch to high power. Draw 3 or 4 animals (including humans), plants, fungi and Protista.
adjacent detailed cells and note magnification.
Prokaryotes are single-cell organisms. The genetic material
Animal cells-gently scrape the inside of your cheek with a
is not enclosed in a nucleus. They may also contain extra
sterile cotton bud, smear the scrapings onto a clean slide,
rings of DNA (plasmids). Prokaryotic cells are much smaller
place a drop of dilute methylene blue on the slide and a
than eukaryotic.
coverslip over with no air bubbles. Focus under a microscope,
and draw 2 or 3 cells, noting magnification. Specialised Plant Cells –
Root hair cells-enable plants to take in required water, have a
Specialised Animal Cells –
large permanent vacuole, next to xylem and increase s.a.
Nerve cells-carry messages all around the body, have a very
long axon, lots of dendrites, synapses, and myelin sheath Palisade cells-make glucose for plants, contain a lot of
Muscle cells-contract and relax to move the body, contain chloroplasts, positioned in layers, and have a vacuole
special proteins, a lot of mitochondria and glycogen
Sperm cells-carry genetic information to the female egg cell Xylem cells-transport water and minerals up from the roots
for reproduction, have a nucleus, a long tail, acrosome, and Phloem cells-carry food (glucose) up and down the plant
mitochondria to provide energy for swimming
Osmosis is a special case of diffusion, where water moves
from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration across a partially permeable membrane. Water,
Diffusion is the movement of substance from a region of high
oxygen and carbon dioxide are small enough to diffuse
concentration to a region of low concentration, down a
through this partially permeable membrane, but glucose isn’t.
concentration gradient, until equilibrium is reached.
The rate of diffusion increases when:
- The concentration gradient is greater Mitosis is the replication of a cell. New cells are needed for
- The surrounding temperature is higher growth and repair. A human nucleus contains 46
- The volume the particles have spread into is smaller chromosomes (23 pairs) which contain many genes (DNA).
Stage 1: Interphase –
Active transport is the movement of a substance or solute This stage takes the longest. The cell grows bigger,
from a region of low concentration to a region of high increasing its mass and the number of ribosomes,
concentration, against the concentration gradient. It requires mitochondria etc. while the cell is going about its normal
energy from the plant or animal. Usually, cells that carry out functions. All 46 chromosomes slowly duplicate themselves.
active transport have a lot of mitochondria for a large supply They stay connected, ready to be pulled apart.
of energy. Stage 2: Mitosis –
The two sets of chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite
Stem cells are able to differentiate. These cells become
ends of the nucleus. The nucleus then divides into two.
different types of cells, by switching on different genes
Stage 3: Division of cell –
needed for that cell type and acquiring different sub-cellular
The rest of the cell divides (membranes, cytoplasm etc.).
structures.
Some cells don’t replicate at all, but some always have do it.
Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.
Many types of plant cell retain the ability to differentiate
throughout life.

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B1 – Cells and the Microscope

Magnification = size of image/size of real object OrganelleCellTissueOrganOrgan

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