Lycée Des Arts

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Extra sheet in: Physics Class / La classe: 12 GS
WORK AND ENERGY

EXERCISE 1 FREELY FALLING OBJECT

At the instant t0 = 0s, a stone (S), considered as a particle of mass m, is released
without initial velocity from point O situated at a height h above the ground level. O
(S) describes a rectilinear trajectory in the space reference system 𝑂; 𝑗 where 𝑗 is a 𝒋
unit vector directed vertically downwards.
y
At an instant t, the position of (S), relative to O, is 𝑦 and the algebraic value of its
𝑑𝑦 h
velocity is 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 .
(S)
The ground level is taken as a reference level for the gravitational potential energy.
Neglect air resistance and denote by g the magnitude of the gravitational
Ground level
acceleration vector.
1- Write, at an instant t, the expression of the mechanical energy of the system
[(S); Earth] in terms of m, v, g, h and y. y
2- Is the mechanical energy of the system [(S); Earth] conserved? Justify.
3- Show that the acceleration of (S) is a = g.

EXERCISE 2 MOTION OF A HOOP

A hoop (H), of mass m and of radius R, is free to rotate, without friction, about a horizontal axis (Δ) passing
through a point O of its circumference.
We shift the hoop by an angle θ from its stable equilibrium position, and then it is (Δ)
released without initial velocity. O
Given:
 the horizontal plane passing through O is taken as a gravitational potential
energy reference,
 The moment of inertia of the hoop with respect to (Δ) is I = 2mR2,
 Neglect air resistance.
(H)
Show that the expression of the angular velocity of the hoop as it passes through its
𝑔 1−cos 𝜃
equilibrium position is given by 𝜃 ′ = .
𝑅

EXERCISE 3 MOTION OF A RIGID ROD

A compound pendulum consists of a uniform thin rod (R) of length ℓ = AB = 120cm (Δ)
and mass m = 500g. The rod of center of mass G is free to rotate, without friction, in A
the vertical plane about a horizontal axis (Δ) passing through its upper end A.
The pendulum is shifted from its stable equilibrium position by an angle θ
𝜃0 = 60°, and then it is released from rest at the instant t0 = 0s.
𝑚 ℓ2 G
The moment of inertia of the rod with respect to (Δ) is 𝐼 = 3 . G GPE = 0

Given:
 Take the horizontal plane passing through the lowest position of G as a (R)
B
gravitational potential energy reference;
 g = 10m/s2;
 Neglect air resistance.
1- Calculate the value of I.
2- Show that the mechanical energy of the system [(R); Earth] at the instant t0 = 0s is ME0 = -1.5J.
3- Is the mechanical energy of the system [(R); Earth] conserved? Justify.
4- Determine the angular velocity θ1 of (R) when its passes by its equilibrium position.
EXERCISE 4 MOTION OF A COMPOUND PENDULUM
Consider a thin and homogeneous rigid rod (R), of length ℓ = 1𝑚 and of mass M = 400g.
We fix, at the end A of (R), a particle (P) of mass m = 100g. The system (S) thus
formed constitutes a compound pendulum whose center of mass is G. (S) may O
rotate, without friction, about a horizontal axis () passing through the other end (Δ)
O of (R). θ (R)
We shift (S), from its stable equilibrium position, by an angle 𝜃0 = 60° and
then we release it from rest at the instant t0 = 0s. G
The horizontal plane passing through O is taken as a gravitational potential energy
reference.
Neglect air resistance and take g = 10m/s2. (P) A
𝑀ℓ2
The moment of inertia of (R) with respect to (Δ) is 𝐼𝑅 = 3 .
1- Show that:
1.1- the position of G relative to O is a = OG = 0.6m.
1.2- the moment of inertia of (S) about (Δ) is I = 0.23kgm2.
2- Determine the mechanical energy of the system [(S); Earth] at the instant t0 = 0s.
3- Determine the angular speed θ1 of (S) as it passes by its equilibrium position.

EXERCISE 5 SIMPLE PENDULUM

Consider a simple pendulum (P) formed of a small spherical ball (S),
considered as a particle of mass m = 200g, connected to the end of an
A O
inextensible string of negligible mass and length L = 135cm. The other end of
θ
the string is fixed at point O. 𝑽𝑨
Initially, the string is stretched in a horizontal position and (S) is L
launched from point A with a vertically downwards velocity vector of (S)
magnitude 𝑉𝐴 = 3𝑚/𝑠 as shown in document 1.
At an instant t, the pendulum makes an angle θ with the vertical and (S) has a
speed V. B
The horizontal plane passing through point B the equilibrium position of the
pendulum is taken as a gravitational potential energy reference.
Neglect all friction forces on the pendulum and take g = 10m/s2.
1- Calculate the mechanical energy of the system [(P); Earth] at point A.
2- Determine, at an instant t, the expression of the mechanical energy of the system [(P); Earth] in terms of m,
V, g, L and θ.
3- Determine the value of θ, (0o < θ < 90o), for which the kinetic energy of (S) is equal to the gravitational
potential energy of the system [(P), Earth].
4- Determine the speed of (S) at point B.
Exercise 1:
Part Answer key Mark
1 1
𝑀𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑉 2 + 𝑚𝑔 𝑕 − 𝑦 .
2 The non-conservative force (air resistance) is neglected; then, the mechanical energy of the
system [(S); Earth] is conserved.
3 𝑑𝑀𝐸 1
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 2 𝑚 2𝑉𝑉′ + 𝑚𝑔 −𝑦′ = 0 where 𝑉 ′ = 𝑎 and 𝑦 ′ = 𝑉.
𝑚𝑉𝑎 − 𝑚𝑔𝑉 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑔.
Exercise 2:
Part Answer key Mark
By applying the principle of conservation of mechanical energy:
1
𝑀𝐸𝑖 = 𝑀𝐸𝑓 ⟹ 𝐾𝐸𝑖 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝑖 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝑓 ⟹ 0 − 𝑚𝑔𝑅 cos 𝜃 = 2 𝐼𝜃 ′2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑅.
1 2𝑚𝑔𝑅 1−cos 𝜃 2𝑚𝑔𝑅 1−cos 𝜃
𝐼𝜃 ′2 = 𝑚𝑔𝑅 1 − cos 𝜃 ⟹ 𝜃 ′2 = = .
2 𝐼 2𝑚 𝑅 2
𝑔 1−cos 𝜃 𝑔 1−cos 𝜃
𝜃 ′2 = ⟹ 𝜃′ = .
𝑅 𝑅
Exercise 3:
Part Answer key Mark
1 𝑚 ℓ2 0.5×1.22
𝐼 = 3 = 3 = 0.24𝑘𝑔𝑚2 .
2 ℓ
𝑀𝐸0 = 𝐾𝐸0 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸0 = 0 − 𝑚𝑔 2 cos 𝜃0 = −0.5 × 10 × 0.6 × cos 60° = −1.5𝐽.
3 The non-conservative forces (friction and air resistance) are neglected; then, the mechanical
energy of the system [(R); Earth] is conserved.
4 Apply the principle of conservation of mechanical energy:
𝑀𝐸1 = 𝑀𝐸0 ⟹ 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸1 = 𝑀𝐸0 .
1 ℓ
𝐼𝜃1′2 − 𝑚𝑔 2 = 𝑀𝐸0 .
2
1 5
× 0.24 × 𝜃1′2 − 0.5 × 10 × 0.6 = −1.5 ⟹ 𝜃 ′ = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.
2 2
Exercise 4:
Part Answer key Mark
ℓ
1.1 𝑀 +𝑚ℓ
2 0.4 0.5 + 0.1 1
𝑎 = 𝑀+𝑚 = = 0.6𝑚.
0.4+0.1
𝑀ℓ 2 0.4×12
1.2 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝑃 = 3 + 𝑚ℓ2 = 3 + 0.1 × 12 = 0.23𝑘𝑔𝑚2 .
2 𝑀𝐸0 = 𝐾𝐸0 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸0 = 0 − 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑔𝑎 cos 𝜃0 .
𝑀𝐸0 = − 0.4 + 0.1 10 0.6 cos 60° = −1.5𝐽.
3 Apply the principle of conservation of mechanical energy:
1 2
𝑀𝐸1 = 𝑀𝐸0 ⟹ 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸1 = 𝑀𝐸0 ⟹ 2 𝐼𝜃1′ − 𝑀 + 𝑚 𝑔𝑎 = 𝑀𝐸0 .
1 2
× 0.23 × 𝜃1′ − 0.4 + 0.1 10 0.6 = −1.5 ⟹ 𝜃1′ = 3.6𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.
2
Exercise 5:
Part Answer key Mark
1 1 1
𝑀𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾𝐸𝐴 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑚𝑉𝐴2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑅 = 2 × 0.2 × 32 + 0.2 × 10 × 1.35 = 3.6𝐽.
2 1
𝑀𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑉 2 + 𝑚𝑔𝐿 1 − cos 𝜃 .
2
3 Principle of conservation of mechanical energy: 𝑀𝐸 = 𝑀𝐸𝐴 = 3.6𝐽.
𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐸
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 2 ⟹ 𝑚𝑔𝐿 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 .
3.6 1 1
0.2 10 1.35 1 − cos 𝜃 = 2 ⟹ cos 𝜃 = 3 ⟹ 𝜃 = cos −1 3 = 70.53°.
4 Principle of conservation of mechanical energy: 𝑀𝐸𝐴 = 𝑀𝐸𝐵 .
1 1
𝑀𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾𝐸𝐵 + 𝐺𝑃𝐸𝐵 ⟹ 𝑀𝐸𝐴 = 2 𝑚𝑉𝐵2 + 0 ⟹ 3.6 = 2 × 0.2 × 𝑉𝐵2 ⟹ 𝑉𝐵 = 6𝑚/𝑠.