Grade 9 Robotics Reviewer Quarter 1

Q1: Electricity
Module I: The Different Types of Electricity
I. What is electricity? It is the flow of electrical power or charge.
In a normal state, the electrons are orbiting the nucleus. Then an
electromotive force is introduced, there will be a potential difference between
two ends of the object (particularly conductor). Electrons may transfer from
atom to another atom. The movement of these electrons creates electrical
charge.

When there is a potential difference between points A and B, the electrons will
flow in a specific direction.

There are two types of electricity:

 Alternating Current (AC)
- is termed alternating because the electrons change direction
periodically. This type of electricity is what we can get from the power
outlets in our house.
 Direct Current (DC)
- the electrons flow in the same direction. This type of electricity is
readily available in the dry cells or battery in your remote controller of
your television.
 II. Different Methods of Producing Electricity and its Sources
Electricity is a form of energy. other forms of energies are thermal energy,
solar energy, kinetic energy (like wind and water), nuclear energy,
chemical energy, and more.
Sources of Energy:
- Hydro
- Solar
- Wind
- Tidal
- Geothermal
- Biomass
These energies are grouped into two kinds of resources
- Renewable resources – can be used repeatedly and replaced
naturally. An example of these are; windmills, solar power plants, and
dams.
- Non-renewable resources – it cannot be readily replaced by
natural means. Fossil fuel is an example of non renewable energy.

These resources are used to generate electrical energy. Energy can be

transformed to one form to another. Solar energy for example can be
transformed to electrical energy. Electrical energy is transformed to mechanical
energy when your printer prints the modules sent on your email.

III. Electrical Conductors and Insulators

Either conductor or insulator is material that is made up of a lot of
atoms. For each atom, we have the positively charged nucleus and negatively.
Conductors – electrons can move freely and migrate around. They move
in almost zero resistance. Electrical conductors are materials or objects that
allow the flow of negatively charged electrons in one or more direction which
results in electric current.
Examples of conductors:
- Copper
- Aluminum
- Saltwater
- Iron

Conductors not only conduct electricity but heat too, because of friction the
movement of electricity on wires can generate heat thus, some electrical
appliances overheat.
Nickel is the best conductor of electricity
 Insulators – electrons that cannot move freely. The electrons don’t have
the right energy level that can make the move around or migrate. These are
materials or objects that do not allow the electrons to flow freely.
Examples of Insulators:
- Wood
- Rubber
- Fabrics
- Cardboard
This is why we have wooden ladle
or spoon used for cooking because
wood is poor in conducting heat.

Module II: Electronic Circuits

I. The Different Kinds of Circuit
What is a circuit? It is a conductive loop in which electricity can flow
freely. Wire is used for the electricity to flow between power ( positive ) to
ground ( negative ). This can be as simple as a battery source and a light
bulb.
There are 6 types of electric circuit
 Closed circuit (Simple Circuit) – when load like
bulb, appliances, etc. works on its own, then it is a
closed circuit.

 Open circuit – when there is a fault in the path of the

circuit (like a broken wire) that prevents electric
current to flow going to the load and back to the
battery or power source.

 Short circuit – when both points (+ and -) in the circuit gets join with
each other for some reason then it is a short circuit

In the figure, a red wire connects the positive and

negative wires. That makes the circuit short. IN this
situation maximum current starts to flow to the wires
which probably caused the insulator of the wires to
melt and triggers fire.

 Series circuit – when 2 or more loads are

connected to each other then it is in series
o Disadvantage of
this is when one
 or more bulb(s) blown away then the rest of the bulbs will not light
up.
 Parallel circuit - When 2 or more bulbs are connected in such a way
that each of the terminals of each bulb is somewhat tapped at the source
of power
(see figure for reference and understanding the difference of series
and parallel circuits.)

 Series- Parallel circuit – A combination of both series and parallel

circuits.
(figure of a series-parallel circuits;)
How do you connect batteries to have a
bigger voltage?
You will simply connect them in
series, this means that the positive of the
battery will be connected to the negative of
the other and so on.

For more convenience, there are battery

holders to select from. (take not that in
mounting batteries, the side with the
spring coil of the battery holder must be
for the negative terminal of the battery).

(figure of a battery holder)

Useful components for Robotics

 Breadboard – it is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. The
purpose of this is to make
quick electrical connections
between electronic
components.
Here you can test the components for its function ability and suitability
before permanently soldering it together.
A breadboard is a good hands-on electrical component to better
understand parallel and series connection/circuit.

- On the side of the board are 2 vertical

arrays of holes. Color coded, one for negative
(blue) and the other for positive (red).
- The holes on the sides serve as the power
source for the whole components which are
part of the circuit.

Consider the breadboard figure. This maps

the connectivity of the different holes on the
breadboard. The yellow lines are not visible,
so it is best to have a good understanding as
to where each hole is connected to.
M3: Basic Electronics I
I. Materials used in Electronics.
Robotics is an interdisciplinary sector of science and engineering
dedicated to the design, construction and use of mechanical robots. The goal of
robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help and assist humans in
their day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe.
Robotics draws on the achievement of information engineering,
computer engineering, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering and
others.
Robots can be used in many situations and for many purposes, but
today many are used in dangerous environments including inspection of
radioactive materials, bomb detection and deactivation, manufacturing
processes, or where humans cannot survive (e.g. in space, underwater, in high
heat, and clean up and containment of hazardous materials and radiation).
Robot is composed of networks of wirings, electrical components, chips,
sensors, etc.

-There is an imaginary stair (colored violet) that separates metals from

nonmetals.
-Those that fall on the stairs (violet colored) are metalloids or semi-metals.
-These elements are something between conductor and insulator.
-Above the stair are non-metals together with Hydrogen.
-Below the stair are metals.
-Some are in liquid form like Mercury (Hg) which is a fair conductor of
electricity
Electronic components usually consist of different types of materials:
- metals
- semiconductors
- insulators
 Capacitors, electrolytes, circuits, transistors, and semiconductors
are all needed when manufacturing modern technological products. There are
certain metals that are the best at fulfilling these roles, making them the most
-used materials in the tech industry.

Electrical devices are used every single day by many millions of people
across the world. The parts that make up these devices are manufactured from
tiny electronic components made from a variety of different raw materials. The
raw materials used in the manufacturing process all have unique
characteristics, such as strong conductivity and insulating properties, making
them the ideal choice for making electrical components.

Metals
Silver has the highest electrical conductivity of any metal. Copper is the
metal with the second highest level of electrical conductivity after silver. Copper
is used a great deal as it has high conductivity and can be easily shaped and
molded. Other metals used include Nickel, Lead, Tin, Silver, Aluminum and
Chromium. You’ll find these metals being used in components like capacitors,
resistors and transducers.

Resistor
A standard resistor for example is usually composed of an alloy such as
Nichrome (Nickel/Chromium) or Manganin (Copper/Nickel/Manganese)
wrapped around a ceramic or glass fiber rod or tube and coated in an
insulating flameproof cement film. The abovementioned elements are metals.
Alloy
An alloy is a combination of metals or metals combined with one or more
other elements. It has a very high value of resistivity. Alloy has a very small
temperature coefficient of resistivity. Thus, their value of resistivity does not
change even for very high values of temperature.

Semiconductors
Semiconductors do not fall into either the conductor (generally metals)
category or nonconductor/ insulators (such as most ceramics) category.
Instead they fall in between. A variety of materials fall into this category, and
they include the pure elements Silicon and Germanium or the compound
Gallium Arsenide. The conductivity of a semiconductor is somewhere between
that of an insulator, which has almost no conductivity, and a conductor, which
has almost full conductivity. Most semiconductors are crystals made of
certain materials, most commonly Silicon.

Insulators
Good insulators contain 8 electrons which mean they are stable (noble
gasses group 18). Insulators can't be easily transported from one atom to
another and nonmetals make good insulators. Three examples of good
insulators are sulfur, silicon, and rubber (mostly Carbon).
The most effective electrical insulators are:
• Rubber.
• Glass.
• Porcelain
• Pure water.
• Air.
• Dry wood.
• Dry cotton
Diamond is an insulator because Diamond has carbon-carbon bonds that are
covalent in nature, meaning they're shared specifically between two carbon
atoms. They are not free to move about the solid. This is why diamond is an
electrical insulator.
II. The Importance of Material Specification.
What is Material Specification?
Material Specifications means the description of the material, including
requirements, tolerances, shelf life, specifications, suppliers and safety data.
This further includes specific and detailed information regarding the
composition, shipping, handling and storage guidelines and other information
necessary to properly manufacture, ship and store a Product, including,
without limitation, the identity of and contact information for the
Manufacturer, Part Number, sampling plan, safety considerations, expiration
date and retest instructions, Supplier certificate requirements, Genzyme test
requirements, and storage conditions.
Different Types of Electrical Wires and Cable
Electrical cable and wires are considered as a same thing. In fact, they
are quite different. A wire is made of a single electrical conductor while a cable
is a group or bundle of multiple wires inside a common sheathing. Both of
them are used for carrying electrical current.
Nowadays due to the advancement in technology, almost everything is powered
by electricity. Be it indoor or outdoor, we need supply of smooth, uninterrupted
electricity which is achieved by using
suitable type of wires and cables. Not
only the electrical sector uses cables
and wires for power transmission and
distribution to our house and
industries, the Telecom sector also
relies on various types of cables for
uninterrupted data transmission.

M3:

Basic Electronics II
I. The Ohm’s Law
Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist and mathematician. As a
school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell,
invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own
creation, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential
difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric
current. This relation is called Ohm's law, and the ohm, the unit of electrical
resistance, is named after him.
Voltage
it is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes
charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do
work such as illuminating a light. It is measured in volts.
Current
is a stream (torrent, river) of charged particles, such as electrons or ions,
moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is measured in amperes.
Resistance
is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit. It is
measured in ohms. A resistor is used to prevent over current.
1. Given that Voltage
= 9 volts Resistance
= =120,000 milli-ohms
Find : Current across the circuit.
From the formula:
Current (I) = V/R But the resistance should be in ohms. So we need to
convert it first to ohms.

So 120,000 milliohms is 120 ohms.

Current (I)
= V/R I
= 9/120 I
= 0.075 amp
2. Given that Voltage
= 9 volts Current
= 0.125 amp
Find: Resistance
R = V/I
R = 9/.125
R = 72 ohms
3.
Battery (voltage) = 9 volts Small led light
Small led light = 20 milliohm
Find: current
Change first 20mOhm to ohm. So it is 0.02 ohm
I = V/R I
= 9/0.02 I
= 450 amp
 The Ohm’s Law on Series and Parallel Circuits

In series circuit, these are the guidelines:

V T = V1 + V2 + V3 + ….
IT = I1 = 12 = 13 = …..
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ……..

In parallel circuit, these are the

guidelines:
V T = V1 = V2 = V3 = ….
IT = I1 + 12 + 13 + …..
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ……..

Resistors

resistor is an electrical
component that limits or
regulates the flow of electrical
current in an electronic circuit.
 B = BAD
B = BOYS
R = RACE
O = OUR
Y = YOUNG
G = GIRLS
B = BUT
V =VIOLET
G = GENERALLY
W =WINS

For that resistor above , it is colored brown, black, green and a separated
gold band. Brown=1 Black=0 the Green is your multiplier. The multiplier band
and the tolerance band (usually gold/silver) are consecutive. So this is
10x10,0000 = 100,000 ohms with a tolerance of 5%

Consider the resistor beside.

The resistor is colored
Green, Black, Red and Brown.
The Brown is isolated so it must
be the tolerance therefore should
be at your right side.
Green = 5 Black = 0 , so
it’s 50 x 100 (Red, the multiplier),
so it is 5000ohms with
plus/minus 5% (Gold) tolerance.
Computing the 5% of 5000,
it is 250. Meaning the resistor
can still handle up to 5250 ohms
or down to 4750 ohms.
Remember that in resistor, the
higher the resistance value, the
smaller the flow of voltage or
current.
Module 5 and 6: Creative Technologies: Electrical Components
Capacitor

- originally known as a condenser

- a two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an
electric field
- does not dissipate (vanish, disappear) energy.
- stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.
- an electrical component that stores potential energy.
- holds positive and negative energy on two separate plates separated by an
insulator.
- A capacitor(s) is called cap(s) for short.

Uses of Capacitors

- widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass.
- they smooth the output of power supplies.
- they tune radios to particular frequencies.

Capacitance (symbol C)

- a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge.

- a large capacitance means that more charge can be stored.
- Capacitance is measured in farads, symbol F. However 1F is very large, so
prefixes (multipliers) are used to show the smaller values:
• µ (micro) means 10-6 (millionth), so 1000000µF = 1F
Remember: in mounting capacitor you must observe polarity. The longer leg of the
capacitor is positive and the shorter is for negative.
Inductors

- consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core.

- also called a coil, choke, or reactor.
- a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic
field when electric current flows through it.
- the simplest of all electronic components, constructed much like a resistor – a
simple length of wire that is coiled up.
- creates a magnetic field when a current is passed through it.

“What is the difference between an Inductor and Capacitor?”

- both store energy when a voltage potential is applied across it, but a Capacitor
stores energy in form of an electric field and an Inductor stores energy in form
of a magnetic field.
Transformers

- called a Step-up transformer.

- when it is used to “decrease” the voltage on the secondary winding it is called a
Step-down transformer
- an electrical apparatus designed to convert alternating current from one voltage
to another
- can be designed to "step up" or "step down" voltages and works on the magnetic
induction principle.
- it consists, in its simplest form, of two or more coils of insulated wire wound on
a laminated steel core.
 - used to “increase” the voltage on its secondary winding with respect to the
primary.
Primary - when voltage is introduced to one coil (magnetizes the iron core)
Secondary (output coil) - a voltage is then induced in the other coil.
The change of voltage (or voltage ratio) between the primary and secondary depends on
the turns ratio of the two coils
VP – is the Primary Voltage
VS – is the Secondary Voltage
NP – is the Number of Primary Windings
NS – is the Number of Secondary Windings
Φ (phi) – is the Flux Linkage
Step-down Transformer

- in which the output (secondary) voltage is less

- input (primary) voltage is called a step-down transformer
- the number of turns on the primary of the transformer is greater than the turn
on the secondary of the transformer
Diode

- defined as a two-terminal electronic component

- only conducts current in one direction
- said to be “forward biased” when conducting current in this direction
- connected within a circuit in the reverse direction (i.e. the “high resistance”
direction), the diode is said to be “reverse biased”
Anode (+)
Cathode (-)

Ideal diode

- have zero resistance in one direction

- infinite resistance in the reverse direction
Integrated Circuit (IC)

- small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor,

or even computer memory
- a small wafer, usually made of silicon, that can hold anywhere from hundreds
to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
- also called microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip, an assembly of
electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active
devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g., capacitors and
resistors) and their interconnections are built up on a thin substrate of
semiconductor material (typically silicon).
- combination of diodes, microprocessors, and transistors in a minimized form on
a wafer made of silicon
- can perform calculations and multiple tasks when combined with each other

Light Emitting Diode (led)

- a semiconductor diode which

glows when a voltage is
applied.
- stands for Light Emitting
Diode
- light bulbs are designed to
convert electrical energy into
light through a microchip
which then illuminates the
tiny light sources which
produce visible light.
- this process uses up to 90% less power
than traditional incandescent and Remember that LED is a
fluorescent bulbs diode. It will also let current
- LED lights are directional light sources. pass in one direction. The
longer leg of the led must be
The difference between them states that the connected to positive and the
LED will glow. shorted must be to the
negative.

GOODLUCK ON THE EXAMS!!

(learning sources are taken from the Self-Learning Modules provided by DepEd)
Robotics Reviewer made with love by:

Dane Gian Angelo Tan (M1-M2)

Ulisse Zabina B. Palma (M3-M4)

Janne Louise E. Ordedor (M5-M6)