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555 TIMER
AND ITS APPLICATIONS

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M. C. SHARMA , M. Se

PUBLISHERS
BUSINESS PROMOTION PUBLICATIONS
‘
376, Lajpa Rai Market, Delbi. ll0006
 nv the same author
Tr ë! nsistor NoveJties
Practical SCRjTHL';C Pr ojects
Simple Audio projects
Easy to build Alarms
Using Fleld Effect Trs .
Build your own test ln s trument
Understandlng and Us i ng
r.lul t ime te rs

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Second Print ing 1 978 )

Printed a! ! GOYAL OFFSET PRlNTERS

ξ Sha~zlda 8agh, Oaya Basκ Delhf.110035
308 /6
 CONTENTS

Page
A. 555 Timer and Applications. l
I ‘ Photo Timer. 14
2. Touch Plate Controller. 16
3 Auto Wiper Contr여. 17
4. Delayed Switching of Auto Head Lights After
Parking. 18
5 Tiny Flasher. 19
6 Solid~State Flasher. 20
7 Sense-of-Time Tester
‘ 21
8 Square-Wave Generator. 22
9 Li near Saw-Tooth Generators. 23
10 Warble Tone Generator. 25
11 DeJaycd Automatic Powcr orr. 26
12 Delayed Automalic Power On. 28
13. Ni -Cd Battery Charger 30
14 Wide Range I' ul se Gcnerator. 32
15 Frequency Dividcr 34
16 J\. lissing Pulse Detcclor. 35
17 Li ght Operated Relay 36
18 Temperature Controller. 38
19. Brigbtness Control of LED Display. 40
20 Sequential Switching. 41
21. Long Duration Timer. 43
 ~‘껴

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555 Timer
T IME ON YOUR HANDS ! With the monolithic integrated
circuit 555 you can get accurale timing ranges of micro seconds
(0 bours, independent of supply voltage varia tÎ ons. This versatile
devicc has a Jarge number of interesting prà이 ica l applicalions,
espeçially for electronic hobbyists
-- “ Basically , the 555 timer is a h i'ghly κt able integrated circui ‘
capable of functioning as an ilccurate time-d e1 ay generator and
as a free running multivibrator , When used as an osci l! ator the
frequency and duty cy이 e are ,<1 ccurately controlled by only two
extemal resistors and a capacitors. The circuit may be triggered
and rcset on fal1 ing wave forms. Its prominent features are
summarÎzed below
.. Timing from micro seconds through hours
.. Monostable alld astable operation
~ • Adju“stable duty cycle
‘ Abil îty to operate from a wide range of supply voltage‘
• Output compatible witb CMOS , DTL and TTL (when used
wîth a 5 volt snp ply)
• H igh current output can sink or source 200 mA
.) Trigger and resct inputs are logic compatible
• OUlput can be operated nonnal on and normal off
•‘
'-- • H igb temperature stability

Let us see the make-up and operation of the 555 IC and see
~
- how the vario llS features can -be dev히。 ped into practical circuits
The 555 is av‘lÎ bble in S-pin and 14-pin dual-in-line packages
。r in a circular TO-99 metal can ‘,vith eight leads . Pin connec-

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Fig. 1. Pin Connections For The 555 Tìmer. (TOP.YIEWS)

‘ions for various packages are

sh。、);D in Fig. 1. The SE and NE
versions are similar except for maximum emperature ratmgs ‘
Tbe prκision type SE maintains its essential characteristics over
a lemperature range of 55 C 10 + 125" C while the general
•
0

purpose type NE operates reliably on1y over a range of 0" C t。

70"C. Some manufactures use the suffix C 10 indicate the
commercial version for general purpose applications. Both týpes
bave a maximum raling of 18 \'olts and can handle power dissi-
patioll of upto 600 m\V

The 556 is a dual timer which is basical1 y two 555’ s in a single

package. 、

Comprising of 23 transistors. 2 diodes and 16 re sÍ stors,

‘
(fig. 2) the 555 bas buil in compensation for component tolerance

2
 • •*
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and temperature drirt resulting in a temperature coeftìcieo.t of only

25 parts per mil1i on per degree Centigrade

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Fig. 2. 555 Timer Sιhematic Diag:ram

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OPERATION
A functional block diagram of timer is shown in Fig. 3. The

1
 device consisls of ~wo comparators‘. tWQ cont rol ' t ransistor s, a ,
flip-flop and a buff~red outpUI stage. Tbe reférence;V oltages for
the two comparators inside the 555 are developed acro S a völtage ‘
divider cOD sisting of three equal resislors R of 5K ohms each
The threshold comparator is refe renced at j Vcc and the trigger ‘
“
comparator is re renced at ! V cc. The two comparators control
the fli p-ßop, which , in lum cootrols tbe state of the outpllt
When the timer is in the q~ iesce nt state, the inlernal transistor
T 1 is conducting and represents a short circuit across timing
capacitor Cr . The level of the output tcrmina l is low
1n most prnctical circuits, the-voltage on pin 2 is held above
the trigger point by!' resistor connected 10 Vcc . When a oegative-
going trigger pulse on pîn 2 causc$ the potential at this point to fall
b 터。、，v !Vcc , the t rigger comparator switches the flip-fl op, cutting

-- off Tl and foπ i ng the output level higÞ. to a value slightly below
Vcc. Capacitor CT now Starts to charge and the voltage across
it rises exponentially until it reaches 2/3 Vcc. At this point, the
threshold comparator resets the ftip-ft op and the output returns to
‘∞

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Fig. 4. Dclay Timcs For Differcnt Values Of Resistors And C pacilon ‘
‘ A comparator is an op-a mp thal compares an inpul vollage and
‘ ‘
indicate We:R ther h.: inp이 is higher or lower than the referen∞ voltage.
‘‘
‘에 <n he ínput sWÎngs sligh tly above the reference value, Ihe op- amp
‘
OUlpU s‘ ings into satura ion. At the instant the Înpul drops below
’‘ 、
‘hc ~efJre n ce l e、 cl ， the op-arnp's' OUl put swings into rcvcrse saturatio 。
The outpll~ chang e.s state when the input rises above or drops b잉。w the
reference voltage level by only a few hundred microvolts

4
 • • • )

MQι ~. _ ~-
it:> Iow state-just slightly above ground. ...'T ra nsi s.t~ T1 is turned
ON. discharging CT 50 that it is ready for the next timing period
Once triggered , the circuit cannot respond to additional triggering
unt i1 the timed interval has elapsed
ι‘
The delay period-'the time that the output ÎS high-in seconds
is 1. 1 RT Cr. where Rr is in ohms and Cr in ηaraás. Figure 4
shows how delays running from 10 ' micro seconds to 10 seconds
~ can be obtained by selecting appropriate values of Cr and RT in
the .001 μ F to 100 II F and 1 K to 10 megohms ranges. In practiζe
R r should not exceed 20 megohms. When you use an electro
lytic capacitor fo r CT , select a unit for low Ieakage. The time
delay may have to be adjusted by varyin g the value of RT to com-

- pensate for the very wide tolerance of electrolytics

An important fea1ure 10 be noted here is that 555 , unlike ...... -....,

many RC timers, provides a timed interval 1h :J. t is virtually inde.
pendent of supply voltage V cc. This is because 1he charge rate of
CT and the reference voltages to thc thrcshold comparator and
trigger comparalor are all ‘lirectly proportional to the supply
vo1t age. Operating voltage can range from 4.5 volts to a maxi.
mum of 28 vo1t s

Feeding the Load

We ha ....e seen how Ihe timed intervι1 or delay is obtained
Now let us see how we can use it. A look at the output circuit
(Ta and T‘ in Fig. 2) shows it 10 be a quasi complementary trans-
forme r1 ess arrangement similar .1 o many audio output stages
Furtherrnore; we know that in this type or circuit , one si'õ e of the
load goes to the emilter-colleclor junction or the output transis.
tor5 and the other si..J e of the load can be connected to V cc or 'l o
ground . The same applies to the load connec!ed to the 555
Output pulses developed across load RL can be obtained direc t1 y
frorn pin 3

When the load is conected to V cι ， a considerable amO\!.lt of

‘
curre미 ßows through the load into terminal 3 when the output

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ow. Similarly when the output is high , he curren hrough
the load is quite small . Conditiolls are reversed wheo the 103d is
‘ “
returned to ground. In this Ca5e , output current tbrough the
load i5 maximu m when the output potentîal i5 high and minimum
whcn the output 1S. low. Thc max imum current at tcrminal 3 is ’
200 mA when it is used as a current source or currcnt sink

Drl l'iag a Relay ι

A relay can be substituted fo r RL in application s wh:re thc

delay or timed interva l is lon gcr than 0.1 second. The relay
should be a DC type with a coi l operating at a bout Vcc and not
drawing more than 200 mA. Figure 5 shows a simple mMltal
timer with th e two oplional conncclions fo r the relay

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Fig. S. Relay Timer Sh 。 … ng Two Oplional Conn e- cti oTl!

You must be carcful when connecting an induε !i ve load 5uch
a5 a relay to the output of the 555 or any othcr 501id-state dcvice
When the current through on inductive load i5 interruplcd. the
collapsiog magnetic fie ld gencrates a high rcvcrse emf (t ransicnt
;'oltage) that can damage thc devicc. Thc solulion to thi5
problem i5 to con nect a diode (01 or 03) across the relay co i1 50
that it conducts and absorbs the transient. Note that the diodc
must be connected so it is reverse biasc( in Dormal operation ‘
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D iode D2 must be inserted in series with the relay coil when
it is connected between the output terminal and ground. Other-

6
 [

wise , a voltage equal to one d ìode-jun ction drop will appear at pio
3 an c1 may cause the timer to latch up
Triggeriug
As slaled earlier , io most pra ctical ci rc비 t5 ， the trigger
terminal i5 general1 y returned 10 Vcc through a res 이to r of about
22 kO. However, the simplest method of triggering a 555 1s 10
momelltarily ground the tcrminal. This is OK as loog as the
ground is removed before the cnd of the timed interva l. Thus. if
Ihe d evice is llsed in a photo-timcr appl ication , as in Fig. 5,
‘
tapping push button 51 is sufficient t。 rigger the circuit and 51aft
the timer

..... Jo many applications , Ihe 555 must be triggered by a

pulse. The amplitude and minimum pulse width required fo r
triggering are dependent 00 temperature a nd supply voltage 4

“
Gc nerally, the current rcquired for triggerîng îs about 0.5 A for a
period ofO .l 1' 5. T riggerîng-voltage ranges from 1. 67 volts when
Vcc is 5 vo 1ts to 5 volts when Vcc is 15 volts
‘
100 rîggering circuît is quite sensitive and can be activated by
‘
simply touching the erm inal with a fì nger or bringing you r hand
close to a length of wi re fastencd to pin 2
Rcsett iog
Qnce a timed cycJ c has been initi aied by a negativc-going
pl'l se on pill 2, the circuit is imm une 10 furl her trigger until Ihe
‘
cyc1 e has bcen completed. Howe cr, the timed cycJ e can be inler-
ru pted by grounding the resct terminal (pill 4) or applying a
negative-going reset pulse to it . The reset pulse causes tim ing
capacitor C l to bc dist: hargcd and the output to return 10 its
‘
q U1 cscell low state. Resct voltage is typical1 y 0.7 '\'olt and reset
r.l1 rrent is 0.1 mA. When the reset terminal is not being used. it
should be connected 10 Vcc

. Tbe Confrol Termina ’

Tbe .f Vc c point on the înternal voltage divider is brougbt out
to pill S- the control termina 1. The timing cycle cao rc modified

7
by applying a DC control voltage to pin 5. Th is permits manual
or electronic remote control of the timed interval 닐

The control terminal is seldom used when the timer is opera-

ted in the monstable mode and should be grounded through a
0.0 1 I' F capacitor to prevent the tÎmed interval from being affccted
by pickup of a stray AC or R F signal
When the timer is operated as an oscillator in the astable
mode, the generated signal can be frequency modulated or pulse-
width modulated by applying a variable DC control vo 1tage to
pin 5

Monostable Operation
In this mode of operations the timer acts as a one sh。‘
‘
Oeta i1s of the external connections and he wave-forms are shown
iI' Fig. 6. The external timing capacitor Cr is heId initia lJ y dìs-
charged by the transistor (T1 in Fig . 2) insid e the timer. Upon
application of a negative p띠 se to pin 2. the flip-flop is set which
reIeases the short circuit across the externa! capacitor and drives
the outpu t high. The voltage across the capacitor , now , rises ex-
ponentially with the time constant Rr CT 、.vb en the voltage across
the capaci lor equals i Vcc , the threshold comparato r resets the
fljp- l1 op 、vh ich ， in turn , discharges the capacitor rapidly and drives
the output to its low state. The circuit rests in this 5ta e till he ‘ ‘
arrìval of next pulse
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Fi e:. 6. MonostabJe Hookup For 55 ~
TIME 一

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The circuit t rigger 。 n a negnlÎve going input signa l when he
Icvel reaches Vcc . Once triggered the circuit will rcmain in th is
‘
slate until the set t ime is elapsed , even if il is triggered aga in
during th is interva l. The time that the output is in the h igh slate
‘ is given by t = 1.1 RrCT. Applying a negati ve plllse simultaneously
10 the reset te rminal (~in 4) nnd thc lrigger terminal (pin 2) during
the timing cycl e discharges the extcrnal capacitor Cr and causes
the cycle 10 slart over ngain. The tim ing cycle w il\ now COllltnence
on the posilive edge of the reset pulse. During the time the reset
pulse i5 appJied , the output i5 driven 10 îts low state. When the
reset fun ction is nol in use, il is recommended lhat it be conn e<: ted
10 Vcc 10 avoid any possibilily of false triggering

- Astable OperatioD
1f the circuit i8 connecled as shown in Fig. 7, it will trigger
il self and free run as a multi-vibrator. The external capacitor
cbarges through R.04 and RB and discharges through RB only. T hu~
the duty cycle may be set pre잉 sel y by the ratio of thesp. lwo
re sistor‘
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t , . 0.6 93 ( ~j“ ~ ø) . C ，

R‘ tι ~ 0.693 (F\I. CT

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F ig. 7. ASlable OperalioD Of 555 Timer

‘
In his mode of operation, the capa 이 tOT charges and di s.

-- charges bctwecn t Vcc and i V cc. As in the tri ggered mode , the
charge and discharge t imes and hcnce the frequen c" ‘ inde.
pendent of the s\l pply voltage
The charge 1ime (output high) is givcn by

9
 11= 0.693 (RA + Ro) CT
The discharge time (output low) is given by
t~ = 0.693 (RB) CT

Thus the 10lal period T is gi\'en by

T = tl + t~ = 0.693 (R .. + 2 RB) CT
<f nd the freq\lency of oscillat ion is then
f ~
l
-- ~
T
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(RA ]-2 Rs) -

'\fhi s may be casily found by δgure 8 graph

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FiS. 8. Free Running Frequcncy Of Aslable Mullivibrator

Thc duty cycle is given by D ="fT)"객Aττ

(RA + 2 I<이
From the above equation , it will be secn that the frequency and
1he duty cycle are intcr-depcndent and change of val l1 e of RA or
‘
R.II affcνts bo h. lt is po s~ ibl e 10 have a completeJy indepen lent ‘
control of the charge and discharge t i mιs by us ’ng tw O' e x: ternal
diodes as shown in F ig. 9. The timing capacitl1f CI charges
through 01 and Rl and discharges thro l1 gh D2 and Rl. A nlO di.
fied arrangement shown separately at left in Fig. 9 provides a
::onlrol over duty cycle without changing the output pu lse
frequency. The diode \'oltage drops , however, make the time more
~cns iti ve 12 supply votage variations

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Bõ able Operatloa
Tb e 555 timer can al50 function as a bistable fti p-ftop in such
applications as TTL compatible ðrivers. Tbis ftip-ftop o fl'cr he ’‘
advanta얀 that it operates from many different supply volta a: es,
uses little power and req비res 00 external ∞ mponents other than
‘
byp잉s capacitors in noì y environments ‘ Tt aJso prov삐 es •
dircct relay driving capability

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FI,. 10. j55 Timer Ope tl\ ted As A Flip .F 1op

As shown in Fig. 10 , amegative pulse applied to the trigger
‘
input terminal (Pin2) se s the t\ ip flop and the output Q goes higb
A positìve goin a: pulse applied to threshold terminal w'Hl reset the

11
fli‘ 60p and drive the Q output low. The ft ip-flop can also be
reset by applying a negative going pulse to the reset terminal (Pin
4) . In this mode Pin 6 is kept low

Schmitt Trigger
Apart from timing functions, t hε two comparators of the 555
timer can be used independenlly for other applications. One
example is a sιhmitt trigger shown in Fig. 1 1. The two com-
paralor inputs ( Pin 2 and 6) are tied together and biased at t Vcc
through a voltage divider Rl and R2. Since the threshold corn-
parator will trip at i Vcc and the trigger comparator will trip at
1 Vcc. the bias provid ed by the resislors Rl and R2 is centred
within the ∞ mparators’ trip limits
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f ig:. 11. 555 Timer As A Schmitt Tr igger

‘
A sine Nave input of suf뀐 cie nt amplitude to exceed th e
‘
reference levels causes he intcrnal fli p.flo p to be set and rese t. In
this way, it creates a square wave at the out puì. So long as R I is
equal to R2; the 55 5 、.v ill be automatically biaserl correctly for
0
almost any supply voltage. The ou tput waveform is 180 out of
‘
phase wi h the applied si ne wave. The circuit can be used as a ~:(
signal shap eÎ" /buffer with advantage of availability of high output
current
By mod ify ing "the inpu t time constant of the ζi rcu i t sh 。、Nn in ~
Fig. 11 (e.g. , reducin g the vatue of înput capacitor to .00 1 μF ) so
that the inpu t pulses get differentiated , the arrangement can al s。

12
 ~

be used cither as a bistable dClvi야 。 r to iavert pu1 se waveforms‘

In thø later case, the fa5t time ∞ nstant of the oombination of Cl
with Rl and R2 causes only the edges of. the input pulse or rcc-
tangualr waveform to be passed. Th잉e pulses set and reset the
ßip-flop and a high level inverted output is the result
Sq uare W8l'eOsclllator
A conventionaI astable circuit using a 555 IC does no
normally produce a symmetrical output waveform (Fig. 7).
‘
Square waves can be obtained by circuit sbown in fig. 12.

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i"ig. 12. Square W.ι e Gencrator

The assymetry of a conventional astable circuit is a resu1t of
the fact that charging and discharging times are oot equal . Jn
fig. 12 , c a paα t or C l is charged through Rl and R2 whiJe dis-
charged through R2. lf R I is made very small compared to R2,
th ~，bo t h time constant wiJI be reduced so that they essent ially
dcpend on R2 and Cl . The frequency of operation (f) is approx-
0.7 ’
mately n .... Tbe frequency is of course independent to tbe
、‘ ”
supply voltage

13
 Photo Ti mer

FÎg. 13. Photo Timer

The circuit shown in Fig. 13 is !lseful for provid ing controlled
‘。n’ times for such equipment as ph이o-enlnrge rs， developers,
small heaters, incandescent lamp씨 etc. Time is set by potmeter
R2 which provides a range of 1 sec. to 100 second witb timing
capacilor Cl of 100 μF

Th e Qutput at pin 3 is normally low and the relay is\ held off.
A momentary touch 00 switch Sl energises the rel ay which is held
c1 0sed for a time 1.l x (R 1 + R2). C I and_then released. Tbe
exact Ien :g th of the timing iotervaJ will d짜hd on the actual
’
capacitance of C I. Most electrolytic capacitors are ra ed 00 the
basis of minimum guaranteed value and the actual value may be
재 gher . The cirçuit should be cali br꺼 ted for various positions of ,
the control knob of R2 after the ti뱃，~g capacitor has had a chance
to "age. Once the capa이 to r has " rèached its stable value, the
’ ‘
timings provided ‘ hou d be well wi hin the photographic req비 r • •
ments
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q 100 "p 12V electrolytic
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01 I' F disc ceramic
a D-
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200 mA
s,. Push-to-on Iwitch
Timer 555IC.

15
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Touch Plate Controller

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Fig ’4. Touch Controlled Rclay
Touch the sma ll metal plate und the relay gets energised , kept
on for about 100 seconds and then relea sed. Such circuits ue
ideaIl y suited for making touch-operated ca lJ ~bcll s ， buzzers or small
’oys whκb ， once touchcd , operate for a sma l1 timc and then s‘,\'ìlch
。 ff automatically

The input impedance of the trigger co mpar?tor of 555 is \'ery

high and the d rcu it can be triggercd by the vo lt agc induced in a
human body. This fact is used in making the touch switch shown
in Fig. 14. Toy motors can be driven directly by delcting th e
diodes 01 , 0 2 and the relay and driving a power transistor 1i ke
AC 128 directly (See Fig. I S) from the output pin 3 of the l C
Parts Llst
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100 μF 12V , electrolytic
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16
 Auto Wiper Control
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￡했f흙 4。l 때뚫 v“
。υ TPUT
、

555
ag책 러 rliRE없。

2당;f '"。

‘ Fia. 15. Delayed Auto.Wiper Cycle Timer

A continuously working wiper is a big nuisance when it i5 not
raining hard. The wipcr control sbowD. 10 Fig . 15 allo ws the
wiper to s~ee p at rates varying from ODce a second to once
io 10 second
Basically the circuit is an astable multivibrator. (See Fig. 1) io
which the OU lpul level at pi n 3 remains high for a 100g time
decided by R2 and low fo r a short time decided by R3. T l1e low
going output __at pill 3 d rives the wiper motor via T1 _and T2 for
a time just sufficient tO operate the park ing switch . Tbe 、.v lpers
then make olle sweep and rest again in th히 r normal parked posi-
tioo t ill the next pulse. Resistor R5 Ii mits the current and power
dissipatio n io T I. Transistors Tl a nd T깅 may be replaced by a
relay if desired
」
Parts List
‘

‘
Cc
R.ll
42 μμQ，FFn，Qi!,i , e Ilte ecrh1ro。l y tllC
5l2lkO02750
OQ
kk lw
pZ
ww
2e5ViVme 47 n , 3W
R, 2N 6107
R, Rli‘m.er
TTT 2N 3055
R‘ 555IC

17
 Automatic Headlight Turn-Off
leavini~his - - car
‘
Any one wbo bas s umblcd around in a dark garage aft~r
for the night wilt -appreciate tbis autõmatÌc head4
light shut off switch. The switch , when _instal~ed . in ~ car 8UI.0.
matically turns off the}leadlights at predetermined period after the
‘
ignition i .switched o ft',

때떼
잉씨
l ‘ "
‘~
Il Esn 。a

IIYl 26 “

……&
THRES“。‘。
。， ，.이

"
‘
，~

-]
…
。'"γiA RGE
55:
없

Y
g
“…… ‘ ".-
우F
’ t ‘"
"。‘
애
Fll얘
g. …
1 ‘A
시). 서
Au
비씨…
t뼈ooma
l 히떼t1…
i

In Fi’냉
g . 15(A) when the igintion is fir st switched on, '-ihiι
‘ “
battery vo age IS d 10 the relay coìl through djode D 1. Switching
off th~ ignition generates a negative-going pl비 se on pin 2 that
triggers the timer. "The output ofthe IC goes high 10 energise he
refay and keep the headlights on long enough for you 10 leave
’
lhe garage. With th e vallles shown the delay is adj밍table from
approx. 10 seconds to 1 mi l} ute
Parls List
C1 100 μF 12V
C~ 0.1 ~F Ceramic
c; 0 이 Il F Ceramic ι
D1' D 2' D3 By 126 R4 lK l W /
R1 470K Potmeter Relay 12V. dc, operating
R‘
R ‘ 22K W ‘
47K j 씨/

18
Timer
Current less then 200 mA
555
 4 ’•
A small size LED flasher operatiog 00 self cootained batteries
may be useful as a flashing metronome , dark roo IlJ timer, memo-
remjnder and simila~>applications. The circuit ofFig. 16 is an
a장햇le m띠tivibr화or with a duty cycle of about 10%-. LED
cOnnected as sJfo wn io the figure will be on for a short period and
off for a longer period. The duty cycle will be reversed if R3 and
the LED are connected as shown dotted in the figure and the
battery consumption will also increase proportionally.
Parts List
B .. Battery 3V , pen light cells.
C1 •• 10 μF 6V electrolytic
LED . . Light Emitting Diode
R1 .. 220 kO , tw
R2 •• 22 kO , i、v
Ra .. 680 , ìW
Timer '. . 555 IC.

19
 Sol id State Flasher
“
F1Ae

230V
AC

?.I OISCHARGE Tria:

ST。 ε4 IMT2
555

R4
5~O n.

C ,""(I U I"'.d μdeo o( ;:!'I"

Fig. 17. Solid State Flasher

The mains operated ßasher shown in fig. 17 uses a 555 timer
to control the ON and OFF times of a triac which controls power
to the load. The power supply for the IC is obtained by half wave
rectifier and a stabilizer circuit comprising of rectifìer diode 01 ,
zener diode 02 , resi~tor Rl and filter capacitor C 1. The lamp in
the load circuit remains on for about 1 second and for about
0.7 seconds. Other timings may be obtained by 야100sing appro-
priafe R2 , and R3.

Parts List
C1 200 μF 12V electrolytic
C2 10 μF 12V electrolytic
01 BY 126 or BY 127
O2 BZ 148
R1 10 kû , 5W
R2 47 kn , !W
Ra .100 kn , iW
R~ 500n, !W
Triac STO 24
Timer 555 IC

20
 1

Sense-of-Time Testør

.,
ι'"
7‘ "야쨌

SK ,.,‘" .
5 55
"
이'"’'"。 ‘。
C Otl T P.。
VOLTAGE

‘""
￡f

Fìg. 18. Perso。‘ 1 Se nse.of. Time Testcr

How accurate is your sense of time? You can find it out for
yourself by catcbing a ðashing LED
Wben 82 is 0 0 , tbe circω io Fig 17 operates as an astable
‘
mu1 ivibrator (See Fig. 7) and the LED is lit for about 0.1 sec
‘
fl ashing every 1. 5 seconds. Since be buman reactωD tlmo 1I more
一、

then this, you cannot catch it once it is sceD 0 0 , by pressing S1. If

your sense of time interval i$ good , and you press S 1 within that
0. 1 Sec., the discharging of C l stops and the lamp 8tays Ii t. You
may cl1a n:ge the ON and OFF periods by chiuØ R 1 and R2 or ø.-
CI to suit your convenience

B Battery 6V
Par sU ‘ ‘’
C , “
1 F 6 V electrolytic
C.
LED
“
이 F disc ceramic
Light emitting diode
R. 2'" MO, l W
R; 100 kO , lW
R. 3300, tw
s‘ Pw b.to-off switch
Timer 5551C

21
 ← →동

Squarø Wavø Generator

’“
• 14 11V

‘ • 、

" IIESET v“
!l THR[~。ι@
。μ''"’"

짧:칸나
(ò ROUND ~HU CiGEII 555

"
Fig. 19.‘ Square Wave GenιratoI

With only one external resistor and one capacitor a 555 time!
IC can bc made to generate fairly accurate square waves
The square wave generator circuit shown in fìg. ]9 makes
U5e of the fact that output voltage in a SSS IC ìs 1800 out of phase
with the capacitor voltnge. To understand the circuit opcrati.on
let us assume a 5tate when output is high and the capacitor Cl
ij is charging viu R 1. When the vo \t age Qcross capacito l' reache ‘
2/3 V cc the output goes low and Cl nQW 5tarls dischacging
through R l. When the voltnge across C l falls to i Vc c the
c.rιuìt tri ps again , -output goes high. the capacitor starts charging
and the cycle repeats endlessly. Since charging and di scharging
takes tbrough Rl only, the output is a symmetrical square “,'ave
The period of oscillator is given by T = 1. 4 RC
The output symmetry depends 00 the accuracy of the tÎmer’ s
iDtemal resistor string which produces the IC’ s comparator
refereoce voltages. Th ese errors can be eliminated by adding a
trimming resistor R2 and connecting it to supply line Ç.i낀 ground
dependiog on the c。πection needed

22
 '>t. ‘-
Li near Saw Tooth Genel하
“ v

~” .. V같
"γ
，앙 ''"α ,‘ i ""'''''' g암4?Ji
/ι.vt-

.. 5 55 ‘ “‘’
ifu

..
α
“ m。…
。‘/TPU T

“ ;뽑갚훌
ζ싫 1。

Fîg. 20. Sawt。이 h ' Gcnerato( UsiDg Cu rrent S"o urce

The volta‘e across the “ming capacitor CT in the mono-
‘tables multivibra‘or circuit offig. 6 rises to i Vcc and then drops
to almost zero. A sawtooth waveform is. therefore. available
across this capacitor. but is not linear because the capacitor
voltage rises exponentially. In fi g. 20 the ca pacitor is allowed to
charge via a constant current source comprising of 1 Rl R2. ’, ,
R3 and R4 . The voltage now rises linearly and the output is
taken via an emitter follower buffer stage T2 ‘。 i solate tbe load
from the timing circuit. Fo r use as a scope time base. a trigger
signal may be applied to terminal 2 of the IC
Ano lher arrangement by whicb a Ii near sawtooth can be
produced is by bootstrapping the output as shown .in fig. 21 Capa-
citor CI begins 10 cbarge througb R l. R2. and R3 towards Vcc
The vo1t age across R5 at the output of emittcr fo lIower T1 is
almost same as that at piß 7 of the IC. This voltage is fed . back

’.
10 junction of R 1 and R2. As a result , the voltage across R2
remains essentially constant during Cl cbarpng cycle and the

23
 ..
’‘
nru ~ E $ o:T -v‘ ’a
’“ ’‘
ι
이
…쩌

•
M w
ιU T ~UT I) I'òoC Wo R';;E "
J …‘
T~ E;;;‘ι。“ "
“ι1
•

555 •
T II I GG ;:‘lζ.j-i τi
’“
유，월摩
2
’; ,
,,
씨
Fig. 21 . Sawt。이h Gcnerator Usina Boot.Strap Circuit

‘
capacitor voltage r es linearly. Connecting pin 2 10 pin 6 causes
tbe circuit 10 trigger itself and free ruß u: an aslåb1e multivibrator.
A:~ ~ matively ， the synchronizins signaI may he app1ied 10 pin 2

Resistor R3 is requiπd 10 slow down the negative discharge

Slop.e of the saw tooth. R3 x Cl is kept greater than 5 micrc-
seconds
Parls List
Component F;g 20 F ig. 21
C , .002100 . 22μFmyLu .002 10 0.22 “ F mylar
01 μF ceramic .01 μ F ceramic
cQ‘ 25μ F6V
R, 2.2 k !l iW 1M !l‘w
R, 10 K n potmeter 1 M !l jW
R, 22k !l IW 47 !l IW
IOK !l jW Ik !l ‘ w
R‘
R, 10 k !l‘w Ik !l ìW
T, BC 159 BC 149
T, BC 149
Timer 555 IC 5551C

24
 ~

A싹웹
”’
’“ ,.‘. v‘ c
"
"‘ “
.‘ ..
v

씨
""“‘”m g · !”l|3 ,
R K
’‘
획rf강:ri’
555 0 “
"
’“
γ• •‘-

"에’‘ r ‘’‘ ”이”

"
"" c
ι ‘”F l
~

"
‘’” L
그
Fig. 22 Warble Tone Generator
Th e tone generator described here is an audio attention gene-
탱to r. Such cir，ι uit s - may be used for alarm sÎrclls or for produc-
ing tiniquc lones in cable testing , . which will not get mixed up
’ ith other noises
’
In the schematic shown in fig . 22 he fi rst ~ 5 5 oscillates below
10 Hz. lts rectangul ar output is fi llered by filtcr R3. R4 and C3
10 producc traingular wavcs 、vhich modulate the 1KHz o sιillator
llsing t he sccond 555 in aslable modc. The cxt! cl frequency , rate J
’
and d e \'i~tion of lhc circu il C3n be ca‘ ’ Iy modified 10 produce
a most any Iypc of warble sound. The Qutput may be amplified
by 3n audio amplifier 10 the requi red power level
Parts List
ιι다O

C
--
“
0.1 F , ceram.ic
0.01 Il F , ceramic
사P”κκp”‘

R 10 μ I:. 1_2V. electrolytic

IMO.i W
4.7kll. 1 W
10kO.iW
22kO , !W
47kO. i W
T익

- ON/OFF ‘WIκh
。

5S5 IC two nos. (or one 556)

2s
 Delayad Alltomatic Powar OH

4’’、‘‘-·-

慧
‘ |”靜
’“
。
v“

땅| ’@4a· IJ ff·g tr, CNecv。。’t‘T’ARS。gt

"
Gto ",,/ 깅C:;~

Fil. 23. Circuit Turns OIT POWCf After Dclay

’
This circuit \\'il automatically lurn o ft' power 10 your stereo
p1ayer or radio aRtr about 20 minutes. You CIl ß a1so use 5uch
circ: uits 10 put ofl' porch light aftcr you lock the housc and move
。u‘ and similar other use ‘
The 555 limer operated as a monostabJe (Fig 이 A mtlmen-
tary pusb on SL makes the output go high whicb tri gers tbc
‘
,
triac and make power available in the socke t. Tbe IC output
‘
Joea low again when C2 has ch rged upto f of the supply voltaø:o
whicb. because of large value of C2 take about 20 minutes
‘
‘
Capacitor C2 hould bave low leakage othcrwise it wi l1 charge
-
very slowly &od in cases of cxcessive leakages may not charge 10
full value at aD. Power supply for 뼈‘ tÎmer is provided by half
wave rectifier Dt , voltage dropping resisl'or RI , zcner diode D2
·뻐 ðlter capaeitor C I.

26 .
 l'Ir‘......
q 200 μF 12V.1κtrol얘c
Q 1000 I'P. eleetrolytic 12V (see text)
Q
’‘
0.01 F disc ceramic
-마

BY 126 or BY.)27
n
아뻐

BZ 148
e 1 Amp.
& IOkll5W
’” 1M 11 iW
’셔

10k Il lW
P써일

500 Il jW
Pusb-t o-On switch
mw 555IC
“…
야

ST 024

27
 Oelayød Automatic Powør 00
’…
’i
m ,
‘c
，~’‘’ ‘ 1'" 0' h,
" ‘ •

싹펀 U!' ttS뼈
v‘i
νF '---!I OISC셔， ，，.

*&i
H IOO CI'

tl 'm(‘.
‘•
뿔혔rl 호￡;F
l ‘’@
.. ，
~V

Fig. 24. Circ \1 it Turns Power On Arter Delay

The circuit shown in fig 24 will turn power ON 10 the lond

after a pre-dttermined dc Jay, about 10 seconðs În this casc. Jt
might be used 10 dclay the applìcation of power 10 a fuel pump or-
lart the btower of an air-conditioner before thc compressor and
‘
similar applications

Th e circuit again uses a trîac as in fig. 23 and utilizes the fact

that triac can be switched on by a negative bias atso. Capacitor
C녕 starts charging from the Înstant the plug is put into power
socket. Wh en C2 is charged 10 Vcc tbe out p띠 goes low

‘
and tbe negative vo1t age triggers the triac energizing the load
A triac needs larger amount of power in tbis mode of triggering
and RI has hercrore been rcduced to give more power available
i

‘
in the timer supply

28
 Parts LISt
C , ,
500 p. F. 2.s.v electrolytic
c‘ 10 μF， 12V electrolytjc
Q 0.01 μF. Ceramic
0 I μF Ceramjc
c‘ ‘

By 126 or By 127
D‘
0 , IZ 12
Fuse 1 Amp ‘

5K 10 W
R‘
R , 1 M.i W
10 K I w
R.
R‘ soon w ‘ .
Triac STO 24
Timer 555 IC

Read our montbly magazin.

Electronics Hobbyist
Saaple copy available against
RB. 2/- postal. atamps.
BUSINESS PROMOTION BUREAU
,
}76 La jpat -Raf Mark.t DeIh i-6,

29
 Ni-Có Battery Charger
끼.

+ ~Vðc

"
.ron RE <,; ET
SICON TROL
VOLTAOE

。，

F Z 'J i.l TR 。‘"

α:쏟jf:찌‘g3
Fig. 25. Ni-Cd Ba ttery Charger

Th e battery charger shown in fig. 25 maintains a full charge on

a standby batlery supply for an instrument that is always conn.
cctcd to the ac power line , whether in use or no t. The lwo co
‘ ’
mparators of he C 555 are uscd in this application 10 monitor
the battery voltag:e and 51aft or stop thc charging proccss

Zener diode 01 providcs a reference yoltage for both compa-

rators through thc timcr’ s interna l rcsistive dividing chnin (“ g. 2)
The charge on and charge off points are adjLLsted by independent
potmeters R4 and R6. Rεsi~tor R2 prcvents Ihe ιharging current
eJt ceeding I SO mA under all conditions. Diode D2 prevents
•‘
“’
discharging of the b lery through thc timer when ils out put is
in low state
To calibrate the timer , substitute the N i-Cd -baUcries by a vari-
abJe vo 1tage dc power supply and set the on and oß- pOlmeters
to work al the desircd voltages

30
 • r

‘
Par sList
c;. , 001 I' F ceramic
Ð1 FZ 5.1
D , .DR 50 or 1 N4001
R , … 470 n t W
R‘ 68 nlw
Rs 100 n iW
R‘, R , 2S K linear Potme ers ‘
R‘ 22 K n!W
R7
Timer
47 K
SS5IC
“ jW

31
 Widø Rangø Pulsø Genørator

FÎa. 26. Wide Ran‘， p띠 sc Oenerator

The general purpose pu1se generator dcsQribed here provid e's
a wide range of frequencies in decado ranges 2nd independent
control of pulse width and frequency
The firsl timer is used as an astable rnu1tivibrator (fig. 7)
‘~Íl ose frequency can be varied over a 10: 1 range by potentiome-
‘ er‘ R I. Range seJection is by $witch 8 1. Mylar capacitors provide
stabilily of calibration on high rauges. Tantalum capacitors, though
coslJy are r eζ:omme nded for .the same reaSOD.
‘
Tnc outpu 。 r first limer feeds the fri gger input of the second
timer, via S3 , which can be used 10 select external inputs al50
if desired. The second timcr is used as a monostable (fig.6)
whose oulput is a pulse having a width that can be varied over
a rangc of 10 : I by R5. Swilch S2 provides five ranges from
100 micro seconds to 10 seconds. The ou~put is positive going
pulses. In the external mode. any negative gomg p비 "e can be
iJsed ‘ ‘
o trigger be circui t. tbe following tablcs give tbe rangcs
。，f frcquency and puIse width

32
PositJ on of S 1 Frequeα~ range Position of 82 p“’5O-
m”s widtb
I
2
0. 12to 1. 2Hz 1 h rs 1m ‘’
1. 2 to 12 Hz 2 mn” 10m
3
4
’2 to 120Hz 3 mm 100 ms
1 5
5
120Hz to 1. 2 KHz 4 ”“ 10 S
1 . 2 KHz to 12 KHz 5

‘
p rts LIμ
ιι ι
F

’
니다

100 μF. 12 V electrolytic or tantalum

‘’
j

’ ’ 10 μF ， 12 V eIectroly C or tantalum
Q” 1 It P. mylar
”
Q Q 0 .1 μF mylar
ι

C’ 01 It F mylar
C” ’ ph
01 IIF ceramic
C‘, 001 μF mylar
R” …’ p
100 K potmeter
R’
R---”
R
10 K O!W
4.7 KO w ‘
R
10 K O! W
6.8KO w ‘
ι

S Single pole S.way switch

S’ Single pole two way switch
T ”m 555 lC , 2 nos‘
i

)S
t

33
 Frequency Oivider
,
The IC t mer 555 can be used lo dlVlde a known frequency by
, ,
Rdjus! ng the l ength or the i mlng cyclg TIlls applIIatlon makes
use of the fact 555 cannot be relriggered during the timing
cycJe

•+ 5 ' 01 ’v
” ? 교
IIESET

똥며l;:뚫[555 1'1.IlI

conl'lI。‘

폼
북유잉;
'. "
Fig. 27. Frequeucy Oivider
Fig. 27 shows the external hook-up as we Il as the wuvc-forms
for ß divide-by-fìve circui t. The frequcncy 10 he divid ed is applied
10 trigger input (pin No. 2). The neg‘ ttive edge of the applicd
signal triggers the timer alld capncitor Cr starts charging. Dur
“,
ing tJ le charging proce further incoming pulses have no efTecl
Th e capacitor chargcs 10 its thrcshold valuc , ‘~' hcn the circu s’‘ ’
triggered again , capacitor C- dischargcs and circuit waits in this
posilion 10 be triggered by next puJsc. If RT and CT are chosen
proκrly . tbe circuit can bc made 10 trÎggcr on seconJ. Ihird , -..
fourth or fifth (l f morc pulses and the OUlput will be a frequcncy
cqual 10 the input frequency divided by that number

34
 Missing Pulsø Detøctor
‘
Z얻ftf pul •• ,

o. Pjl C ITOA VO~ T,.GE

Fig. 28. M’”’ng Pu lse Det.:c tor

A 555 timCf connected as shown În F’g. 28 can delect a rniss

ißg pulse or an abnorma l1 y long period be tw~en tWQ consecuti'Ye
pulses in a train of pulses. Such circuits can be used to delect
intermittent firi ng of a spark plug in 39 lnternal combusl ion
engine or 10 monitor tbe heart beat of a siC k patient
The signal from the pick.up transducer is shaped to form a
negative gOÎng pulse and a pp이 ied 10 pin .1 of the JC of which is
connected as a monostab1e. As 10ng as the spacing between he
pulse is le55 than the ti ’ning interval. the timing cy'ιl e is contÎnu
‘
。 usl y reset by the input pulses and the capacitor is d ischarged
via T l. A decrease in p비 se frequency or a missing p비 se permits
completion of lim e Înteri:al which causes a change in the output
level. The dilfercnt wave form s in this operation are also shown
in fbe 6gure

35
 Li ght Operated Relay
4
'<<
."。‘’ v

TRIGGε ， 。c ’ ELAV 、

、 。”。 원i
''"
,‘
Fig. 29. Lî ght Operateà Re!ay

A light dependent rcs istor (LDR) can be used wilh a 555

!imer 10 form a photo sensitive relay in an intruder alarm syslem
or for switching 00 a light at sun set and off at sun rise

Resistor R 1 in Fig. 29 is 50 adjusted that under normal

‘
conditions 、이leß Ihe light is fa l!i ng 00 !he phot。 야 11 ， Ihc voltage
across !he p hoto-cell is less than Vcc. The actual va lue of RI
will depend on lhe resistance of Ihe LDR. -The output in this
condition js high. As the day-light fades or lhe light 00 lhe LDR
is interrupted by an intruder , lhe voltage across it rises above i
Vcc, tripping)i,be IC I'I jp꺼 op . The output goes low actuating th.;:
relay 、Vhen.the light is restored , the voltage falls below i- Vcc ,

‘
again tripping the flip-flop causing the output go high and the
relay drops. The difference of Vcc between turning on and
turning offvoItages prevents relay chatter. This differential can
be reduced by connecting a resistor R2 shown dotted in the
figure . It s ' v이ue is about one and a half times of the LDR resis
tance in its i1Iuminated condition

36
•
 P l1 rts List
C; “
.01 F ceramic
D1 DR 50 or lN 4001
LDR Li ght Dependent ResÎstor
R1 Potentiometer (See Tex.t)
R2 See text
Relay DC relay 6V or 12V
operating currerJt 200 mA max.
Timer 555IC

‘6

37
 Temperature Controller
←→、1

..
Fλ e

펀
"
",•" "
4 71 ): "호주

。1
α õ CH..\ RGE 。 UTI>UrU
Z 3G V
ιa‘
^' 555

繼:표t확
'"‘ m ,‘@
뽕4
"‘
i

Fig 30. Temperatute Conlrol1er

A 555 timer can be u sed with a thermistor resistor divider

to build a temperature controller. The advantage off<<응 re d is that
a weI1 regulated supply is oot requird

The d ividing network (Fig. 30) consists of adjustable resi

stance R3, thermistor R4 and fixed resistor R5. When thermis
‘。 r R4 cools below a 8et value the voltage at pin 2 of the 555 drops
belo \V 1/3 Vcc. This turns on the triac controlled heater and
also starts the timing cycle. If t he thermistor temperaturc rise‘
above the set point before the εnd of the timing cycJ e the heater r
shuts off at the end of the timing period. Otherwise the heater
contjnues ‘。 stay on

Thermistors of different values can be used as long as R3 + R4 「

= 2R5 holds true at t he desired temperature

38
 Parb Llst
C, 200 μF. 12V electrolytic
C, 10 μF， 12Y electrolytic
Q .01 μF， ceramic
D, By 126 or By 127
D, BZ 148
R, 8.2 k 0 , 10W
R, 470 KO IW
R. 2K n preset (see text)
Thermistor (see text)
R‘ 3 k n , IW (see text)
R.
R. 5000 jW
Triac STO 44
Timer 555IC

39
 Brightness Control of LED Displays
."
αo "
、 >.,‘
~ CI‘ CHÞ， RGl< OUTPU 끼
‘。"
~rH써S …10
” “ ”‘ “
앙;1앙:γ
’‘-
꺼TIIIGGε，11.

f자 "" ‘
F;‘ 31. Brightness Controller
The _visible brightness of a li ght emitting diode or seven seg-
ment LED type displays can be continuously varied by applying-a
pulsed signal and varying its duty cy.이 e. The seven-segment
decoders usually have a “ blanking i ~put" terminal to apply this

50 Hz, the flicker will oot be notÎC ble. ‘

type of control. If the freqllency of tbe pulscd signal-is ãbove
-.J
In Fig. 31 the charge and discharge times of the timing capaci-
tor CT vary with the setting of potmeter R2 but the 10ta l period
remains the same. Thus the oulput signal frequency rerr. ains
unaffected wh_i1e its duty cycle is v_aried over a wide range . Th e
outpllt controls the brightness of LED’ s
For applying to the ripple-blanking input of the decoder, a
booster transi_s_tor may be connected as shown On the right side
‘o provide sufficient d ri ve voltage and power
Pnrls List
C--‘
D 0.1 "F
RR 1 N 40이
R- g 2.2 K Q i W
100 K n potmeter
R,
R,
10 K n
22 K Q ! W
~W
•R
R-‘ 220 Q i W
T‘
BC 148
15 K n iW Times ... 555 1C

40
 Sequential Switching

Fig. 32 Scqucntial Switching

Several timers can be connected in c:l scade 10 confrol a

number of operations in a s~qllential m::mne r. Such cìrcuits are
u:.eful in aulomatic ç (l ntrol Qr ~H1 lomat î c tcs!.ing or scquential
operation of machines . The on-timc of cach m:w hine can be set
』
independently

When the power Îs switched on , all timers are in off state

(output low). Pre‘ sing the start switch SI momentarily triggers
the first tirner and its output goes high . After thc time interval
(1.1 x Rl C l) its output again goes low, triggering the second
timcr and 50 on

f• It Î5 possible to connect the output of the last limer back to

the first timer 10 trigger it. The ‘action in this case once started
by SI wH\ keep on repeating cndlessly. The four timers shown
in fig. 32 can be used to control four relays which wi1l switch in
a sequence 1,2,3,4, 1,2,........ .Such sequential switching with
eqllal time interval can be used to switch decorative li ght 、 0<
advertìsing disp1a ys. Two examples of connectìons whìch

41
produce an illusi아l of a revolving wheel and that of a running
border are shown in Fig 33 and 34 \

2 ,‘
Fig. 33

.f.\，'!그

Fig. 34
Parts List

C1 , C‘ , C 7 , C lO 0.1 μ F disc ceramic

C 2, C 5 , C s, C 11 5 μ F 12V Electrolytic
C 2, Ca, C ~， C12 01 μF disc ceramic
R 1, R3' R 5 , R7 10kQ !、v
R 2, R ‘, R 6' Re 1M n 1、v
Rly 1,2,3 &4 12V D.C. relays , operating curren\
less than 200 mA
Timers 555 (4 n05.) -~
、

~
42
 Long Duration Timer

’
PEPIOD "
‘
o.7lRl R2)Cl .. 1.1 P. 3.CS

Fig. 35. Long Duration Timcr

The 555 timer teamed up wjth a binary . dìvidcr can provide
delays as much as sixteen times that set by the time consfant of
the first timcr. In fig. 35 a dual timcr 556 is used but two single
555 timers can also be uscd instcad. The first timer providcs a deb y
of 7.5 min. and thc divided outputs give a dclay of 15 mn , 30mn,
lhr. and 2hrs. respectively. The second timcr is used to obtai n
the dcsired output pulse length. Additiona! dividcrs may bc
added 10 give longer delays
Paris List
C, “
100 F , 6V electrolytic
c,. C‘. C,
C,
“
01 F ceramic
10 μF 6V electrolytic
C , I μF
특;~ R , IOkOìW
R
R,
, 3.3 M 0 ìW
I MO ìW
SI ~in，gl e pole 4- way
Switcb
Timer 556 dual timer or
two n05. .5 55 timers
Divider 7493 TTL IC

43