Principles of Public Speaking - LESSON 1 (2023)

CoEd 101/ BA MGT 100/ CCJE 103 – PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
IMPORTANT REMINDERS:
Before we start, here are some reminders that we should come into agreement:
 use ONE (1) account ONLY

 use your REAL NAME
 SEND your class concerns to our CLASS GC ONLY
 FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS religiously
 be RESPONSIBLE; do what is/ are expected of you
 be HONEST to yourself; and,
 DO NOT hesitate to ask questions or raise your concerns if there are any through our class GC ONLY, and
NOT anywhere else.
LESSON 1: THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
B B
A A
Speaker/Sender R CHANNEL R Listener/Receiver
R R
(Encodes/Decodes) I Verbal or I (Decodes/Encodes)
E Non- verbal E
R R
S S
FEEDBACK
Communication – the process of sending and receiving messages through a medium to achieve understanding.
How do people communicate?
People communicate in any of the following or a combination of both:
1. nonverbal communication – communication which does not utilize words to stand or symbolize ideas to
others; it may be in a form of:
a) actions/ gestures d) symbols/ pictures g) arrangement
b) facial expressions e) smokes
c) colors f) spaces/ distance
2. verbal communication – communication that utilizes words to convey ideas in either speaking or writing.
When people do this by transmitting words with their voices, it is called speech communication.
The process begins with an idea from the source (Speaker) who sends/ encodes the message using a
medium or a channel. The message is received/ decoded by the listener (Receiver) who evaluates the information
and then sends his feedback.
Feedback is the sum total of the receiver’s reactions/ responses which may be verbal, nonverbal, or a
combination of both, that provide information to the sender on how well he is gotten by his listener. It allows both
parties to determine whether or not they are successful in conveying their ideas/ messages. It may be negative or
positive.
The communication process may be perfect, but there are instances of interference while the process is
going on. Elements that interfere with or hinder the flow of the process are called barriers, which may be in any
of the following:
a) Semantic Barrier – problems in the use of language e.g. defective pronunciation, limited
vocabulary, overgeneralization
b) Physical Barrier – from the situation: venue, audience, facilities
c) Psychological Barrier – negative attitude towards the subject/ topic or to the speaker, limited
attention span, no eye- to- eye contact
d) Physiological Barrier - from the speaker himself e. g. not feeling well
e) Factual Barrier – memory or retention problem
The Two Major Types of Communication:
1. Intrapersonal Communication – talking with one’s self or “self- talk”. The person is both the speaker
and the listener. The message flows within the speaker himself.
2. Interpersonal Communication – talking to others, thus involves more than one person. In this type, the
switching of roles happens.
It may be in the following categories:

a) dyadic or one- to- one communication – involves only two persons.
b) group communication – involves three or more persons
c) public communication – one or more speakers communicate with an audience who are physically
present when the sending takes place.
d) mass communication – one or more speakers communicate with an audience who may be physically
present but most of the time absent when the sending takes place.
Goals of Communication:
1. To learn: to gain or to give information, knowledge, insights, concepts.
2. To express/ share our feelings or emotions.
3. To find pleasure: to entertain or be entertained, to appreciate or be appreciated.
4. To attain success.
5. To attain peace: establish relationships.
6. To influence.
What makes an effective speech communicator?
Effective communicators must:
1. Be sincere.
2. Be knowledgeable.
3. Be well- organized (physical or in ideas).
4. Be an effective listener. Knows how and when to listen.
5. Be careful in the use of words or language.
6. Be effective user of nonverbal communication.
7. Be able to achieve goal/s or the desired results.
Choosing Symbols
1. Language/ Verbal Symbols
a) denotative – basic/ dictionary meaning
b) connotative – meanings attached by people which are beyond the dictionary meaning. This may vary
depending on the experiences that a person has.
2. Nonverbal Symbols
a) Kinesics – the use of body motions to communicate
examples: rolling one’s eyes, frowning, facial expressions
b) Proxemics – the use of space/ distance to communicate
examples: arrangement of tables & chairs in a wedding where major sponsors have separate
& splendid tables & chairs
c) Paralanguage the ways in which you say words:
1. vocal/ voice quality – the predominant timbre of your tones by which your friends ( love
ones) identify you. It may be harsh or mellow, throaty or nasal, weak or forceful.
Changes in vocal quality are closely related to feelings. If you genuinely feel what you say,
your voice will automatically change to suit to your feeling. This involves:
a) voice – the sound produced by the vibration of the vocal cords.
b) speech – the combination of sounds so that they become symbols that represent the
meanings to both the speaker & the listener.
Five Common Voice Qualities:
a) Normal Voice – when you speak naturally showing little or no emotion.
b) Breathy Voice – when you want to create an atmosphere of secrecy and mystery. This is
an aspirate quality of the voice best heard in the stage whisper.
c) Full Voice – “orotund” quality, when you want to create a mood of reverence, solemnity,
melancholy, a stirring appeal for justice or sobriety.
d) Chesty Voice – a deep hollow voice as if coming from a deep & empty cave, particularly
effective in speaking the part of a spirit or ghost.
e) Thin Voice – thin & high- pitched, the “falsetto” quality, more present in women than in
men.
2. tempo – (speaking rate) the rate at which you speak; how fast or how slow you are speaking.
Vocal tempo is varied by the duration of sounds, by phrasing and pausing.
3. force – (volume) indicates how loudly or softly you are speaking. Varying degrees of vocal force
are necessary to convey changing thoughts & feelings.
a) Degrees of Emphasis – varying degrees of emphasis such as sharp reduction or increase
in intensity.
b) Forms of intensity – the manner in which force is applied – gradual but firm, firm but
rapid – indicating a change in feeling or emotion.
 Effusive – applied gradually but firmly; suggests dignity or reverence
 Expulsive – used firmly but rapidly; suggests decisiveness, vigor, sincerity
 Explosive – when the manner is in a sudden outburst; feelings projected are anger,
fear, & other strong emotions that flare up in abrupt fashion.
The Effective Speaking Voice
Qualities that effective speakers used to make their speech colorful and more vivid:
a) intelligibility – refers to how well the message is understood. This is dependent on the
loudness (volume), rate, enunciation, and pronunciation.
HOW?
1. adjust your volume 3. enunciate clearly
2. control your rate 4. meet standards of pronunciation
b) variety – vary your volume, rate, pitch, pauses, etc.
c) stress patterns – are ways in which sounds, syllables, and words are accented and given
emphasis.
d) vocal emphasis – the proper placement of emphasis upon any syllable, word, group of
words, or portion of a speech which may bring out significant meanings.
e) pauses – intervals of silence between or within words, phrases, or sentences. However,
unnecessary fillers must be avoided like “uhm”, “ah”, “er”, “you know”, and the like.
f) controlling emotional quality – how one manages/ controls his feelings helps an audience
understand or feel about what is being said.
4. pitch describes how high or how low your sound is. Varying vocal pitch is going up or down on
the musical scale. To develop speech melody or to master intonation patterns, you should learn
proper control of pitch changes along with syllabic stress.
Levels of Pitch:
a) low b) normal c) medium d) high e) extra high
Aspects of Pitch:
a) key tone – the general pitch level; varies from one person to another
b) voice inflections – the change in pitch occurring between syllables or words
c) melody patterns – the rhythm & swing of your phrases & sentences form into a continuous
pattern of changing pitch so that as the mood changes, this melodic pattern also changes.
THE ORGANS OF SPEECH
Lungs – the first organ necessary for speech. There are two salient points about speech production: first, it is the
outgoing breath from the lungs that is modulated into speech; and second, talking necessitates conscious breath
control in order to make the period of exhalation longer than the period of inhalation.
Vocal Cords – the second important speech organ. These are two tough but very flexible folds of muscle &
cartilage which can be adjusted to various positions or can be subjected to various degrees of tensions. These are
attached to the walls of the larynx. (Women’s vocal cords are usually a bit shorter & thinner than the men’s, that’s
why women’s voices ordinarily produced a higher pitched sound).
The four positions of the vocal cords:
1. open position – when the vocal cords are relaxed & relatively far apart, they leave a passage called
glottis, wide enough for the air to pass through noiselessly. This is the position in normal breathing.
2. Closed position – this is when the cords are pressed together so tightly as to prevent the passage of the
air, thus resisting strong pressure from the lungs. The release of compressed air by the sudden opening of
the cords enables us to lift heavy objects or exert force whenever there is a need for us to do so. Another
function of the closed position of the cords is to produce the glottal stop sound.
3. Voiced position – when the vocal cords are held almost parallel leaving a very little space between them,
the air passing through causes them to vibrate, thus producing voiced sound.
4. Whisper position – when an effort is exerted to vocalize with the cords, they are brought
together in a narrow V, thus resulting to a noisy whisper or a breathy voice/ sound.
Trachea – the tube or windpipe where the air that we exhale passes through.
Larynx – the voice box where the vocal cords are attached which is situated at the upper end of the tube. The
Adam’s Apple , more prominent in men than in women, is the heavy outer sheath that encloses the larynx.
The Cavities or the Resonators:
1. pharynx – the back part of the throat or the space formed by the root of the tongue & the walls of the
throat
2. oral cavity (mouth) – when the velum (soft palate) is drawn up & back against the wall of the throat, the
movement blocks the entrance to the nasal cavity, thus forcing the air out through the oral cavity or
mouth and produces oral sound.
3. nasal cavity – when the oral cavity is blocked by dropping the velum & raising the back part of the
tongue until they meet, the air passes through the nasal cavity or nose and produces nasal sound.
The Articulators:
1. lower lip
2. tongue – the most mobile of all the articulators which is divided into four sections namely:
a) front b) center c) dorsum/ back d) root
3. lower jaw
The Points of Articulation:

1. upper lip 3. alveolar ridge (gums) 5. velum (soft palate)
2. upper teeth 4. dome (hard palate)
VOICE PRODUCTION
Diaphragmatic – abdominal breathing – the type of breathing recommended for speaking. At
the base of the rib cage, a thick muscle is found called the diaphragm. This portion which is normally dome
shaped, should be filled with air during the inhalation and will be transformed into boat shape. When we release
air gradually during exhalation or when we are talking, the diaphragm goes back to its normal dome shape.
Phonation – the process of transforming air or breath into vocal sounds or speech. The larynx is the sound
production room where phonation originates.
Resonance – the process of modifying & amplifying sounds through the help of the resonators. Balance
resonance results to desirable pleasing sounds.
Articulation – the process by which vocal sounds becomes speech sounds, syllables, & words. Precision &
sharpness of articulation come from the active use of the articulators in conjunction with the fixed points of
articulation.
Breath control, good phonation, clear resonance, & precise articulation are vital factors in vocal training.
After developing skills in all four processes, one may now work in achieving variety in his voice. Variety
suggests flexibility & expressiveness. It is the best weapon to fight off monotony in speaking.
--- End of Lesson 1 ---

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CoEd 101/ BA MGT 100/ CCJE 103 – PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

 use ONE (1) account ONLY

LESSON 1: THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

It may be in the following categories:

The Points of Articulation:

--- End of Lesson 1 ---

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