World War 1

German Revolution of 1918 - 1919 : The German Revolution or November Revolution
(German: Novemberrevolution) was a civil conflict

in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the
replacement of the German federal constitutional
monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the
Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from
November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among
the factors leading to the revolution
were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of
war, the economic and psychological
impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions
between the general population and the
aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
German Empire - The German Empire also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second
Reich, as well as simply Germany,
was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until
the November Revolution in 1918,
when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.
Russian Empire - The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the
Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917,
ruling across large parts of Eurasia.
HISTORY OF RUSSIAN - TURKEY WARS : The first Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) occurred
after the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan by the
Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible.
The Ottoman sultan Selim II tried to squeeze the Russians out of the lower Volga by
sending a military expedition to Astrakhan in 1569.
The Turkish expedition ended in disaster for the Ottoman army, which could not take
Astrakhan and almost completely perished in the
steppes, while the Ottoman fleet was wrecked in the Sea of Azov. The peace treaty
between the two sides cemented Russia's
conquests on the Volga, but allowed the Ottoman Empire to obtain a number of
commercial benefits. Ottoman vassal the
Crimean Khanate continued its expansion against the Russian Tsardom, but was
defeated at the Battle of Molodi in 1572.
The next conflict between Russia and Turkey began 100 years later as part of the
struggle for the territory of Ukraine.
While Russia conquered the Left-bank Ukraine after the Russo-Polish War (1654-
1667), Ottoman Empire in the course of the
Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676), spread its rule over all of the Right-bank Ukraine
with the support of its vassal,
Petro Doroshenko (1665–1672). The latter's pro-Ottoman policy caused discontent
among many Ukrainian Cossacks,
who would elect Ivan Samoilovich as a sole Hetman of all Ukraine in 1674. In 1676,
Russian troops captured Chigirin
and overthrew Doroshenko, who was exiled to Russia. In 1677, the Ottoman army tried
to retake Chigirin, but was defeated. In 1678,
the Ottoman army was finally able to take Chigirin after a bloody assault. But on
this the Ottoman expansion to the northeast was
stopped. In 1679–80, the Russians repelled the attacks of the Crimean Tatars and
signed the Treaty of Bakhchisarai
on January 13, 1681, which would establish the Russo-Turkish border by the Dnieper
River.
BATTLE OF VIENNA - The Battle of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near
Vienna on 12 September 1683
after the imperial city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. The
battle was fought by
the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg monarchy and the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth, both under the
command of King John III Sobieski) against the Ottomans and their vassal and
tributary states. The battle marked
the first time the Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily
against the Ottomans, and it is
often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to
be a menace to the Christian world".
In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary
to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.
GREAT TURKISH WAR - The Great Turkish War also called the Wars of the Holy League
was a series of conflicts
between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the
Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia,
and Habsburg Hungary. Intensive fighting began in 1683 and ended
with the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.
The war was a defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first
time lost large amounts of territory, in Hungary and the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as part of the western
Balkans. The war was significant also by being the
first time that Russia was involved in an alliance with Western
Europe.
After a few years of peace, the Ottoman Empire, encouraged by successes in the west
of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, attacked
the Habsburg monarchy. The Turks almost captured Vienna, but John III Sobieski led
a Christian alliance that defeated
them in the Battle of Vienna (1683), stalling the Ottoman Empire's hegemony in
south-eastern Europe.
A new Holy League was initiated by Pope Innocent XI and encompassed the Holy Roman
Empire (headed by Habsburg Austria),
the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Venetian Republic in 1684,[5] joined by
Russia in 1686. The second Battle of Mohács (1687) was
a crushing defeat for the Sultan. The Turks were more successful on the Polish
front and were able to retain Podolia
during their battles with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Russia's involvement marked the first time the country formally joined an alliance
of European powers. This was the beginning
of a series of Russo-Turkish Wars, the last of which was World War I. As a result
of the Crimean campaigns and Azov campaigns, Russia
captured the key Ottoman fortress of Azov.
Following the decisive Battle of Zenta in 1697 and lesser skirmishes (such as the
Battle of Podhajce in 1698), the League won the
war in 1699 and forced the Ottoman Empire to sign the Treaty of Karlowitz.[6] The
Ottomans ceded
most of Hungary, Transylvania and Slavonia, as well as parts of Croatia, to the
Habsburg monarchy
while Podolia returned to Poland. Most of Dalmatia passed to Venice, along with the
Morea.

World War 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

World War 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

World War 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

German Revolution of 1918 - 1919 : The German Revolution or November Revolution

(German: Novemberrevolution) was a civil conflict

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.