EXPERIMENT NO: 4

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY AT INFINITE DILUTION OF ELECTROLYTES AT 25℃

LECTURER:
DR. SOLHAN BINTI YAHYA

GROUP MEMBERS:

NO NAME STUDENT ID

1. NUJMATUL HUDA BINTI AHARUL HADAFI 2022882078

2. UMI AISYAH BINTI AZMAN 20222097734

3. NURUL AQILAH BINTI MOHD YUSOF 2022882334

4. NURIEN NADHIRAH BINTI HAERREAMY 2022484792

EXPERIMENT DATE SUBMISSION DATE

9/11/2023 20/11/2023
1.Objective
To determine the molar conductivity at infinite dilution ( Λ。) of sodium chloride, hydrochloric
acid, sodium acetate and acetic acid at 25 ℃

2.Chemicals & Apparatus

Chemicals

0.1M Sodium chloride,NaCl

0.1M Hydrochloric acid,HCl
0.1M Sodium acetate,NaAc

Apparatus

Digital conductivity meter

100mL volumetric flask
50mL burette
100mL beaker
Magnetic stirrer with stirring bar
Conductivity probe holder

3.Produce
1. A clean burette was filled with 0.1M NaCl solution.
2. The required volume of 0.1M NaCl solution was drained out into each volumetric flask
and has been topped off with deionized water to calibration mark to prepare solutions of
NaCl. All the following molarities 0.05M,0.01M,0.005M,0.001M,0.0005M and 0.0001 M
have been prepared.
3. The digital conductivity meter has been calibrated with a standard of 1413 μS cm-1 or
12.88mS cm-1 at 25℃.
4. The stirring bar was rinsed and the conductivity probe thoroughly with deionized water.
5. The beaker with 50mL of deionized water was filled and put into the stirring bar.

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6. The beaker was placed on a magnetic stirrer.
7. The probe was immersed to a depth of approximately 5 cm in the solution.The probe was
supported with a probe holder.The conductivity probe was handled very carefully since it
is a very delicate instrument.
8. The magnetic stirrer has been switched on and the electrolytic conductivity ( к ) of the

deionized water at 25℃

9. The step no 4 to 8 was repeated with diluted NacCl solutions.It began with the lowest
molarity to the highest molarity of NaCl solution.
10. Step 1 to 9 was repeated with HCl and NaAC solutions.
11. All the electrolytic conductivity measurements were made at 25℃. If The ( к ) values of

the solutions were comparable to that deionised water , it has to be corrected with
a. ( к - к DI water ).

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4. Result and data
Tabulate the results

Concentration Electrolytic conductivity (K) (x10-6) at

25℃

NaCl HCL NaAc

0.0001M 0.472 2.458 0.652

0.0005M 1.372 8.698 0.898

0.001M 2.492 18.45 1.927

0.005M 12.18 95.27 7.812

0.05M 107.8 188.7 16.80

0.01M 24.51 1.036 101.3

Electrolytic conductivity of deionized water (KDI water) at 25℃ = 20.00 x104 Scm-1

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The (S cm2 mol-1) for each of the strong electrolyte solutions has been determined.
i) Nacl

0.05 M 0.01 M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
24.51𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 107.8𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.05𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.01𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 2.415 Scm2 mol-1 = 2.156 Scm2 mol-1

0.005M 0.001 M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
12.18𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 2.492𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.005𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.001𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 2.436 Scm2 mol-1 = 2.492 Scm2 mol-1

0.0005 M 0.0001M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
1.372𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 0.472𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.0005𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.0001𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 0.2744 Scm2 mol-1 =4.72 Scm2 mol-1

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ii ) HCl

0.05M 0.01M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
1.036𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 188.7𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.05𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.01𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 0.0207 Scm2 mol-1 = 18.87 Scm2 mol-1

0.005M 0.001M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
95.27𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 18.45𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.005𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.001𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 19.054 Scm2 mol-1 = 18.45 Scm2 mol-1

0.0005M 0.0001M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
8.698𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 2.458𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.0005𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.0001𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 17.396Scm2 mol-1 =24.58 Scm2 mol-1

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iii) NaAc

0.05M 0.01M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
101.3𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 16.80𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.05𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.01𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 2.026 Scm2 mol-1 = 1.68 Scm2 mol-1

0.005M 0.001M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
7.812𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 1.927𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.005𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.001𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 1.5624 Scm2 mol-1 = 1.927 Scm2 mol-1

0.0005M 0.0001M

𝐾 𝐾
∧ (S cm2mol−1) = ∧ (S cm2mol−1) =
𝐶 𝐶
−6 −1 −6 −1
0.898𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚 0.652𝑥10 𝑆𝑐𝑚
= −3 −3 = −3 −3
0.0005𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚 0.0001𝑥10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑐𝑚

= 1.796 Scm2 mol-1 = 6.52 Scm2 mol-1

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Table of Λ vs 𝑐

𝑐 Λ (S cm2 mol-1)
C (mol cm-3)
NaCl HCl NaAc
(molL-1)

0.0001M 0.316×10−3 4.72 24.5800 6.5200

0.0005M 0.707×10−3 0.2744 17.3960 1.7960

0.001M 1.000×10−3 2.492 18.4500 1.9270

0.005M 2.236×10−3 2.436 19.0540 1.5624

0.05M 3.162×10−3 2.156 18.8700 1.6800

0.01M 7.071×10−3 2.145 0.0207 2.0260

A graph (S cm2 mol-1) versus c (unit of c in mol cm-3) was plotted . All the three plots (NaCl,
HCl, NaAc) were included on the same graph paper.

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From the linear regressions, determine the value of Λ。 for each of these solutions.

From equation Λ = Λ。 - K 𝑐
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Y=c +m X
Therefore from the graph :
HCl: Y = -1.6965X + 15.505 ; Λ。= 15.505 S cm2 mol-1
NaCl: Y = 0.1528X + 1.4593 ; Λ。= 1.4593 S cm2 mol-1
NaAc: Y = -0.0728X + 2.2507 ; Λ。= 2.2507 S cm2 mol-1

Report the standard errors in the Λ。values.

From the Λ。 values, determine the value of Λ。for acetic acid (HAc).
HCl: Y = -1.6965X + 15.505 ; Λ。= 15.505 S cm2 mol-1
NaCl: Y = 0.1528X + 1.4593 ; Λ。= 1.4593 S cm2 mol-1
NaAc: Y = -0.0728X + 2.2507 ; Λ。= 2.2507 S cm2 mol-1
To find Λ。 values of HAc we use formula, Λ。= λ+。+ λ-。
Then,

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 − +
Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂 + Λ。𝐻
− +
Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 = Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂 + Λ。𝑁𝑎
+
Λ。𝐻𝐶𝑙 = Λ。𝐶𝑙 − + Λ。𝐻
Λ。𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = Λ。𝐻 + + Λ。𝐶𝐿 −
Hence:
Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻𝑂𝑂𝐻 = Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + Λ。𝐻𝐶𝑙 - Λ。𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
=(2.2507 + 15.505 - 1.4593)
=16.2964 S cm2 mol-1

Using the table of molar ionic conductivities of electrolyte at infinite dilution in aqueous solution
at 25℃, find the Λ。 of NaCl, HCl, NaAc and HAc.

Cation Λ+ S cm2 mol-1 Anions Λ- S cm2 mol-1

H+ 349.6 OH- 199.1

Li+ 38.69 Cl- 76.34

Na+ 50.11 Br- 78.4

K+ 73.50 I- 76.8

Mg2+ 106.12 SO42- 159.6

Ca2+ 119.00 NO3- 71.4

Ba2+ 127.28 CH3COO- 40.9

HCl NaCl

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 Λ。HCl = Λ。H+ + Λ。𝐶𝐿 − Λ。NaCl = Λ。𝑁𝑎 + + Λ。Cl-
=(349.6 + 76.34) = (50.11 + 76.34)
=425.94 S cm2 mol-1 =126.45 S cm2 mol-1

HAc NaAc

Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻𝑂𝑂𝐻 = Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂 − + Λ。H+ Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻𝑂𝑁𝑎 = Λ。𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂 − + Λ。𝑁𝑎 +

= (40.9 + 349.6) = (40.9 + 50.11)
= 390.5 S cm2 mol-1 = 90.01 S cm2 mol-1

Compare ( Λ。,exp) with the( Λ。,theory) determined from the standard data. Describe possible
sources for systematic errors and degree of their importance.

HCl NaCl

Λ。,𝑒𝑥𝑝 − Λ。𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 | Λ。,𝑒𝑥𝑝 − Λ。𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 |

% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝐻𝐶𝑙) = || Λ。𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 | x 100 % 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙) = || Λ。𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 | x 100
15.505 − 425.94 | 1.4593 − 126.45 |
= || 425.94 | x 100 = || 126.45 | x 100
= 96.35% = 98.84%

HAc NaAc

Λ。,𝑒𝑥𝑝 − Λ。𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 | Λ。,𝑒𝑥𝑝 − Λ。𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 |

% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝐻𝐴𝑐) = || Λ。𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 | x 100 % 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝑁𝑎𝐴𝑐) = || Λ。𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 | x 100
16.2946 − 390.5 | 2.2507 − 91.10
= || 390.5 | x 100 = || 91.10
| x 100
|
= 95.82 % = 97.53 %

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5. Discussion

By this experiment,the molar conductivity at infinite dilution ( Λ。) NaCl,HCl and NaAc
and HAc at 25℃ were successfully obtained.At first to conducted this experiment, the diluted of
NaCl,HCl and NaAc was made with molarities of 0.05M,0.01M,0.005M,0.005M,0.0005M and
0.0001M.then each of the diluted solutions were calibrated with the digital conductivity meter in
order to obtain the value of electrolivity (K).

After done with all the calibration, data was recorded.The, with the data obtained a graph

of Λ vs 𝑐 was plotted hence from the graph value of Λ。each of HCl,NaCl and NaAc was
calculated where the value was 15.505 S cm2 mol-1 , 1.4593 S cm2 mol-1 and 2.2507 S cm2 mol-1
respectively.All the value was obtain from the graph that was plotted and the value of slope for

the graph of Λ vs 𝑐 it shows a negative value.

According to the theory, the electrolytic conductivity of solution increases with

concentration.Therefore at the very low temperature the conductivity of weak electrolyte at
infinity increases that is why the Λ。 cannot be determined by estimation of Λ。= 0
concentration.Then we use Kohlrausc’s law to calculate the molar conductivity of weak
electrolytes (Λm°).
Furthermore, the value Λ。 fir HAc was also determined where it is 16.2964 S cm2
mol-1.Then to find the value Λ。theory the table of molar conductivity of electrolyte at infinite
dilution was used as a result the the value was 126.45 𝑆 𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 for NaCl, 425.94 𝑆 𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1for
HCl, 91.01 𝑆 𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1for NaAc and 390.5 𝑆 𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 for HAc.Next by comparing both Λ。theory
and Λ。exp the percentage error was obtain.It is as table show below:
,

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 electrolytes % error

HCl 96.35%

NaCl 98.84%

HAc 95.82%

NaAc 97.53%

According to the percentage error above,it shows how precise the result it.Since all the
percentage error was large it means it indicate there might have some errors occur while handling
this experiment like systematic error.So the sources for the error was the way of on how to read
that apparatus was not in meniscus at eye level.Thus it lead to inaccurate readings. Another
source is temperature where the higher the temperature, the higher the electrolytic
conduction.Lastly, it may be caused from some apparatus that was contaminated due improper
rinse of the apparatus itself then causes some residue from previous experiment.

6.Conclusion
As conclusion, this experiment was successfully conducted to determine the molar conductivity
at infinite dilution Λ。of hydrochloric acid,sodium chloride and acetic acid where the values
were 15.505 S cm2 mol-1 , 1.4593 S cm2 mol-1 and 2.2507 S cm2 mol-1 respectively.

7.Question
When the strong electrolyte, HCl, is mixed with the strong electrolyte, NaOH the resultant
solution also tests as a strong electrolyte. Explain.
When HCL and NaOH are mixing together , the reactions will produce salt and water
which is NaCl.since both NaOH and HCl are strong electrolytes it will completely dissociate into
ions in solutions.However there still have presence of ions of NaCl which is Na+ and Cl- where
this those ions keep maintain the high electrical conductivity.That is why the resultant solution
was tested as strong electrolyte.

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Why is it necessary to use deionized water when testing the conductivity of aqueous solutions?
The reason why we use deionized water was there is minimum ion presence in deionized
water solution.In fact, mostly the ions that need to be test is come from the substance not from
the water.Therefore, with the minimum ion presence in deionized water make the readings more
accurate.

Solutions of aqueous ammonia, NH3 (aq), and acetic acid, CH3COOH (aq), of equal
concentrations conduct electric current equally well. Explain why the addition of one solution to
the other results in a substantial increase in electrical conductivity.

As soon as NH3(aq) and CH3COOH(aq) was mixed together, it form NH4CH3COO with ions
NH4+ AND CH3COO-.Then with the presence of these ions it increases the number of ions in the
solution,the increases in ion concentration will cause the electrical conductivity to increase
too.Therefore when we add more one of the solution it will increase the amount of ions presence
hence leads to the increases electrical conductivity.

Ammonium sulfate and barium hydroxide solutions are each very good conductors. However,
when equal volumes of the solutions and of equal concentrations are mixed, a dramatic decrease
in conductivity is observed. Explain.

When an equal volume of ammonium sulfate and barium hydroxide was mixed together,
it formed barium sulfate and ammonium hydroxide as its salts.However the formation of barium
sulfate an insoluble salt where it will reduces the concentration of ions in solution.Therefore it
lead to the decreases in conductivity due to fewer ions presence in to operate electricity.

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8.References

L. (2023). Electrolyte Strength. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(E
ames)/Chemical_Reactions_and_Interactions/Electrolyte_Strength

K. A. I. E. (2023). Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration | Electrochemistry |

Chemistry | Khan Academy. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExoR98GwjSs

Mellisa Conrad Stoppler, M. (2019). Electrolytes. Retrieved from MedicineNet:

https://www.medicinenet.com/electrolytes/article.htm

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9. Jotter

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