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Lecture 5 - Waves 1

This document discusses applications of Gauss's law and Maxwell's first equation. It provides examples of using Gauss's law to calculate electric fields from point charges and line charges. It also defines the del operator and divergence theorem and their use in relating the divergence of the electric flux density to the enclosed charge density.

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Rana EL Arabe
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58 views

Lecture 5 - Waves 1

This document discusses applications of Gauss's law and Maxwell's first equation. It provides examples of using Gauss's law to calculate electric fields from point charges and line charges. It also defines the del operator and divergence theorem and their use in relating the divergence of the electric flux density to the enclosed charge density.

Uploaded by

Rana EL Arabe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic Waves 1

Sunward Art/Shutterstock

Dr. rer. nat. Mohamed Mokhtar Faculty of Engineering and Technology

1
Applications of Gauss’s law:

The solution is easy if we are able to choose a closed surface which satisfies two
conditions:
1. DS is everywhere either normal or tangential to the closed surface, so that
DS · dS becomes either DS dS or zero, respectively.
2. On that portion of the closed surface for which DS · dS is not zero, DS =
constant.

2
The integral now simplifies:

So that:

3
Example 1 (Point Charge Field)

• We have a point charge Q at the origin of a spherical


coordinate system.

• Begin with the radial flux density:

• At the surface of the sphere:

4
𝑄 = ∮s 𝐷𝑠 . dS = ∮ 𝐷𝑠 dS
s

= 𝐷𝑠 ∮s dS

𝜑=2𝜋 𝜃=𝜋 2
= 𝐷𝑠 𝜑=0 𝜃=0 𝑟 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 𝑑𝜑

= 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝐷𝑠

𝑄
and hence 𝐷𝑠 = We had it before from faraday experiment !!!
4𝜋𝑟 2

5
Example 2 (Line Charge Field)

• Consider a line charge of uniform charge density L on the z


axis that extends over the range  z 

• We need to choose an appropriate Gaussian surface, being mindful of these


considerations:

1- With which coordinates does the field vary (or of what variables is D a
function)?
2- Which components of D are present?

We know from symmetry that the field will be radially-directed


(normal to the z axis) in cylindrical coordinates:

∴ 𝐷 = 𝐷𝜌 𝑎𝜌

So we choose a cylindrical surface of radius , and of length L.


6
By applying Gauss’s law

Then we can get:

Giving: So that
finally: Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew Sadiku

7
Divergence and Maxwell’s First
Equation

Mathematically, this is:

Applying our previous result, we have:

div A =
Maxwell’s first equation
and when the vector field is the electric flux density:

= div D

8
Divergence Expressions in the Three Coordinate
Systems

9
Example 3.4

Find div D at the origin if D = e−x sin y ax − e−x cos y ay + 2zaz .

Answer:

𝜕𝐷𝑥 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧


𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐷 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin y + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin y + 2 = 2

10
The Del Operator

The del operator is a vector differential operator, and is defined as:

Note that:

= = div D

11
Divergence Theorem
We now have Maxwell’s first equation (or the point form of Gauss’ Law) which states:

and Gauss’s Law in large-scale form reads:

leading to the Divergence Theorem:

12
Statement of the Divergence Theorem

13
Thank you

14

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