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    Flow Through A Nozzle

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    Flow Through A Nozzle

    Uploaded by

    atoomtawfiq050
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    Flow Through a Nozzle

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    18 views6 pages

    Flow Through A Nozzle

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    Thermal and Fluid Sciences Lab. [EXP.

    2 FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE]

    The University of Jordan


    School of Engineering
    Deparatment of Mechanical Engineering

    Thermal and Fluid Sciences Laboratory


    Instructor: Dr. Bashar Qawasmeh

    Experiment 2: Flow through a Nozzle

    Objectives
    To study the pressure distribution through a nozzle for a different exit pressures and different
    flow rates

    Introduction and Theory


    Nozzle Define, profiles and applications?

    It is of varying cross sectional area, which decreases in the flow direction for subsonic flows
    and increases for supersonic flows. When the fluid flows through a nozzle, the rate of heat
    transfer between the flowing fluid and the surroundings is usually very small.

    There is little or no change in potential energy, as well as the process involves no work

    Copyright @ Bashar R. Qawasmeh Department of Mechanical Engineering Page | 2


    Thermal and Fluid Sciences Lab. [EXP. 2 FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE]

    Figure 1. Subsonic and supersonic flows

    What is the Mach number Ma?

    Figure 2. Nozzle profiles [1]

    Let Pe be the exit pressure just at the exit cross-section of the nozzle. When

    Pb is the back pressure what is the back pressure?

    At the critical state the exit pressure (Pe) is at its critical value P* what state?

    𝑃∗ 2 −1
    =( )
    𝑃0 +1

    P* is the critical pressure

    P0 is the stagnation pressure what is the stagnation pressure?

     is the specific heat ratio (for air 1.4) so (P*= 0.528 P0)

    Copyright @ Bashar R. Qawasmeh Department of Mechanical Engineering Page | 2


    Thermal and Fluid Sciences Lab. [EXP. 2 FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE]

    The velocity at the throat is given by

    −1
    2RT𝑜 𝑃𝑡 
    𝑣𝑡 = √ [1 − (𝑃 ) ] (m/s)
    (−1) 0

    The mass flow rate at the throat is given by

    −1
    𝑃𝑡 1/ 2 𝑃𝑡 
    𝑚̇𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝑃0 (𝑃 ) √ [1 − (𝑃 ) ] (kg/s)
    0 (−1)R𝑇0 0

    𝜋 2 2
    Where 𝐴𝑡 = (𝑑𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 − 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑒 )
    4

    In the above relations, the absolute scale is used for temperature and pressure. Besides the
    pressure is in Pa and R = 287 J/kg.K

    Copyright @ Bashar R. Qawasmeh Department of Mechanical Engineering Page | 2


    Thermal and Fluid Sciences Lab. [EXP. 2 FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE]

    Apparatus

    Figure 3. Schematic layout of the nozzle flow apparatus [1]

    Technical Data: The throat diameter is as follows:

    For the convergent nozzle = 6.35 mm

    For the convergent-divergent nozzle = 6.36 mm

    For the convergent-parallel nozzle = 4.77 mm

    Probe diameter = 3.33 mm

    Copyright @ Bashar R. Qawasmeh Department of Mechanical Engineering Page | 2


    Thermal and Fluid Sciences Lab. [EXP. 2 FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE]

    Data collected
    Table 1. Nozzle results [1]

    Atmospheric pressure: Atmospheric temperature:

    Position no. X/L Po= Po= Po=


    Position Position Position
    pressure kPa pressure kPa pressure kPa
    7 0.0
    8
    9
    10
    11 1.0
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20
    21
    22
    23
    24
    25
    26
    27
    28
    29
    30
    31
    32

    Note that:

    Position no. (7) is the entrance to the nozzle

    Position no. (11) is the location of the throat

    Position no. (27) is the end of the parallel section

    Copyright @ Bashar R. Qawasmeh Department of Mechanical Engineering Page | 2


    Thermal and Fluid Sciences Lab. [EXP. 2 FLOW THROUGH A NOZZLE]

    Manual Questions:

    Results and discussions


    Calculate the throat area after subtracting that of the probe.

    For different values of pressure ratio across the nozzle, plot:

    (1) The pressure variation with the distance along the nozzle (absolute values).
    (2) The mass flow rate with the pressure ratio.
    Note: the pressure ratio = back pressure / chest pressure.

    References:

    [1] Thermal and fluid sciences lab manual: The University of Jordan

    Copyright @ Bashar R. Qawasmeh Department of Mechanical Engineering Page | 2

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