PER Micro Project Compressor Types

1.
0 Brief Description
compressors are essential to our day-to-day lives. They are used in
every aspect of our society, and we couldn't get by without them.
Compressed air is a crucial part of many industrial and commercial
processes, including cleaning, drying, and material handling. Due to the
extreme nature of compressed air, it's important to have a trusted
partner in the form of a reliable air compressor supplier. This way, if
you experience any issues, you'll know you can turn to them and fixed
the problem quickly and efficiently. Air compressors can be used in
many ways, and they are incredibly important in many industries. They
are used in construction to clean and dry masonry, concrete and other
materials. They are also used to blow out and clean HVAC ducts. Air
compressors are also used to power pneumatic tools. They are used for
drying, curing, and cleaning. They are used for painting, and they are
used in a wide variety of other applications as well.
2.0 Aims for Micro Project
A Reciprocating and rotary compressor is a mechanical device that
increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air
compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.
Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on
a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. The main
distinction is that the focus of a compressor is to change the density or
volume of the fluid, which is mostly only achievable on gases. Gases are
compressible, while liquids are relatively incompressible, so
compressors are rarely used for liquids. The main action of a pump is to
pressurize and transport liquids.
Many compressors can be staged, that is, the fluid is compressed
several times in steps or stages, to increase discharge pressure. Often,
the second stage is physically smaller than the primary stage, to
accommodate the already compressed gas without reducing its
pressure. Each stage further compresses the gas and increases its
pressure and also temperature (if inter cooling between stages is not
used).
3.0 Actual Procedure Followed
Introduction
A compressor is a device that increases the pressure of a substance
(usually a gas) by reducing the volume of the substance.
Compressors are used in many applications, most of which involve

increasing the pressure inside a gas storage container, such as:
 Compression of gases in petroleum refineries and chemical plants

 Storage of gas in high pressure cylinders
 Cabin pressurization in airplanes
 Air storage for underwater activities
 Filling tires
Other applications include, but are not limited to:
 Refrigeration and air conditioners

 Rail vehicle operation
 Gas turbines
 Powering pneumatic tools
 Pipeline transport of natural gas
Compression is used in process plants to:
 Supply energy to the process fluid (gas) to allow its flow towards
and across the plant
 Allow physical changes in the process fluid (i.e. condensation,
liquefaction, polymerization, etc.)
 Foster the yield of a chemical reaction
Several different types of compressors were developed along the
history of technology and are nowadays employed for different
environments and applications.
The following figure shows the various types of compressors
4Major Component of Compressor :-
1. Cylinders
2. . Distance Piece
3. . Piston.
4. Piston rings
-Distance piece
A distance piece is a section of a gas compressor between the
crankcase and the compressor cylinder which isolates the two areas
from one another. On Blackmer compressors, the distance piece is
designed to keep oil out of the cylinder providing oil-free operation .
Piston Rings :-
Piston rings seal the combustion chamber. They are set with precision
so as to apply the correct pressure on the cylinder wall or liner, which
ensures there is a consistent film of oil across the cylinder's working
surfaces. This provides sufficient lubrication and protects against wear
4.0 Actual Resources Used
Types of Reciprocating Compressor
There are four kinds of reciprocating compressors

 Single Acting Reciprocating Air Compressor. ...
 Double Acting Reciprocating Air Compressor. ...
 Single-Stage Reciprocating Air Compressor. ...
 Double Stage Reciprocating Air Compressor.
1.single Acting Reciprocating Compressor

A single-acting compressor is a type of air compressor which uses
only one end of the piston for the suction and compression purpose. In
simple words, the first stroke of the piston sucks the air inside the
compressor while the air compression occur in the second stroke.
In contrast, the piston’s other end is usually free or open. Due to this,
we can’t perform any work by the other end of the piston. Therefore,
only one side of the piston uses for sucking and compressing purposes.
In simple wording, the piston upper part uses for air
compression while the other side uses to open the
crankcase.
A single acting compressor uses compressed air to

push the piston in one direction and the spring
force to send the piston back to its primary
position. It can work in the direction of pneumatic
actuators. The cylinder of these reciprocating air
compressors uses only one piston for supplying and
discharging pressurized gas or air.
A 3/2-way valve uses to control the single-acting reciprocating air
compressor cylinder. The address 3/2 stands for 3 ports and 2 valve
positions: One port is connected to the cylinder; the second post is
connected with the compressed air source, and the third port is
connected with the exhaust. The valve has two positions:
 Inlet Position
 Outlet Positio
There are two valves; the inlet valve and the outlet valve. These both
are check valves. Therefore, with a single-acting compressor, the whole
compression process is carried out in only one step.
The opening and closing of a one-way valve depend on the pressure

difference. When a mechanical valve is used for sucking and
discharging, then the function of these valves’ controls through cams;
when the piston is at TDC, the air weight in the compressor cylinder will
be zero.
Single Acting Compressor Working Principle
The single-acting air compressor working principle is very simple that is

given below in detail.
This reciprocating compressor consists of an intake valve, an exhaust

valve, a cylinder,
valves, crankshaft and a piston.
As the piston moves in a

downward direction, then the
air pressure in the compressor
cylinder drops lower than the
pressure of the atmosphere.
This pressure variation opens the inlet valve and draws air into the
cylinder until the piston is completed its downward stroke.
As the piston moves up, the pressure builds up, and ultimately it
touches the exhaust pressure. At this point, the outlet valve is opened
for discharging the air. Then the air is sent to the storage tank.
At the end of the delivery stroke, a certain amount of high-pressure air

remains in the clearance area.
When the piston stops the suction stroke, then the air in the clearance
area increases until the air pressure drops below the pressure of the
atmosphere. At this moment, the fresh air enters in the cylinder, the
intake valve opens, and this cycle repeats
2. Double Acting Reciprocating Air Compressor
The double-acting reciprocating compressor working principle is very

simple.
So, the double-acting air compressor has four valves (2 outlets and 2
inlet valves), as shown in the above-given diagram.
There is a fan similar to a single-acting air compressor. The crankshaft is

driven by a turbine/ engine/ electric motor. With this type of
compressor, air compression occurs on the piston’s both sides. As the
crank turns, the piston begins to alternate. When the piston moves
downward and reaches the BDC, air enters in valve “1” due to the
vacuum created by the downward movement.
When the piston moves up, the air begins to compress. As the piston
reaches the TDC, the air stroke completes and the compression process
also completes. When the air is fully compressed then releases it into
the air reservoir via the delivery or outlet valve “2”.
During the upward motion of the piston, a vacuum is created on the

opposite side of the piston. Next, the suction or the inlet valve “3”
opens, and air enters. When the piston begins to descend, the air that
has passed through valve “3” becomes compressed, and the
pressurized air discharges into the air reservoir through delivering or
outlet valve “4”. After discharging the compressed air, the piston again
starts to move downward. This downward motion allows air to enter
through valve “1” and repeats the entire process. And this is a complete
working cycle of a double-acting compressor.
3. Single Stage Reciprocating Compressor

In a single-stage reciprocating compressor, all the compression process
takes place in only one cylinder. Two valves connect with the cylinder,
one is an inlet or suction valve, and the other is an outlet or delivery
valve. The opening and closing of a spring or plate valve vary on the
pressure difference. When mechanical valves use for suction and
discharge, their function controls through cams.
During the single stage compressor working, as the piston reaches at
TDC, the volume of air in the cylinder becomes zero. In this position,
just ignore the clearance volume. As the piston moves downward, the
cylinder internal pressure becomes lower than the atmospheric
pressure. Due to this pressure difference, the suction valve opens
and suction stroke starts. At this stage, the compressor sucks air inside
the cylinder through the suction valve.
3. Two Stage Reciprocating Compressor

When the piston reaches at BDC, the crankcase movement helps the
piston to move upward and compresses the air. During this
compression process, there is a point where the cylinder’s internal
pressure becomes higher than the external air pressure, and at this
stage, the inlet valve closes.
An outlet connects with a storage tank. As the compressed air pressure

becomes higher than the storage tank pressure, the outlet valve opens,
and compressed air is released. Therefore, this piston stroke is known
as s “Delivery Stroke”. This is a compression stroke of the single-stage
air compressor. At the end of this stroke, the outlet valve opens, and
the compressed air transfers to the to the receiver.
The piston moves at a very high speed inside the cylinder and
continuously exerts a force on the cylinder. Due to this reason, the
compressor life reduces. To avoid this, a slight curvature provides at
the top of the cylinder.
Rotary Compressor
 Lobe Type – As for the lobe type compressors, the air enters the
chambers, which have two spinning wheels with small pockets at
opposite ends. The air fills in the pocket and gets pushed to the
chamber’s opposite side, being compressed in the shrinking
space. However, lobe compressors may not be an ideal fit for
applications
requiring heavy
duty continous airflow
and high pressures.
 Vane Type – In this type

of rotary compressor, the
vanes are offset inside
the chamber. When air
enters the inlet, rotating
vanes move the air to the
tighter edge, compressing
it using little effort only. Although they are easy to use, the vanes
of this compressor can wear out and get less effective over time.
Replacement can be a good solution to restore its efficiency.
 Scroll Type – The internal parts of the scroll type compressors

comprise two scrolls and spirals, out of which, one remains
stationary. When air enters
along the scroll’s edge, it is
pulled inside the spiral in
tight circles before being
forced down the centre
outlet. Smaller than screw
compressors, these
compressors are ideal for carrying out intermittent applications in
limited spaces.
 Screw Type – If you wanted to

know the most popular rotary
compressor, here we are. In fact,
screw-type compressors
dominate the compressor market
for being highly reliable. Inside
these compressors, you’ll find
two large screws rotors rotating
against one another – the male
and female rotors. As the air enters through an inlet port, it is
pulled in between the screws. While moving through the screw,
the air gets compressed due to less space. Ultimately, the
compressed air is then released through the outlet. Moreover, the
screw element rotor desgin of 4/6 lobe combination is proven to
be the most efficient in its class.

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1.

Compressors are used in many applications, most of which involve

 Compression of gases in petroleum refineries and chemical plants

Other applications include, but are not limited to:

 Refrigeration and air conditioners

Compression is used in process plants to:

The following figure shows the various types of compressors

4Major Component of Compressor :-

Types of Reciprocating Compressor

There are four kinds of reciprocating compressors

1.single Acting Reciprocating Compressor

A single acting compressor uses compressed air to

The opening and closing of a one-way valve depend on the pressure

Single Acting Compressor Working Principle

The single-acting air compressor working principle is very simple that is

This reciprocating compressor consists of an intake valve, an exhaust

As the piston moves in a

At the end of the delivery stroke, a certain amount of high-pressure air

2. Double Acting Reciprocating Air Compressor

The double-acting reciprocating compressor working principle is very

There is a fan similar to a single-acting air compressor. The crankshaft is

During the upward motion of the piston, a vacuum is created on the

3. Single Stage Reciprocating Compressor

3. Two Stage Reciprocating Compressor

An outlet connects with a storage tank. As the compressed air pressure

 Vane Type – In this type

 Scroll Type – The internal parts of the scroll type compressors

 Screw Type – If you wanted to

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