R21 Experiment 9 Airfoil

Experiment 9
Estimation of forces acting over a symmetrical/ Unsymmetrical airfoil for

different angle of attack.
AIM:
To find the lift and drag coefficient of a symmetric airfoil (NACA 662-015) at an angle of
attack.
APPARATUS:
Subsonic wind tunnel, pitot static tube, Infinite wing model (NACA 662-015 symmetric airfoil)
with pressure taps, digital pressure scanner and its software, and Computer.
THEORY:
When the airfoil is immersed in an air at an angle of attack, it produces the resultant force
which is inclined rearward. The Resultant force (fig.1) is resolved in to Lift and Drag or Normal
force and Axial force with respect to freestream flow or airfoil chord line. The main sources
for this force generation are pressure distribution (perpendicular to the surface) and shear stress
distribution (tangent to the surface) (fig.2). As the angle of attack increases the acceleration on
the upper surfaces and pressure differences along the airfoil increases. this happens until stall
happens which is a loss of lift (fig. 3).
Fig. 1: Forces acting on an airfoil.

Fig. 2: Sources of force acting on the airfoil.
Fig. 3. Coefficient of pressure distribution on airfoil at different angle of attack.
Fig. 4 : NACA 662-015 symmetric airfoil with pressure taps

FORMULAE
𝑃−𝑃∞ ℎ −ℎ
Pressure coefficient 𝐶𝑝 = 1 = ℎ ∞−ℎ
𝜌𝑉 2 ∞ 0
2 ∞
2 (𝑃0 −𝑃∞ ) 2 𝜌𝑙 𝑔 (ℎ∞ −ℎ0 )

Velocity 𝑉∞ = √ =√
𝜌∞ 𝜌∞
𝜌∞ 𝑉∞ 𝐷
Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇∞
𝑐 𝑥
Normal force coefficient 𝑐𝑛 = ∫0 ( 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 − 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 ) 𝑑 ( )
𝑐
𝑥
= Area under the graph ( 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 − 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 ) 𝑉𝑠 ( )
𝑐
𝑐 𝑑𝑦𝑢 𝑑𝑦𝑙 𝑥
Axial force coefficient 𝑐𝑎 = ∫0 ( 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 − 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 ) 𝑑 (𝑐 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦𝑢 𝑑𝑦𝑙 𝑥
= Area under the graph ( 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 − 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 ) 𝑉𝑠 ( 𝑐 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Lift and drag coefficients.
where,
𝑉∞ - is the free-stream velocity in the test section
ℎ0 & ℎ∞ are the heights of manometric liquid in the multitube manometer
corresponding to the stagnation pressure and the static pressure of freestream (in meter)
𝜌𝑙 - is the density of manometric liquid (Ethyl alcohol) = 789 kg/m3
𝜌∞ - is the free-stream air density = 1.2 kg/m3
𝐶𝑝 – Coefficient of pressure
𝐶𝑛 – Coefficient of normal force
𝐶𝑎 – Coefficient of axial force
𝐶𝑙 – Coefficient of lift
𝐶𝑑 – Coefficient of drag
𝑅𝑒 - Reynolds number
𝜇∞ - Viscosity of the air (1.81 x 10-5 kg/ms)
PROCEDURE
• Mount the infinite wing in the wind tunnel with the given angle of attack.
• Setup the pitot static tube, digital pressure scanner and computer for the data acquisition
in the wind tunnel.
• Connect the stagnation and static ports of the pitot-static tubes to digital pressure
scanner to measure the ℎ0 and ℎ∞ .
• Connect the pressure ports of the infinite wing model to the digital pressure scanner to
measure the static pressure ℎ𝑥 at different point on the model.
• Switch on the wind tunnel and set the required fan RPM. Wait until the flow in the test
section reaches steady state conditions.
• Get the stored values (ℎ0 and ℎ∞ ) and the (ℎ𝑥 ) at diffident point of the model from the
computer at every 5 secs.
• Calculate and plot the 𝐶𝑝 – Coefficient of pressure distribution around the model
• From 𝐶𝑝 values, find 𝐶𝑛 & 𝐶𝑎 using the graphical method and calculate 𝐶𝑙 & 𝐶𝑑 using
the formulae given.
TABLE
SAMPLE TABLE
TABLE
(Use the table below to fill the data)
𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑢 𝑑𝑦𝑙 𝑑𝑦𝑢 𝑑𝑦𝑙

Port 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 ∗ 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 − 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 − 𝐶𝑝,𝑙
No. 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
MODEL CALCULATION
(show calculation for anyone reading)
GRAPHS
𝑥
2. Area under the graph ( 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 − 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 ) 𝑉𝑠 ( )
𝑐
𝑑𝑦𝑢 𝑑𝑦𝑙 𝑥
3. Area under the graph ( 𝐶𝑝,𝑢 − 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 ) 𝑉𝑠 ( 𝑐 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
RESULT
From the experiment, the pressure coefficient distribution on the airfoil was found and. Finally,
the force coefficients on the model were calculated as 𝐶𝑙 =_______________ & 𝐶𝑑 =
_______________ for a given angle of attack ______________ and Re. No.
___________________.
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Experiment 9

Estimation of forces acting over a symmetrical/ Unsymmetrical airfoil for

Fig. 1: Forces acting on an airfoil.

Fig. 3. Coefficient of pressure distribution on airfoil at different angle of attack.

Fig. 4 : NACA 662-015 symmetric airfoil with pressure taps

2 (𝑃0 −𝑃∞ ) 2 𝜌𝑙 𝑔 (ℎ∞ −ℎ0 )

𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑢 𝑑𝑦𝑙 𝑑𝑦𝑢 𝑑𝑦𝑙

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