Maritime English Exercises PDF

MARITIME ENGLISH
EXERCISES
MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES www.btja.pl
Index
UNIT 1. FREEBOARD AND LOAD LINE MARK .............................................................................................................................................................. 1

UNIT 2. DEADWEIGHT AND FREIGHT CARRYING CAPACITY ................................................................................................................................... 3
UNIT 3. THEORETICAL MEAN DRAUGHT “DH” AND DRAUGHT MARKS ................................................................................................................ 4
UNIT 4. SHIP STABILITY .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
UNIT 5. FREE SURFACE EFFECT ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
UNIT 6. HULL STRENGTH ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
UNIT 7. STEERING SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
UNIT 8. STEERING GEARS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
UNIT 9. RUDDERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
UNIT 10. ANCHORING EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15
UNIT 11. MOORING WINCHES ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
UNIT 12. MOORING GUIDELINES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
UNIT 13. HATCH COVERS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
UNIT 14. CARGO CRANES ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
UNIT 15. LIFEBOATS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
UNIT 16. LIFERAFTS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
UNIT 17. RESCUE BOATS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
UNIT 18. GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................................. 31
UNIT 19. PROPULSION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 32
UNIT 20. INTEGRATED PROPULSION SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
UNIT 21. DIESEL- ELECTRIC PROPULSION .............................................................................................................................................................. 36
UNIT 22. AZIMUTHING PROPULSORS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 37
UNIT 23. PODDED PROPULSORS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 39
UNIT 24. VOITH-SCHNEIDER PROPELLER (VSP) ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
UNIT 26. DIESEL ENGINES ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
UNIT 27. CONSTRUCTION OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINE ............................................................................................................................................. 45
UNIT 28. FUEL OIL SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
UNIT 29. FUEL OIL SEPARATION PROCESS ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
UNIT 30. ALFA LAVAL FUEL CONDITIONING MODULE .......................................................................................................................................... 52
UNIT 31. FILTERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
UNIT 32. COMMON-RAIL INJECTION SYSTEM OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINES ...................................................................................................... 56
UNIT 33. GARBAGE DISPOSAL ................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
UNIT 34. BILGE WATER SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................................................................ 59
UNIT 35. OILY WATER SEPARATOR ............................................................................................................................................................................ 60
UNIT 36. TANK CLEANING IN PRODUCT TANKER ................................................................................................................................................... 62
UNIT 37. INERT GAS SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
Index Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz

UNIT 1. FREEBOARD AND LOAD LINE MARK
1.1 Vocabulary – study definitions below and label sketches.
Block coefficient – The block coefficient of a ship at any particular draught is the ratio of its underwater
volume to the volume of a rectangular block having the same overall length, breadth and depth.
Draught – The vertical distance from the moulded baseline to the waterline.
Moulded breadth Bmld - The maximum breadth of a ship with a metal shell measured amidships to the
moulded line of the frame.
Moulded depth Dmld - The vertical distance measured from the moulded baseline to the top of the free-
board deck beam at side.
Sheer – The longitudinal curve of the vessel deck in a vertical plane.
1 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

1.2 Translate into your native language:
1. For the Panama Canal the air draught is to be no greater than 57.91m.
2. The freeboard deck is normally the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and sea.
3. A superstructure is a decked structure on the freeboard deck, extending from side to side of the ship or
with the side plating not being inboard of the shell plating more than 4% of the breadth B.
4. A flush deck ship is one which has no superstructure on the freeboard deck.
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Photo J. Babicz
Load lines mark

UNIT 2. DEADWEIGHT AND FREIGHT CARRYING CAPACITY
2.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook. Use your dictionary to check the meaning.
2.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below.
Displacement – It is the mass of water displaced by the vessel at any waterline. It is the product of the
volume of its underwater portion and the density of water in which it floats.
Displacement = Lightship mass + Deadweight
Lightship mass – This is the mass of the ship itself when completely empty.
Deadweight - This is the mass that a ship carriers. It can be made up of fuel oil, fresh water, ballast water,
stores, crew, lashing equipment and cargo.
1. In order to decrease the lightship mass, hull structure should be designed with great care, and light, com-
pact equipment installed.
2. Lightship mass is evaluated by conducting a draught survey normally just prior to delivery of the new ves-
sel.
3. Loose equipment such as loose lashing, removable tweendeck panels, strong beams are not part of the
lightship mass.
4. The actual weight of a ship and location of the centre of gravity depends on her loading condition.
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UNIT 3. THEORETICAL MEAN DRAUGHT “dH” AND DRAUGHT MARKS
Centre of flotation (LCF) – The geometrical centre of the waterplane. It may be aft, forward or even at
amidships. LCF is the point about which the ship trims.
Hydrostatic data – The various items of hydrostatic information.
Trim - The difference between the draught at the forward perpendicular (FP) and the draught at the aft
perpendicular (AP).

1. The theoretical mean draught “dH” does not change if the vessel is trimmed by shifting weights fore
and aft.
2. The mean draught amidships “dM” changes with trim unless the centre of flotation is at amidships.
3. Theoretical draught is used mainly by naval architects. Draught extreme is used mainly by masters, mates,
port authorities and dry-dock personnel.
4. When a ship moves from water of one density to the water of another density, without there being
a change in her mass, the draught will change.
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Photo J. Babicz
Shell plating
Fender
Underwater part
Draught marks amidships and “All Seasons Load Lines” mark

as used for vessels with enlarged freeboard

UNIT 4. SHIP STABILITY
Metacentric height GM – The vertical distance between the centre of gravity G and the metacentre M.
GM = KB + BM – KG
Vertical centre of buoyancy KB and metacentric radious BM depends on geometrical form of ship, vertical
centre of gravity KG depends on loading of ship.
Stiff ship – A stiff ship is one with very large GM. The ship will return to the upright very quickly causing
excessive strain on cargo lashings. Such ship is uncomfortable for crew.
Tender ship – A tender ship is one with a very small GM caused by KG being too large.
4.3 Match the words with correct definition.
Angle of heel - _________________________________________________________________________

Angle of list - ___________________________________________________________________________
Angle of loll - __________________________________________________________________________
• The angle at which a ship with negative initial metacentric height will lie
at rest in still water.
• The inclination of a ship to one side by the action of an external force, such as wind or waves.
• The inclination of a ship to one side by the action of an internal force.
1. The height of metacentrum M above the base plane depends on geometry of ship.
2. The mass and location of the centre of gravity KG of loaded ship are calculated by summing up the masses
of the empty ship, cargoes, stores, spare parts, lashing etc., and ballast water and their moments about
a horizontal, transverse and longitudinal plane.
3. Ships under ballast and ships loaded with steel have a large metacentric height GM. The result is such ships
are “stiff”: they have short roll period and will roll quickly and violently. Such a condition is not desirable.
4. When the GM is too small, for example 0.16m to 0.20m the ship has the long roll period (25 to 35 second)
and is said to be “tender”. As before, this condition is not desirable and steps should be taken to increase
the GM.
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UNIT 5. FREE SURFACE EFFECT
1. For all loading conditions, the initial metacentric height and the righting lever curve should be corrected
for the effect of free surfaces of liquids in tanks.
2. Free surface effects should be considered whenever the filling level in tank is less than 98% of full condi-
tion.
3. Where water ballast tanks are to be filled or discharged during the course of a voyage, the free surface
effects should be calculated to take account of the most onerous transitory stage relating to such opera-
tions.
4. When ballasting the vessel only one transverse pair or a single centerline ballast tank shall be filled up. At
sea, as far as possible, ballast tanks shall be 100% full or empty. When ballasted wide double bottom tanks
must be always 100% full.
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5.3 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.
1. If the tank is partially filled, the position of the centre of gravity

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2. A liquid in partially filled tank always decreases
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3. The free surface effect can

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• the initial metacentric height, the righting lever and the range of stability.
• lead to a negative metacentric height.
• of the liquid will change as the ship is inclined.

UNIT 6. HULL STRENGTH
Midship section – A drawing showing standard cross sections of the hull at, or near, amidships and pre-
senting the scantling of the primary structural members.
Sheer strake – The top strake of a ship side shell plating.
Shell expansion – A plan showing the seams and butts, thickness and associated welding of all plates.
6.3 Choose the correct words or phrases and label marked components:
Inner bottom, Tranverse bulkhead, Floor, Longitudinal bulkhead, Sheer strake, Bilge plating
Transverse section in way of cargo hold

Photo J. Babicz
1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________
4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 5 _______________________

1. The total buoyant force is equal to the total weight but the distribution of the weight and buoyancy along
the length of the ship are not similar.
2. The difference between the weight and buoyancy at any point is the load at that point.
3. In some cases the load is an excess of weight over buoyancy and in others an excess of buoyancy over
weight.
4. If the buoyancy amidships exceeds the weight, the ship will hog.
5. If the weight amidships exceeds the buoyancy the ship will sag.
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UNIT 7. STEERING SYSTEM
7.1 Record unknown terms in your vocabulary notebook. Use your dictionary
to check the meaning.
Flap, Heading box, Rudder blade, Rudder stock, Rotary vane steering gear, CP propeller
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6 _______________________
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Picture courtesy of Van der Velden

7.3 Match the words with correct definitions.
Steering gear – ________________________________________________________________________

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Rudder blade – ________________________________________________________________________
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Rudder carrier – _______________________________________________________________________
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Rudder stock – ________________________________________________________________________
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• A pivoting structure which acts as a control surface to direct a ship’s movement in a horizontal plane.
• The shaft which connects the rudder blade to the steering gear.
• A bearing which carries the whole weight of the rudder blade and the tiller.
• The machinery which provides a movement of the rudder in response to a signal from the bridge.

Photo J. Babicz
Wheelhouse steering workstation
7.4 Manoeuvring information. Translate into your native language.
1. Manoeuvring information contains the pilot card, wheelhouse poster and manoeuvring booklet.
2. The pilot card is intended to provide information to the pilot. It should describe the current loading condi-
tion of the ship, propulsion and manoeuvring equipment.
3. The wheelhouse poster, describing the manoeuvring characteristics of the ship, should be permanently
displayed in the wheelhouse.
4. The manoeuvring booklet should be available on board and should contain details of the ship manoeu-
vring characteristics and other relevant data.
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UNIT 8. STEERING GEARS
8.2 Choose the correct words or phrases from the terms below and label the photos:
Ram-type steering gear, Tiller, Power pack, Rotary vane steering gear
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Rudder actuator – ______________________________________________________________________

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Rudder horn – _________________________________________________________________________
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Tiller – ________________________________________________________________________________
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• A welded construction or a casting providing support for the rudder blade and minimizing
the bending moment in the rudder stock.
• An arm attached to rudder stock which turns the rudder blade.
• A hydraulic cylinder or a hydraulic motor which converts hydraulic pressure into mechanical action to move
the rudder.
8.4 What type of steering gear is being described in each of these sentences?
A hydraulic mechanism which consists of a vaned rotor that moves within a vaned stator. Chambers are
formed between the vanes on the rotor and those on the stator. The rotor will move when oil is supplied
into appropriate chambers and removed from the others.
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8.5 Rules. Translate to your native language.
1. Steering gear control shall be provided both on the navigational bridge and in the steering gear compart-
ment.
2. A means of communication shall be provided between the navigation bridge and the steering gear com-
partment.
3. The steering gear compartment shall be readily accessible and, as far as possible, separated from machin-
ery spaces.
4. Handrails and gratings or other nonslip surfaces shall be arranged to ensure suitable working conditions
in the event of hydraulic fluid leakage.
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UNIT 9. RUDDERS
9.1 Find unknown terms and record them in your vocabulary notebook. Use your dictionary to check
the meaning.
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Photo courtesy of Becker Marine Systems Photo J. Babicz

9.2 Label the elements marked in the photo.
1 ________________ 2 ________________ 3 ________________ 4 ________________
5 ________________ 6 ________________ 7 ________________ 8 ________________
1. The fishtail rudder improves both the course keeping and the vessel control characteristics.
2. The semi-spade rudder is supported by a horn.
3. The cone coupling is used to fasten the rudder blade to the rudder stock.
4. Rudder blade sole should be rounded at the leading edge in order to avoid local cavitation and erosion.
5. Rotary steering gears have the rudder carrier integrated.
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9.4 Match the words with the correct definitions.
Flap rudder – __________________________________________________________________________

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Balanced rudder – _____________________________________________________________________
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Twisted leading edge rudder - ___________________________________________________________
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Rudder angle indicator – ________________________________________________________________
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• A device used to indicate the actual position of the rudder blade to ship’s personnel and pilots in the wheel-
house, bridge wings and engine control room.
• A rudder with a part of the blade surface put forward of the axis so the water pressure on this portion counter-
balance that on the aft part.
• A new type of spade rudder comprising a special asymmetrical section offset to port and starboard at the
leading edge.
• A high-lift rudder with a pivoting flap installed on the blade trailing edge.
1. Rudderstock
2. Rudder horn
2
Photo J. Babicz

UNIT 10. ANCHORING EQUIPMENT
10.1 Find unknown terms and record them in your vocabulary notebook. Use your dictionary to check
the meaning.
10.2 Label marked elements in this photo.

Photo J. Babicz
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1 2
Combined windlass/mooring winch with split drum
1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________
4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 6 _______________________
7 _______________________ 8 _______________________ 9 _______________________
Anchoring equipment consists of two high-holding power bower anchors, each connected to 495m of
44mm diameter anchor chain cable. The forecastle carries two combined windlass/mooring winches, each
with a split drum and a warping head. The aft ship carries one mooring winch and one combined winch
for the stern anchor and mooring. The anchor/mooring winch is equipped with a warping head, a mooring
drum and a wire drum for the stern anchor. The winches are powered by a high-pressure hydraulic system,
of which the power pack is on deck.

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10.4 Fill the gaps with the correct words.
1. The mass of ______________ is not to be less than 60% of the total mass of the anchor.
2. ______________required by rules is not designed to stop a ship which is moving or drifting.
3. Before releasing anchors, a check should be made that no ______________ is under the bow.
4. The ______________ shall be bolted down to a substantial foundation.
Cable lifter – __________________________________________________________________________

Chain stopper – ________________________________________________________________________
Chain locker – _________________________________________________________________________
• A device used to hold the anchor cable in place while the ship is at anchor.
• A compartment located under the windlass where the anchor chains are stowed.
• A steel casting in the form of a barrel with specially shaped “snugs”.
Photos J. Babicz
Windlass Chain stopper

UNIT 11. MOORING WINCHES
Photo J. Babicz
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2 8
1 4 5
Electric mooring winch with split-type drum on the Forecastle Deck
1 __________________ 2 __________________ 3 __________________ 4 __________________
5 __________________ 6 __________________ 7 __________________ 8 __________________
11.2 Choose the correct words and label the photo.
Mooring wire, Reduction gear, Windlass, Storage drum, Cable lifter, Band brake, Tiller,
Brake anchor, Warping end, Flange, Mooring line, Tension drum, Power pack
1. Mooring winch with split-type drum can maintain a constant brake holding capacity.
2. Winch drum is driven by a motor through a reduction gear.
3. For safety reasons, it is highly desirable to lead mooring lines from winch drums directly to the shipside
fairlead.
4. The minimum distance between a winch drum and the fairlead should be such that the fleet angle does
not exceed 1.5 degree. This is the maximum angle the line deviates from a direction perpendicular to the
drum axis.

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Bollard – ______________________________________________________________________________
Mooring and Towing Manual - ___________________________________________________________
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Shipboard fittings - ____________________________________________________________________
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Supporting hull structure - ______________________________________________________________
• A document with index and characteristics of machinery, equipment, shipboard fittings and ropes available
for mooring and towing.
• Bollards and bitts, fairleads, rollers and chocks used for the normal mooring of the ship and similar compo-
nents used for the normal towing of the ship.
• A rectangular base upon which two vertical bitts are welded.
• The hull structure supporting mooring equipment and fittings (capstans, winches, etc.) used for the normal
towing and mooring operations.
11.5 Vocabulary: mooring lines. Study definitions below and label lines in the sketch.
Breast lines – Mooring lines leading ashore as perpendicular as possible to the ship fore and aft line.
Head lines – Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship.
Spring lines – Mooring lines leading on a nearly fore and aft direction to prevent longitudinal movement:
headsprings prevent forward motion and backsprings - aft motion.
Stern lines – Mooring lines leading ashore from the after end of a ship.

UNIT 12. MOORING GUIDELINES
12.2 Read the sentences below and label mooring fittings marked in the photos.
Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.
Bollards are used to secure the mooring lines.

Panama-type chocks are either deck mounted or bulwark mounted.
The rollers may be mounted near the edge of the deck to serve as a roller fairlead; or they may be mount-
ed upon a pedestal (pedestal roller guide) elsewhere on the deck to provide a fair lead to a winch drum
or a warping head.
Universal roller fairlead consists of several cylindrical rollers.
Photo J. Babicz
2
4
5 3
Mooring fittings
1 ____________________ 2 ____________________ 3 ____________________
4 ____________________ 5 ____________________

12.3 Complete the following sentences:
1. All personnel involved in mooring operations should wear suitable ______________

2. _____________ lines should be oriented as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the ship.
3. Mooring lines should be arranged as symmetrically as possible about ______________
4. When the ship is in its final position the mooring lines are secured to ______________ onboard.
5. ______________ should be frequently inspected for wear.
Mooring lines – ________________________________________________________________________

Breast lines – __________________________________________________________________________
Head lines – ___________________________________________________________________________
Messenger line – _______________________________________________________________________
Spring lines – __________________________________________________________________________
• Mooring lines leading ashore as perpendicular as possible to the longitudinal centre line of the ship.
• Ropes or wires used to secure a ship at a berth.
• Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship.
• Mooring lines leading in a nearly fore and aft directions to prevent longitudinal
movement of the ship.
• A light line attached to the end of a main mooring line and used to assist
in heaving the mooring to the shore.
1. It is recommended to provide closed chocks, associated bollards and warping ends for a number of sec-
ondary lines equal to at least 50% of the ship’s primary mooring lines.
2. Mooring fittings require adequate clearance for routine operations, and winches have to be arranged to
provide an adequate fleet angle for the drum.
3. The minimum distance between a bollard and fairlead should be 1.8m in order to provide adequate space
for the application of rope stoppers.
4. The minimum distance from the drum to the fairlead should be approximately 19 times the drum width.
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UNIT 13. HATCH COVERS
13.1 Look at the photos and translate the text below into your native language.
Photos J. Babicz
1. Pontoon-type hatch covers

3
2. Gantry-type hatch cover crane
3. Quick-acting cleat
4. Bearing pad
5. Hatch coaming top
Photo Hermann Buss GmbH
The vessel’s two hatches are covered with pontoon-type steel hatch covers designed for
a maximum load of 1.75t/m2. The covers have a closed underside in accordance with grain cargo rules and
are fitted with stainless steel quick acting cleats. Covers are lifted and stacked by a gantry-type hatch cover
crane. The removable grain bulkheads are also handled by the hatch cover crane.

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13.2 Study the illustration and complete the following sentences:
1. The hydraulic cylinders for ______________ of hatch covers are located at the end of hatch coaming.
2. The trailing pair is operated by ______________ connected to bell crank arms at the sides of the covers.
3. The ______________ are designed to accept container stack loads up to 45t/40ft units.
4. Battening of all covers to the coaming is effected by manual ______________
Illustrations courtesy of
Intermediate hinge MacGREGOR
Leading pair
Trailing pair
Lifting wheel for

trailing pair
Longitudinal
stopper
Bell crank
External hydraulic
cylinder for bell
crank
External Link for

hydraulic end hinge
cylinder for
leading pair
Multi-folding covers operated by external hydraulic cylinders and bell crank arms

UNIT 14. CARGO CRANES
14.2 Choose the correct words or phrases and label the photos.
Crane house, Jib, Pedestal, Adaptor, Block, Ramshorn hook, Jib support, Cabin
Photos J. Babicz
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1
2
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Wire-luffing cranes for handling containers and general cargoes
1 __________________ 2 __________________ 3 __________________ 4 __________________
5 __________________ 6 __________________ 7 __________________ 8 __________________

Crane characteristics:
Lifting capacity, Max. working radius, Min. working radius, Hoisting speed, Luffing time, Slewing speed, Slewing
angle, Weight
14.3 Vocabulary: crane motions.
Hoisting – Lifting the crane hook.

Luffing – A term which denotes the movement of a crane jib or derrick boom to move up or down. I.e. “Luff
up” or “Luff down”.
Slewing – Rotation about a vertical axis in a horizontal plane.
Hoisting, luffing and slewing motions are independent of each other. This means that at their maximum
capacity cranes can operate at full speed using all three movements at the same time.
Photo J. Babicz
Cylinder-luffing crane

UNIT 15. LIFEBOATS
15.2 Complete the following sentences with words:

buoyant smoke signal, immersion suit, lifeboat, rocket parachute flare, lifejacket.
1. When lowering a __________________ no mechanical assistance apart from gravity is applied.

2. Try out the __________________ before an emergency occurs.
3. An _______________ designed to be worn without a lifejacket shall be fitted with a light and the whistle.
4. The __________________ shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300m.
5. The __________________ shall emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not
less than 3 min.
Photos J. Babicz
Davit-launched lifeboat
It is not allowed to “drop” the davit-launched lifeboat from the falls to the water, as when the lifeboat is dropped,
even from as little as one metre above the water, serious personal injuries and possible structural damage can
occur.

On-load release hooks - _________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
Fall preventer devices - _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Simulated launching of free-fall lifeboats - ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• Strops attached to a strong point other than the hook on the boat and to the fall block during launching and
recovery procedures or an approved metal pin inserted in the on-load release hooks to prevent inadvertent
release.
• Means of training the crew in the free-fall release procedure of free-fall lifeboats and in verifying the satisfac-
tory function of the free-fall release system without allowing the lifeboat to fall into the sea.
• On-load release mechanisms designed to permit the release of the lifeboat from fall wires when ship is still
making way through the water or in rough sea.
1. There are reported to be about 80 types of on-load release hooks in service. Some of these systems are
described by accident investigators as “inherently unsafe” or “unstable”.
2. Many of the original manufactures of these systems are no longer trading and this leads to a situation
where spare parts are not available creating problems with proper maintenance.
3. Testing the on-load release mechanism must be carried out by equipment manufacturers or their author-
ized representatives.
4. All Shat-Harding cruise tenders and lifeboats are fitted with the new generation on-load release hooks.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 16. LIFERAFTS
16.2 Liferaft launching stations. Choose the correct words or phrases and label elements marked
in the photos.
Cradle, Hydrostatic release unit, Ramp, Embarkation ladder, Painter
3 2 1
Every cargo ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so arranged that it can be boarded by its full complement of
persons in not more than 3 min. from the time the instruction to board is given.
1 __________________
5
2 __________________
3 __________________
4 __________________
5 __________________
4 2
Photos J. Babicz

16.3 Personal life-saving appliances. Choose the correct words or phrases and label the photos.
Lifebuoy, Lifebuoy with self-igniting light, Self-activating smoke signal, Lifejacket, Immersion suit, Thermal
protective aids, Anti-exposure suit
Photos J. Babicz
1
2
1 ____________________________________
4
2 ____________________________________
3
3 ____________________________________
4 ____________________________________
Make sure the following happens on your vessel:

1. The liferaft is NOT stowed in an area where rigging will prevent the liferaft from being able to leave the
vessel.
2. The liferaft is NOT stowed in a cradle that is too tight to release the liferaft in an emergency.
3. There is NO cover over the liferaft that may stop it from inflating.
4. Gear is NOT stowed around the liferaft, making manual operation difficult and reducing the liferafts ability
to deploy.
5. Easy access IS provided to the liferaft when it is stored in a difficult location, e.g. the wheelhouse roof.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 17. RESCUE BOATS
1 2 3
4
5
Photo J. Babicz
1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________
4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 6 _______________________
17.2 Choose the correct words from the terms below and label the photo.
Davit-launched lifeboat, Rescue boat, Embarkation ladder, Rescue boat davit, Free-fall lifeboat, Lifebuoy,
Embarkation station
17.3 SOLAS requirements. Translate into your native language.
1. Rescue boat shall be stowed in state of continuous readiness for launching in not more than 5 min.,
in a position suitable for launching and recovery.
2. Recovery time of the rescue boat shall be not more than 5 min. in moderate sea conditions when loaded
with its full complement of persons and equipment.
3. Rescue boat embarkation and recovery arrangements shall allow for safe and efficient handling of
a stretcher case.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
17.4 Find logical ending for each of the sentences.
The rescue boat davit consists of a davit arm, column, winch ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Slewing out the manned rescue boat is realized ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
The slewing motion is actuated from within the rescue boat ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lowering is realized by means of gravity. The lowering motion is _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Recovery of the rescue boat with its crew is __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Hoisting can also be done manually ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• by means of a remote control pull wire.

• by means of accumulated power from a hydraulic power pack unit.
• by using the crank handle of the winch.
• and built-on hydraulic power pack unit.
• controlled by means of a remote control pull wire.
• realized by using the electric driven winch.
Photo J. Babicz
Rescue boat with davit and liferafts on AHTS

UNIT 18. GLOBAL MARITIME DISTRESS SYSTEM
Cospas-Sarsat is an international satelite-based search and rescue system, established by Canada, France,
the United States, and Russia.
Navtex is an international, automated system for instantly distributing maritime navigational warnings,
weather forecasts and warnings, search and rescue notices and similar information to ships.
1. The 406 MHz Emergency Position-Indicating Beacon (EPIRB) is an element of the GMDSS designed to oper-
ate with Cospas-Sarsat system.
2. EPIRBs are tracking transmitters which aid in the detection and location of ships, aircraft and people in
distress.
3. EPIRBs are designed to transmit to alert rescue coordination centers via the satellite system from anywhere
in the world.
4. Digital Selective Calling (DSC) is intended to initiate ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship radiotel-
ephone and MF/HF radiotelex calls.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Photos J. Babicz

UNIT 19. PROPULSION SYSTEMS
19.2 Look at the photo and fill the gaps in sentences below with the correct words.
Photo J. Babicz
1. Propeller shaft
2. Shaft Bearing
3. Intermediate shaft
5
4. Flange coupling
4 5. Shaft generator
Transmission components in a diesel direct drive

with shaft generator
Shafts are connected to each other by means of ______________

The ______________ support the weight of the shafts.
The propeller shaft connects the shafting system inside the ship with ______________
The ______________ guides the propeller shaft through the hull.
In the sterntube the ______________ is supported by two oil-lubricated bearings: the aft and forward
bearing.
19.3 Find a logical ending on the right for each of the beginnings on the left.
The diesel engine is the most common _____________________________________________________

Gas turbines are frequently used ___________________________________________________________
LNG carriers and naval vessels may have ____________________________________________________
The majority of large cargo vessels are equipped _____________________________________________
• with a diesel mechanical drive.

• a steam turbine as prime mover.
• prime mover in the merchant marine.
• in naval vessels.

19.4 Mark these photos.
Use the following phrases:
Fixed pitch propeller, Voith-Schneider propulsor, Azimuthig thruster, Waterjet
1 ____________________________________ 2 _____________________________________
3 _____________________________________ 4 _____________________________________
1. Fast catamaran ferries are usually propelled by _______________________

2. Tugs can be provided with screw propellers, azimuthing thrusters or _______________________
3. The most common propulsor is the _______________________
4. _______________________ are used for dynamic positioning in the offshore industry.

UNIT 20. INTEGRATED PROPULSION SYSTEM
20.2 Choose the correct words and phrases from the list below and use them to mark the elements in
the illustration below.
Flexible coupling, Shaft bearing, Main engine, Propeller shaft, Forward sealing, Rope guard, Hydraulic cou-
pling flange, Sterntube, Reduction gear, CP propeller
Illustration courtesy of Wärtsilä Corporation
7
1
6 5 4 2
Geared mechanical drive

Controllable pitch propeller is connected to the shaft line by a flange and bolts.
1 __________________ 2 __________________ 3 __________________ 4 __________________
5 __________________ 6 __________________ 7 __________________
1. A ______________ improves the torsional behaviour of the installation.

2. A ______________ is installed in order to reduce the revolutions of the engine to the revolutions required
for efficient operation of the propeller.
3. The ______________ bearing carries the shaft and propeller weight.
4. A ______________ is connected to the flange of the propeller shaft by bolts.

20.4 Study the photos below and find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.
Photos J. Babicz
3
4
2
1 5
Right-handed controllable pitch propeller Left-handed CP propeller
1. Blade, 2. Hub, also boss, 3. Boss cup, 4. Face, 5. Leading edge, 6. Trailing edge
1. A CP propeller consists of a hub with _______________________________________________________

2. Propellers of the CP-type have larger hub compared with FP propellers ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. If a ship is viewed from aft, the side of the propeller blades facing aft _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. A propeller is said to be right-handed if viewed from aft ________________________________________
5. The edge of the blade facing the flow of water _______________________________________________
6. The flow leaves the blade ________________________________________________________________
• is the face or the pressure side of the propeller,

• blades mounted on separately.
• because the hub has to have space for a hydraulically activated mechanism for control of the
• angle of the blades.
• rotates clockwise during sailing ahead.
• at the trailing edge.
• when rotating is the leading edge.

UNIT 21. DIESEL- ELECTRIC PROPULSION
1. The components in electrical drive: generators, electric motors, _________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
2. In many cases, the total efficiency of the electric drive will be lower due to ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. The main advantage of an electric concept is that a number of generator sets ______________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. A practical advantage of an electric propulsion is the flexibility in the arrangement of the equipment
______________________________________________________________________________________
• the efficiencies of the electric motor, the generators and converters.

• because the prime mover is not mechanically linked to the propeller.
• provide efficient and flexible operation.
• distribution systems and converters, add to the overall costs.
21.3 Vocabulary
Frequency converter – A device which adapts the voltage and frequency of the power supply to the elec-
tric motor as required for the desired motor speed.
21.4 Diesel- electric propulsion. Translate into your native language:
The principal elements of electric plant are the four main generators of 2400kW, the 690V main switch-
board, 450V and 230V distribution switchboards, two Low Loss Concept (LLC) units in the switchboard
room, the frequency converters and a pair of 3500kW electric propulsion motors serving two Azipull pro-
pulsors, a bow tunnel thruster and a retractable azimuthing thruster. The LLC units provide a 12-pulse
system, low total harmonic distortion, a low short circuit level, and supply to the 450V switchboard.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 22. AZIMUTHING PROPULSORS
22.2 Choose the correct phrases from the list below and mark the illustrations.
Swing-up thruster, Retractable thruster, Tunnel thruster, Podded propulsor
Pictures courtesy of Rolls-Royce

22.3 Main components of an azimuthing thruster. Read the unit and match the words in bold with num-
bers in the illustration below.
An azimuthing thruster shown below consists of the following main components:
1. Fixed pitch propeller in the nozzle.

2. Propeller gearbox containing a bevel gear set. This gear set, supported by bearings, transmits the power
from the vertical input shaft to the propeller shaft.
3. Upper gearbox also contains a bevel gear set. Power generated by the main engine is transferred from the
horizontal input shaft to the vertical shaft.
4. Stem section: this part of the thruster, which protrudes from the hull, is located between the upper gear-
box and the propeller gearbox. In the stem section, all functions for rotating the thruster around its vertical
axis are incorporated, e.g. a steering gearbox and the steering angle feed-back unit.
5. Auxiliaries: these contain the power pack for the steering system and the lubrication.
6. Controls: these include the control cabinet, monitoring and alarms, and starters for the E-motors driving
the hydraulic pumps.
1 Illustration courtesy of Schottel
1 ___________________________
3
8
2 ___________________________
4
3 ___________________________
4 ___________________________
5 ___________________________
5
6 ___________________________
6 7 ___________________________
8 ___________________________
Schottel ducted azimuthing thruster

UNIT 23. PODDED PROPULSORS
1. Azipod incorporates an electric AC motor mounted directly on a very short propeller shaft driving a fixed
pitch propeller.
2. The motor is controlled by a frequency converter, which produces full nominal torque available in either
direction over the entire speed range.
3. A diesel-electric power system is installed using four MaK/ABB diesel-alternator sets, each developing
2880kW to satisfy the ship’s electrical requirements, and to supply the 4088kW drive motors of the two
ABB Compact Azipod units, suspended under the stern each side of a central skeg.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4
5
Strut, Pulling propeller, Rotor, Stator, Propeller shaft
1 _____________ 2 _____________ 3 _____________ 4 _____________ 5 _____________

UNIT 24. VOITH-SCHNEIDER PROPELLER (VSP)
Dynamic positioning – A system that is utilized to maintain a vessel in a designated position and/or with
a designated heading in order to provide a stable platform for different tasks.
Roll stabilisation – Damping of the rolling motion of a ship. Active stabilisation systems produce a coun-
teracting moment by means of actively controlled machines, e.g. fin stabilisers. Passive systems work on
the principle of increasing the roll resistance, e.g. bilge keels.
1. Offshore Support Vessels (OSV) are fitted with dynamic positioning systems.
2. Quick and precise steering, fast stopping, as well as high acceleration make the VSP a perfect device for DP
operation.
3. Very rapid thrust variation and generation of high moments makes it possible to use the VSP for efficient
reduction of the ship rolling motion.
4. The reduction gear and the bevel gear supply energy from the engine to rotate the rotor casing.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

1. The profiled blades of the azimuthing propulsor ______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
2. The power required to move the casing of the rotor ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. The propulsion servomotor _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Most often the Voith-Schneider Propellers ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• are used on double-ended ferries, passenger ships and floating cranes.

• is delivered by the reduction gear and the bevel gear.
• project from the bottom of the ship.
• is used to regulate the pitch to adjust to the motion of the ship.
1. The rudder servomotor is used ____________________________________________________________

2. The VPS allows ______________ while the ship _______________________________________________
3. The rotor casing is axially _________________________________________________________________
4. The position of the lower end of the pivoting control rod determines _____________________________
5. The control rod is actuated by the ______________ and the ____________________________________
Illustration courtesy of Voith Turbo
Voith Water Tractor

UNIT 25. WATERJET
1. For high-speed vessels, water jets can be more efficient than propellers.
2. Unlike propellers, waterjets are installed on the transom.
3. Waterjets are usually fitted with thrust deflectors for steering, making rudders unnecessary.
4. A waterjet with an inlet diameter of 1300mm is selected for a ship design speed of around 40 knots at full
power.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Duct, Hydraulic actuator, Steering nozzle, Reversing bucket, Stator housing, Shaft
Illustration courtesy of Rolls-Royce
2 1
6
5 4
3
1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________
4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 6 _______________________

UNIT 26. DIESEL ENGINES
Picture courtesy of MAN
5 1. Piston crown
2. Piston skirt
3. Piston rod
4. Crosshead
5.Crosshead bearing cap
4 6. Connecting rod
7. Big end
8. Crankpin bearing shell
9. Crankpin bearing cap
Running gear of a low-speed engine

The reciprocating motion of the piston is changed into a rotating motion of the crankshaft
by a system of rods and pins.

26.2 Look at this picture and find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.
1. The piston consists of a __________________________________________________________________

2. The piston crown is made of heat-resistant __________________________________________________
3. The piston rod is of forged steel and has ____________________________________________________
4. The connecting rod is made of forged or cast steel and ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. The crosshead and crankpin bearing caps are secured to the connecting __________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• steel and has four ring groves.

• rod with studs and nuts tightened by means of hydraulic jacks.
• hardened running surface for the stuffing box.
• piston crown and piston skirt.
• provided with bearing caps for the crosshead and crankpin bearings.
1. The piston skirt is of cast iron with a bronze band.

2. The piston rod is connected to the crosshead with four screws.
3. The stuffing box is a seal that surrounds the piston rod and protects the oil sump against contamination
due to leaks from the combustion chamber.
4. The crosshead bearing consists of a set of thin-walled steel shells, lined with bearing metal.
5. The crankshaft is made of forged steel.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
26.4 Complete the following sentences.
1. Crosshead engines, also called two-stroke engines, operate at lower speeds,

than ______________ (usually between 90 and 200rpm).
2. ______________ are in-line engines, i.e. all cylinders are positioned in a line.
3. ______________ are also built with two lines of cylinders in a V-configuration.
4. Larger than trunk engines, ______________ burn more fuel per stroke, and are capable of producing more
power.
5. System oil in crosshead engines is, however, less susceptible to contamination than in trunk engines thanks
to crosshead engines’ ______________

UNIT 27. CONSTRUCTION OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINE
Picture courtesy of MAN

10
1 __________________________
2 __________________________
3 __________________________
8 2 4 __________________________
9
5 __________________________
3
6 __________________________
7 __________________________
7
8 __________________________
4
9 __________________________
5 10 __________________________
Cross section of the small-bore two-stroke engine S35ME-B
27.2 Choose the correct words or phrases and label the picture.
Piston, Crankshaft, Exhaust valve, Bedplate, Cylinder frame, Connecting rod, Piston rod, Frame box, Piston rod
stuffing box, Scavenge air receiver

27.3 Fill the gaps with suitable words.
1. At the aft end of the ______________ there is a collar for the thrust bearing.
2. The ______________ is provided with bearing caps for crosshead and crankpin bearings.
3. The ______________ is provided with cast steel guide shoes.
4. A blocking device prevents the main engine from starting when the ______________ is engaged.
5. The ______________ consists of a piston and housing located forward of the foremost main bearing.
1. The bedplate is a welded structure.

2. Nodular cast iron is used for the cylinder frame.
3. The crankshaft is a semi-built structure.
4. The piston is bore-cooled and the piston-crown shape has been carefully designed to cope with the en-
gine increased power.
5. The exhaust valve is activated by a light camshaft driven by a chain drive placed in the aft end of the engine.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
27.5 Match the words with correct definition.
1. Crankshaft – __________________________________________________________________________
2. Crosshead – ___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Crankcase relief valve – _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Piston rod stuffing box – ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Piston crown – _________________________________________________________________________
• A device which prevents crankcase oil from coming up into the scavenge air space.
• A reciprocating block which usually slides in guides and connects the piston rod and the connecting rod.
• The upper part of the piston exposed to hot gases in the combustion chamber.
• A shaft which changes reciprocating motion of the piston into circular motion.
• A component of slow-speed engines which relieves crankcase pressure and prevents flame from escaping from
the crankcase.

UNIT 28. FUEL OIL SYSTEMS
Photos J. Babicz
Automatic backflushing filter Fuel oil supply module
1. There are two bunker stations with connections for HFO, MGO and LO arranged aft of hold No.2. The HFO
storage tanks are located between cargo holds and in front of the Engine Room.
2. Fuel Oil Bunkering, Storage & Transfer System receives and stores fuel oils and delivers it to settling tanks.
3. The Fuel Oil Treatment System consists of centrifugal separators, feed pumps, heaters and related control
systems.
4. The ship is provided with a pressurized Fuel Oil Supply System in order to prevent foaming in the return
lines and cavitation in the circulation pumps and to ensure correct pressure and viscosity.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

28.3 Complete the following sentences. Use the following words:
heating coils, drain valves, settling tanks, separators.
1. In preparation for use, HFO is transferred to the fuel oil ______________ via the HFO transfer pump which
is equipped with a suction strainer.
2. The settling tanks must be provided with ______________ dimensioned in a manner enabling the tank
content to be evenly heated to 75°C within 10-12 hours.
3. One or more sludge ______________ shall be provided at the lowest point.
4. Sludge must be removed from the settling tank before the ______________ draw fuel from it.
Backflushing filter – ____________________________________________________________________

Fuel oil supply module - ________________________________________________________________
Settling tank – _________________________________________________________________________
Service tank – _________________________________________________________________________
• A modular unit supplying clean filtered fuel to the engine at the flow rate, pressure and viscosity specified by
the engine manufacturer.
• A deep tank in the engine room used for pre-cleaning of fuel oils by gravity.
• A tank supplying clean, treated fuel oil directly to the engine.
• A filter with an automatic cleaning function.
1. The bunkering of fuel oils shall be carried out by means of permanently installed lines
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Fuel lines may not pass through tanks containing feed water, ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Fuel tanks shall be separated by cofferdams from tanks containing lubricating,
hydraulic or thermal oil, __________________________________________________________________
4. At least two means of fuel oil transfer are to be provided _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• drinking water, lubricating oil or thermal oil.

• for filling the service tanks.
• as well as from tanks containing boiler feed water, condensate or drinking water.
• either from the open deck or from bunkering stations located below deck.

UNIT 29. FUEL OIL SEPARATION PROCESS
29.2 Principles of separation. Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.
1. A liquid mixture in a tank will clear slowly as the heavy particles _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Heavier particles in the liquid mixture will settle ______________________________________________
3. A lighter liquid rises while ________________________________________________________________
4. In a rapidly rotating bowl, the force of gravity is replaced _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. The centrifugal force in the separator bowl can _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• a heavier liquid and solids sink.

• and form a sediment layer at the bottom of the tank.
• by centrifugal force, which is many times grater.
• achieve in a few seconds that which takes many hours in a settling tank.
• in the liquid mixture sink to the bottom due to gravity.
29.3 HFO Service Tank. Translate into your native language.
1. The fuel oil cleaned in the separator is transferred to service tanks.

2. Two HFO Service Tanks are to be arranged, each with a capacity sufficient for at least 8 hours of operation
at maximum fuel consumption.
3. The service tanks should have a sloped bottom for proper draining.
4. The service tank shall be designed so that accumulation of sludge near the suction pipe is prevented.
5. The sludge must be drained from the service tank at regular intervals.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Viscosity – ____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Sludge removal kit – ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Heating Unit – _________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• A heater in steam, electric, hot water or thermal oil plus a three-screw pump designed as
a unit and connected to the Separation Unit.
• A fluid resistance against movement, low viscosity facilitates separation. Viscosity can be reduced by heating.
• A sludge handling unit which takes care of the discharged sludge and water with its own small tank and a
pump set.
29.5 Look at the flow chart and complete the following sentences. Choose the correct words and phras-
es from the list below:
Feed pump, Separator, Process controller, Regulating valve, Water valve block, Heater, Changeover valve, Oil
pressure transmitter
1. _______________________ feeds unprocessed oil to the separator.

2. _______________________ heats unprocessed oil to the separation temperature.
3. _______________________ leads the untreated oil to the separator or back for recirculation.
4. _______________________ measures pressure in the oil inlet and signals the process controller.
5. _______________________ supervises the P-separator.
6. _______________________ regulates the back pressure in the cleaned oil.
7. _______________________ distributes separator opening/closing water, water seal
and displacement water.
8. _______________________ cleans the oil by removing water and solid particles.

51
MARITIME ENGLISH – EXERCISES

Flow chart of the Alfa Laval P-separator
1 2 3 4 5
6 7
Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz
Illustration courtesy of Alfa Laval
1 ________________________ 4 ________________________ 7 ________________________
www.btja.pl
2 ________________________ 5 ________________________ 8 ________________________
Go to Index
3 ________________________ 6 ________________________ 9 ________________________

UNIT 30. ALFA LAVAL FUEL CONDITIONING MODULE
30.2 Fuel Condition Module (FCM). Translate into your native language.
Photos J. Babicz
1. Fuel conditioning is a system that treats heavy oil so that it meets the requirements for cleanliness, pres-
sure, temperature, viscosity and flow rate.
2. The Alfa Laval FCM consists of components mounted on a frame, complete with piping, valves, electrical
cabling and other accessories.
3. A centrally placed cabinet contains starters for all motors and the control unit.
4. The module is a two-stage pressurized supply system that uses viscosity as the primary control param-
eter.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

30.3 Look at the flow diagram of the FCM on page 64 and complete the following sentences. Choose
the correct phrases from the list below:
Mixing tube, Automatic backflushing filter, Supply pumps, Circulation pumps, Heaters, Pump strainers, Viscos-
ity sensor, Service tanks,
1. _______________________ store clean heavy fuel oil and diesel oil that is supplied to the three-way valve
by means of gravity.
2. _______________________ protect supply pumps by removing large particles from the fuel.
3. _______________________ supply oils to the high-pressure stage.
4. _______________________ cleans fuel by removing smaller particules.
5. _______________________ combines fresh fuel from the supply pump with hot fuel returning
from the engine.
6. _______________________ circulate heavy fuel oil to the engine and back to the mixing tube.
7. _______________________ raise the temperature of the fuel to the level required to achieve the correct
viscosity.
8. _______________________ measures fuel viscosity.
1. Two-stage pressurized systems, such as the FCM, _____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Two-stage systems also reduce the occurrence of the other problems, ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. By introducing a supply stage with supply pumps and a closed pressurized mixing tube _______________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Fuel is then circulated in the high-pressure stage to obtain _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• such as gasification associated with the high fuel temperatures.

• the required viscosity for injection.
• which maintains a pressure of at least 4bar, cavitation does not occur.
• eliminate control difficulties that are encountered with single-stage systems.

UNIT 31. FILTERS
31.2 Operating principle of an automatic backflushing fuel oil filter. Find a logical ending for each of
the beginnings.
1. The unfiltered fuel oil is fed into the filter by means of a distributor _______________________________
2. The distributor rotates on a regular basis, filling seven of the eight _______________________________
3. Solids collect on the filter surface and ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. In the eighth column, the solids, which have been collected, ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• full-flow filtering columns.

• the filtered fuel oil flows to the engine.
• are removed by backflushing a small amount of the filtered fuel oil.
• driven by an electric motor on the top of the filter housing.
Photo J. Babicz
Boll Automatic Filter Type 6.64

31.3 Read the unit and complete the sentences below.
The BOLL automatic filter is designed to enable simultaneous filtering and backflushing without interrupt-
ing operation. The filter body houses a number of individual filter chambers. Each chamber is fitted with its
own filter element assembly providing a large filtration surface area. Due to their robust construction the
filter elements withstand high differential pressure.
A chamber containing a dirt loaded filter is isolated from the process and backflushed whilst
a filter chamber with clean elements takes over the task of the isolated chamber.
1. The BOLL automatic filter helps _______________________ and _______________________ oil without
_______________________ its operation.
2. There are several _______________________ housed in the filter body.
3. Every chamber has _______________________ which altogether, thanks to which large
_______________________ is achieved.
4. The filter elements can work under _______________________ thanks to their powerful construction.
5. The _______________________ is separated from the process and the _______________________ with
clean elements takes over the task of the separated chamber.
31.4 Filters. Translate into your native language.
1. Fuel oil filters are to be fitted in the delivery line of the fuel pumps.
2. Mesh size and filter capacity are to be in accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer of the
engine.
3. Uninterrupted supply of filtered fuel has to be ensured during cleaning of the filtering equipment.
4. Fuel oil filters are to be fitted with differential pressure monitoring.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 32. COMMON-RAIL INJECTION SYSTEM OF SLOW-SPEED ENGINES
32.2 Wartsila RT-flex engine. Translate into your native language.
1. The RT-flex engine is a standard RTA slow-speed engine with a number of mechanical parts replaced by
the common rail system and by integrated electronic control.
2. The mechanical parts removed include the camshaft, the fuel injection pump units including the exhaust
valve actuator pumps, and all their mechanical control gear.
3. These parts are replaced by four principal elements: the rail unit, the supply unit, a filter unit for the servo
oil, and the electronic control system.
4. Common-rail systems allow the timing, rate and pressure of fuel injection and the exhaust valve operation
to be fully controllable.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Photo J. Babicz

1. The volume of the common-rail system and the supply rate from the fuel supply pumps _____________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. A key feature of the system is the complete flexibility in the timing, ______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Another advantage of RT-flex engines is their ability to run stable ________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. At minimum speed, the engine runs on all cylinders but _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• rate and pressure of fuel injection and in exhaust valve operation.

• with just one injection valve in each cylinder.
• at very low speeds, lower than engines with mechanically- controlled injection.
• are such that the rail pressure is very stable with negligible pressure drop after each injection.
Illustration courtesy of MAN Diesel

UNIT 33. GARBAGE DISPOSAL
“Garbage” means all kinds of victual, domestic and operational wastes generated during the normal op-
eration of a ship and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically, but does not include fresh fish
and parts thereof or sewage. It also excludes substances and emissions prohibited or controlled under
other Annexes to MARPOL.
“Operational wastes” means all maintenance wastes, cargo associated wastes and cargo residues except
residues or wastes from oil or oily mixture, noxious liquid substances, non-polluting liquid substances or
harmful substances in packaged form.
“Cargo residues” means the remnants of any cargo material on board in cargo holds or tanks which re-
main after unloading procedures and cleaning operations are completed and includes excesses and spill-
age from loading or unloading.
“Cargo-associated waste” means all materials which have become wastes as a result of use on board a
ship for cargo stowage and handling and includes dunnage, shoring, pallets, lining and packing materials,
plywood, paper, cardboard, wire and steel strapping.
“Plastics” includes, synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags, foam plastics and incin-
erator ashes from plastic products which may contain toxic or heavy metal residues.
1. The garbage handling room shall be located in the area where most of the waste is being generated.
2. Systems for waste disposal include compactors and baling presses, shredders and crushers.
3. These can reduce the volume of the waste by approx. 80%.
4. A system for dry solid waste could also include a shipboard incinerator for non-recyclable waste.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 34. BILGE WATER SYSTEM
1. A common-main bilge system consists of one or more main lines installed along the length of the vessel
fitted with branch bilge suctions to various compartments.
2. Bilge lines in machinery spaces other than emergency suctions are to be fitted with strainers.
3. Bilge manifolds and valves in connection with bilge pumping are to be located in positions which are ac-
cessible at all times for maintenance.
4. To enable pipes of reception facilities to be connected with the ship’s discharge pipeline for residues from
machinery bilges, both lines shall be fitted with a standard discharge connection.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
All vessels are to be fitted with an efficient bilge ______________________________________________

Bilge lines in machinery spaces, except of emergency suctions, __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
All elements of the bilge system are to be tested ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Upon completion of the trials, the bilge strainers are to be ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• pumping system to drain various spaces.

• opened, cleaned and closed up in good order.
• to demonstrate satisfactory pumping operation, including emergency suctions and all controls.
• are to be fitted with strainers easily accessible from the floor plates.

UNIT 35. OILY WATER SEPARATOR
Photo courtesy of RWO
15 ppm oil content monitor
Polisher
Two stage RWO Oily Water Separator SKIT/S-DEB5.0
1. Means to be provided to process oil contaminated water from machinery space bilges prior to discharging
it overboard.
2. Oily water filtering equipment capable of processing oily mixtures to produce an effluent with oil content
not exceeding 15 parts per million is to be provided.
3. A fail-safe oil content monitor with automatic shut-off ensures that no contaminated effluent can be dis-
charged accidentally.
4. The oil content meter should be tested annually and calibrated by a factory technician at least once every
five years.

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Emulsion is a mixture of oil and water, ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
The 15ppm oil content monitor checks the water quality of the first stage separator and, _____________
______________________________________________________________________________________
An extra 3-way valve is installed in the overboard line _________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
• to recirculate the water to the bilge tank.

• if below 15ppm, the polisher is bypassed.
• where small oil droplets are dispersed in the continuous water phase.

UNIT 36. TANK CLEANING IN PRODUCT TANKER
36.2 Explain reasons for tank cleaning.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
1. Tank cleaning solutions are prepared with the help of shadow diagrams.
2. These are two-dimensional representations of a tank, in which “shadows” indicate the areas that will not be
directly hit by cleaning jets.
3. During the washing operation, cargo residues mixed with washing water are stripped by the cargo pumps.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
The cycle time of a machine takes usually from half an hour to an hour ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Simple hot or cold water wash is sometimes enough __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Water washing is a preventive measure _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Graduation markings serve as useful check __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
“Bottom wash” normally takes place ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Water driven gearing moves revolving nozzles, _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
• and depends on the size of the machine and its pump pressure.
• to clean tank of various chemical substances.
• for accumulating sediments.
• when the machine is gradually lowered (in stages or drops) down the tank.
• 5 feet above the bottom of the tank.
• which are part of both fixed and portable machines.

UNIT 37. INERT GAS SYSTEMS
Inert gas – Inert gas is a gas such as nitrogen or a mixture of gases such as flue gas, containing a reduced
level of oxygen, which will decrease corrosion rate and is insufficient to support the combustion of hydro-
carbons.
Inert condition - An inert condition exists when the oxygen content throughout the atmosphere of a tank
has been reduced to 5% or less by volume by addition of inert gas.
Inerting – Inerting refers to the process of the introduction of inert gas into a tank with the object of at-
taining the inert condition.
Gas-freeing - Gas freeing is the introduction of fresh air into a tank with the object of removing toxic, flam-
mable and inert gases and increasing the oxygen content to 21% by volume.
Purging – Purging is the introduction of inert gas into a tank already in the inert condition with the object of:
1. Further reducing the existing oxygen content.
2. Reducing the existing hydrocarbon gas content to a level below which combustion cannot be
supported if air is subsequently introduced into the tank.
Topping up – Topping up is the introduction of inert gas into a tank which is already in the inert condition
with the object of raising the tank pressure to prevent any ingress of air.
1. The burner/scrubber unit requires less deck space due to the location of the combustion chamber inside
the scrubber unit.
2. For systems requiring inert gas with less than 1% O2, fresh water may be injected into the combustion
air.
3. Heat corrosion resistant steel is used for all surfaces exposed to heat and/or seawater.
4. As further protection against corrosion, fresh water rinsing is adopted.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

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MARITIME ENGLISH

UNIT 1. FREEBOARD AND LOAD LINE MARK .............................................................................................................................................................. 1

Index Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz

1.1 Vocabulary – study definitions below and label sketches.

Sheer – The longitudinal curve of the vessel deck in a vertical plane.

1 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

2 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

2.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below.

Displacement = Lightship mass + Deadweight

2.3 Translate into your native language:

3 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

3.1 Vocabulary – study definitions below.

3.2 Translate into your native language:

Draught marks amidships and “All Seasons Load Lines” mark

4 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

4.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below.

4.3 Match the words with correct definition.

Angle of heel - _________________________________________________________________________

4.4 Translate into your native language:

5 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

5.2 Translate into your native language:

5.3 Find a logical ending for each of the beginnings.

1. If the tank is partially filled, the position of the centre of gravity

3. The free surface effect can

6 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

6.2 Vocabulary – study definitions below.

Transverse section in way of cargo hold

4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 5 _______________________

7 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

8 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

Picture courtesy of Van der Velden

Steering gear – ________________________________________________________________________

9 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

Wheelhouse steering workstation

7.4 Manoeuvring information. Translate into your native language.

10 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

11 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

Rudder actuator – ______________________________________________________________________

8.5 Rules. Translate to your native language.

12 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

Photo courtesy of Becker Marine Systems Photo J. Babicz

1 ________________ 2 ________________ 3 ________________ 4 ________________

5 ________________ 6 ________________ 7 ________________ 8 ________________

9.3 Translate into your native language:

13 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

9.4 Match the words with the correct definitions.

Flap rudder – __________________________________________________________________________

14 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

10.2 Label marked elements in this photo.

Combined windlass/mooring winch with split drum

1 _______________________ 2 _______________________ 3 _______________________

4 _______________________ 5 _______________________ 6 _______________________

7 _______________________ 8 _______________________ 9 _______________________

10.3 Translate into your native language:

15 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

10.4 Fill the gaps with the correct words.

10.5 Match the words with the correct definitions.

Cable lifter – __________________________________________________________________________

Windlass Chain stopper

16 Copyright: Katarzyna Babicz & Jan Babicz Go to Index

4 ___________ 5 _ 5 _____________

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

1 ___________ 2 _ 3 _____________

4 ___________ 5 _ 6 _____________

7 ___________ 8 _ 9 _____________

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

1 2 3

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 __