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“How beautiful!
She Used
PEARS SOAP’

From Generation To
Generation Womans
Greatest Beautifier
Has Been And Is A ci”
ey.

Pears’ Soap
OF rangedona
“ All rights
SOAPS PEARS’ OTTO OF ROSE IS THE BEST.
“LIVE THOU IN NATURE”’
Inscribed to -T. R.— Mareh 23, 1909
BY RICHARD WATSON GILDER
I
IVE thou in nature! Live
_ With the stars and the winds;
Take all the wild world can give,
All thy free spirit finds,—
IT
Finds while the seasons pour
Their braveries. at thy feet;
When the tce-rimmed rivers roar,
Or summer waves their rote repeat.
TH
Let thy hushed heart take its fill
Of the manifold voice of the trees,
When leafless winter crowns the bill
And shallow waters freeze.
IV
Let budding spring be thine,
And autumn brown and debonair,—
Days that darken and nights that shine,—
Let all the round year be thy fare. 4
V
Let not one full hour pass
Fruitless for thee, in all its varied length;
Take sweetness from the grass,
Take from the storm its strength.
VI
Take beauty from the dawn,
Patience from the sure seed’s delay;
Take gentleness from the light withdrawn,
And every virtue from the wholesome day,
 ROUTE OF
Mr. ROOSEVELT’S
AFRICAN TRIP
DISTANCES Miles
NapLes TO ADEN - = - - 2510
Apen TO Mompasa - - - - 1598
Momsasa To Port Fiorence 584
Port FLorence To Entesse 590
(THEBES®
~) AND AROUND THE LAKE
Medinet- ENTEBBE To GonpoKoro - 450
el-Fayum y
Ist Ca tarad Gonpokoro To Knartum - - 900
(Phile ) Kuartum to Wap Hatra - 560
UPPERS Wap Hatra to AssuAN - - 214
2nd Catarac Assuan To Catro - = = - §83
STEAMER
RAILROAD
CARAVAN

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GERMAN
19,8
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ZANZIBA\
 _ The Outlook 27 MARCH, 1909

PUBLISHED BY THE OUTLOOK COMPANY, 287 FOURTH AVE., NEW YORK. CHICAGO OFFICE, MARQUETTE BLDG.
LAWRENCE F. ABBOTT, PRESIDENT. WILLIAM B. HOWLAND, TREASURER. KARL V.S. HOWLAND, SECRETARY
LYMAN ABBOTT, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF. H. W. MABIE, ASSOCIATE EDITOR. R. D, TOWNSEND, MANAGING EDITOR
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

ses eae Mr. Roosevelt sailed for lectures at Oxford, Paris, and Berlin,
arnican Tre Naples cn Tuesday of already announced in these pages. His
this week in the steam- present plan is to return to America in
ship Hamburg, of the Hamburg-Ameri- the summer of 1910. We are sure that
can Line. His departure called out many the readers of The Outlook will join us in
friendly expressions of good will and wishing Mr. Roosevelt complete success
evidences of a wide public interest in the in his expedition, the best of good times,
scientific expedition he heads. On the and a safe return.
opposite page will be found an accurate
map of Mr. Roosevelt’s route in Africa.
The map has been made for The Outlook,
THE FAILURE TO On Monday of last
with the approval of Mr. Roosevelt, REORGANIZE THE HOUSE week Congressmet
from information and sketch-maps fur- in special session
nished by Mr. Frederick W. Moore, of for the purpose of considering the tariff,
the American Geographical Society. The but interest in the tariff question was tem-
route from Naples through the Suez Canal . porarily eclipsed by the struggle to reform
and the Red Sea to Mombasa is by steam- the organization and rules of procedure in
ship; from Mombasa to Port Florence the House of Representatives. There has
by rail; thence through Lake Victoria been for a long time a feeling of popular
Nyanza to Entebbe by boat; thence by unrest regarding the parliamentary pro-
caravan to Gondokoro; thence up the cedure of the House. Rules have been
Nile to Khartum by boat; and thence on so framed that the Speaker’s power has
the Sudan Military Railway to Wadi Halfa. grown to be practically autocratic. He
This is the general route which Mr. Roose- has been able to advance legislation in
velt will follow from the time when he which he was interested, and to retard or
leaves the Suez Canal to the time when suppress legislation to which he was op-
he returns to Cairo. It, of course, does posed. Some of the daily newspapers
not represent the actual hunting expedi- have misinterpreted the so-called “ insur- PERT
SEN
TERN
IST
YRS
tions, which will be made by excursions gent” movement in the House as a per-
from the general line of travel on one side sonal campaign against Speaker Cannon,
or the other. As The Outlook said last and an attempt to defeat him for re-elec-
week, Mr. Roosevelt desires to be regarded tion. This is not the case. However obnox-
throughout this journey of travel, scien- ious Mr. Cannon may be personally to
tific exploration, and hunting as a private many people, the contest in the House
citizen, and is obliged to ask that no at- was not a personal one. The re-election
tempt be made during his journey to of Mr. Cannon was a foregone conclusion.
obtain from him statements for publication What The Outlook, and, we believe, the.
or discussion of public affairs. Any such country at large, desires, is some practical
statements, unless signed by his own name, reform in the rules governing procedure
may be considered to be entirely unreli- in the House. _A motion to adopt the
able. The African expedition will be eleven House rules of the previous Congress was
or twelve months in duration. From Cairo, defeated by a combination of Democrats
on coming out of the wilderness, Mr. and Republicans. The “insurgents ” there-
Roosevelt will make a brief journey in upon proposed to substitute for the present
Europe for the purpose of delivering the Committee on Rules—which is appointed
2 651*
652* THE OUTLOOK 27 March 1909
by the Speaker and practically controls leg- man Fitzgerald: In this case, as in the cours
islative procedure—an elective committee case of the tariff in President Cleveland’s been
of fifteen members, nine Republicans and day, the Democratic party has shown itself and
six Democrats, which should consider a re- incapable of fgrmulating and putting old f
form of procedure in the House and report through a definite policy. The second on tl
at the next session of Congress, Speaker inference is that the interests which are minc¢
Cannon meanwhile to appoint thenecessary referred to in Washington as the “oil admi
working committees for the short session. crowd” and the “ beer crowd ” have had pulp
This plan was practical and simple. But too much weight in the councils of Mr. duty
it was defeated by a desertion from the Fitzgerald and his Democratic associates. and
reform ranks of a group of Democrats led It would be interesting to take a list of the duti
by Representative Fitzgerald, of New Democratic Congressmen voting with Mr. chea
York, who proposed the so-called compro- Fitzgerald against real reform and make a redu
mise resolution which was adopted. ‘This little study of their business and _ political list |
resolution gives a little more freedom of de- affiliations. It is a curious coincidence not
bate than has hitherto been enjoyed in the that on Monday Mr. Fitzgerald aided Mr. woo
House, and provides for a recommitment Cannon in controlling legislation in the havi
of bills to the reporting committees when House, and that on Wednesday a Tariff and
there is a real desire on the part of the Bill appeared which did not contain the gra
House to have such bills changed in cer- expected and proper tax on beer and ben
tain particulars. Hitherto bills reported whisky. sug.
favorably out of committee had to be bec
voted on at the summary. closure of imp
debate, nay or yea, with little or no ae kei Last week the expected tariff corr
opportunity for the average member to rarirr pitt Dill was presented to the dut
place himself on record as disapproving House of Representatives, ters
certain features of a bill the,general object called in special session for its considera- fact
of which was desirable. The “ insur- tion. The measure was referred to the wit]
gent ”’ leaders believe that the votes taken Committee on Ways and Means, and was for,
in the House on the question of rules indi- on the following day reported favorably. dov
cate that there is a sincere desire for The bill will be known as the Payne Bill, Mr
reform both in the House and in the from the name of Representative Sereno E. lim
country at large. This is unquestionably Payne, of New York, Chairman of the fro
true, and it is very important that public Ways and Means Committee, who intro- ton
opinion should continue its protest against duced the measure. It provides for gen- hui
the House oligarchy and its support of the erally decreased duties and yet for an in- to
so-called “‘insurgents.”’ Speaker Cannon is creased revenue. How? First, of course, hui
reported to have referred in the most con- the decreased duties should widen the inter- It |
temptuous manner to the reform party in national market and thus bring increased rec
the House, has ignored it conspicuously in revenues. Second, taxes are increased on ing
the formation of committees, and has pub- luxuries, like perfumery and cigarettes, for
licly said that Representative Fitzgerald instance. ‘Third, the bill includes a gradu-
has helped to establish him more securely ated inheritance tax, expected to bring a
in power than ever before. One or two large revenue. Fourth, as a special increase
inferences may be drawn from the failure of revenue may be necessary before busi-
of the so-called “insurgents.” First, it ness recovers from the panic of 1907, the
presents again in concrete form the char- bill contains two features : authority for the
acteristic folly of some of the Democratic issue of Panama Canal bonds to the amount
leaders in the House. The Democratic of forty million dollars to reimburse the
party has long clamored for parliamentary Treasury for funds expended on the Canal
reform, and on Monday it had that reform without any issue of bonds ; and authority
within its reach. A really democratic to issue three per cent Treasury certificates
cause, in the broad sense of the word of indebtedness to the amount of two
democratic, was sacrificed by the desertion hundred and fifty million dollars, instead
to the ranks of Cannon Republicans of of the existing limitation of one hundred
a group of Democrats led by Congress- million dollars. Popular interest, of
1909 THE WEEK 653
course, demands to know, “‘ What has ate to place our general level of rates
been put on the free list ?”’ Iron ore, hides, higher than that of any other civilized
and works of art more than twenty years country. The framers of the bill have ap-
old have, we are glad to say, been placed parently proceeded on the assumption that .
on that list. The list also includes bitu- it is economically better to retaliate than
minous coal and coke from any country to concede. Another innovation of the
admitting American coal free; and wood Payne Bill consists in a provision to the
pulp from any country not imposing export effect that whenever a patent is issued to
duty. Lumber duties and the duties on iron a citizen of a certain country it shall be
and steel have been cut in two, and the exercised subject to all the limitations im-
duties on leather, boots and shoes, and posed by the country to which the subject
cheap printing paper have been materially belongs upon patents issued to citizens of
reduced. A few changes are made in the the United States. The bill also provides
list of agricultural products, but they are for a change in the method of valuation to
not very significant. The treatment of be employed in American custom-houses,
wool duties is disappointing, the changes a provision which will doubtless excite
having been limited only to carpet wools, much criticism. The framers of the bill
and thus no relief given on the higher estimate its revenue-producing power at
grades. The “breakfast table” may $305,000,000 from imports. Not the least
benefit by a very slight reduction on raw of the good features of the measure is a
sugar, but tea is to be taxed, if this bill provision that it is to go into effect the
becomes law, eight cents per pound, when day after itis approved. Asa whole, the
imported direct, and nine cents when it Payne Bill demands the serious attention
comes through another country. ‘The of every thoughtful student of economics.
duty upon coffee expected in some quar- It carries out the pledge of the Republican
ters was not imposed. It is a satis- platform, and of Mr. Taft, to a greater
faction to add that reciprocal free trade extent than was generally expected. Cer-
with the Philippine Islands is provided tain features of the measure are mani-
for, although the bill has been kept festly unjust and others are open to serious
down to the bare minimum urged by criticism, but, in general, it may be re-
Mr. Taft when he was Secretary of War, garded as a conscientious preliminary
limiting the sugar to be imported free attempt at revision.
from the islands to three hundred thousand
tons annually, wrapper tobacco to three
hundred thousand pounds, filler tobacco
PRINCIPLES FOR
The Outlook °
does
to three million pounds, and cigars to one JUST TARIFF REVISION NOt expect to discuss
hundred and fifty million in any one year. in detail the tariff
It is also a satisfaction to add that Cuban schedules; but there are four general
————-—
—
ee
—.
—
reciprocity is protected by a clause declar- principles by which, in our judgment, the ISTED
ERS
TUSTI
Rae
OE
CITA
ETT
IDS
2

ing that it shall not be affected by the bill. Republican majority in Congress should
A striking innovation is the proposal of a be governed in the revision of the tariff.
system of maximum and minimum duties 1. The Republican party has pledged
whereby the principle of reciprocity is to the country that it will maintain the pro-
be carried out practically automatically. tective principle, and has. defined that
As the maximum duties, however, average principle in its platform in the following ¥2
Mis
Rha
OEE
aE
38
twenty per cent higher than the minimum, words: “In all tariff legislation the true
and as the object of this innovation is to principle of protection is best maintained
place all our tariff relations with foreign by the imposition of such duties as will
countries upon an entirely new basis, by the equal the difference between the cost of
use of the maximum as a retaliatory pro- production at home and abroad, together
vision, we may note that this addition of with a reasonable profit to American
the maximum rates. wherever imposed, industries.” The question, therefore,
would result in placing our duties in general whether we shall have a tariff for revenue
even above those of the present tariff, thus only, or one also for protection, is not an
making many reductions illusory. Nor is open question with the Republican major-
‘his all. The maximum would also oper- ity in Congress. It has in honor to main-
654 THE OUTLOOK 27 March

tain the protective principle as that prin- the benefit of a special manufacturer. All
ciple is defined in the platform of 1908. that, under the protective system as de-
2. In revising the tariff it ought not to fined by the Republican platform, any
provide or retain duties the effect of which manufacturer has a right to ask, is a tariff
is to promote industries which it is not for such as will enable the manufacturer to
the interest of the Nation to promote. pay American wages and still sell his goods
The industries of the Nation, not the in competition with foreign manufacturers.
interests of any particular trade, should be If it enables him to pay American wages
paramount. ‘The first duty of Congress and sell his goods in foreign markets at a
is to consider what industries need, in the price less than he is selling them to Ameri-
interest of the Nation, to be promoted. can purchasers, the tariff is not a prety),
Is it for the interest of the Nation to pro- tion but an imposition. ors
mote the cutting down of our forests? If It may be, and probably is, di‘.4 it to
not, the tariff on lumber, which is in effect apply these principles actually ar —_npar-
a bounty of two dollars per thousand feet tially. That is only to say that it _xceed-
for all lumber cut down, should be cut off. ingly difficult to work out a tar’ under a
It will be said that such abolition would protective system that shall: & just and
be disastrous to a great industry, and equal. But that difficulty psgsents no
would throw thousands of men out of reason why a party commitigg)to a pro-
employment. This may be a reason for tective system should not be guided by the
a gradual abolition of the tariff on lumber principles above stated in makirg out the
by successive reductions ; or it might pos- schedules in detail.
sibly be a reason for making some pro- 8
vision, temporary in its nature, for the
THE NEW YORK Literalty amrthe
laboring men thrown out of employment DIRECT NOMINATIONS BiLL instant when Gov-
by the reduction of the tariff on lumber; ernor Hughes’s
but it is not a reason for continuing that Direct Nominations Bill was introduced
tariff to the detriment of the Nation. into the Legislature on Friday of last
3. Congress should not impose a pro- week, the opponents of the measure be-
hibitory tariff as a protective measure. gan to fling epithets. ‘Rotten! Rotten !
The prime object of the tariff is Rotten!” shouted Senator John Raines,
to raise revenue. A prohibitory tariff Republican leader of the upper house.
does not raise revenue, for if it eventually ‘One of the most ghastly jobs ever perpe-
prevents the importation of the specified trated upon the people of the State,” said
article into the country, of course it can Speaker Wadsworth, leader of the Republi-
bring in no revenue. If there is no im- cans in the Assembly. Nothing is more
portation, there will be no custora duties. surely established by experience than the
The effect of a prohibitory tariff is not fact that when a disputant becomes desper-
merely to promote an industry; it is to ate he becomes abusive ; that when he sees
give that industry a monopoly. The tariff the weakness of his own cause he begins
that is in excess of the amount necessary to let epithets fly. The men who com-
to protect the American manufacturer mitted themselves weeks ago to oppo-
from competition with the cheaper pro- sition to the bill before it had even been
duction of foreign countries is not a pro- drafted, and therefore before they could
tective tariff within the definition of the possibly know its provisions, have reason
Republican platform. to be provoked with themselves. They
4. Whenever an American article is were talking all this time about something
habitually sold abroad for less than it is that was to have no existence. No won-
sold in America, the duty should be re- der they are annoyed. The bill which
duced or abolished. The duty which has been introduced is not the sort of bill
enables the manufacturer to charge the they have been attacking. Although at
American purchaser a larger price than he the time we write the bill is not ready for
charges the foreign purchaser is not, pop- distribution, an official summary of its
ularly speaking, a protective duty; it is provisions has been made. The bill puts
legislation for a favored class; it is an the responsibility for the selection of party
imposition on the American purchaser for nominees for all offices except Presiden-
 1909 | THE WEEK 655
tial electors, United States Senators, and can can vote in the Republican primary,
town, village, and school district offices, or anenrolled Democratin the Democratic
upon the enrolled members of the par- primary. The men chosen at the party
ties. It provides, therefore, for the primary are to be the party nominees on’
proper enrollment of the party voters, the one hand, and the members of the
enabling voters to enroll themselves at the party committees for the forthcoming year
same time and in the same manner as is on the other. The balloting is secret.
now provided for their registration. Thus Stringent safeguards are placed about the
in the country districts there is no more expenditure of money. After the primaries
need for the voter to present himself in are held, the State Committee (together
~~9an to be enrolled each year than it is with the County Chairmen, if it is so
no. ~ecessary for him to present himself decided) is to meet with the candidates
in ton to insure his being annually nominated at the primary and frame a
regi 2d. The first duty which the bill party platform. Provisions in the bill give
—
¢
|-
"5
woul@ ¢ ice on these enrolled voters is to influence to a district, not in proportion to
create’) WAeir party organization. They the number of votes cast in the primary,
are to. this by selecting three party but in proportion to the number of party
commit: ;, the State Committee, the votes cast at the last gubernatorial elec-
Tro
&& County -. nmittee, and the Judicial Dis- tion. ‘Thus a strong Republican district
trict Committee. All other party com- will have special weight in the Republican
mittees"dre4 to’ be made up from committees and in the Republican prima-
the membership of the County Com- ries, and a strong Democratic district will
mittees. ‘These chosen committees will have special weight in the Democratic com-
constitute the permanent organization’ of mittees and the Democratic primaries,
the party. They are given the right to no matter how mahy votes the primary
designate men as candidates for the party calls forth. This is arranged by giving to
nomination. The committees, however, the member of the party committee an
have no right to make party nominations additional vote for a certain number of
except for the office of Presidential elector. party votes cast in his district at the last
The men they name for other offices may election for Governor; and by arranging
ae
not receive the nomination at all. If they that if a candidate for a nomination re-
do designate men as their candidates for ceives a plurality of the primary votes in
nomination, they must do so in a public a district he shall be entitled to have a
e
meeting eight weeks before the primary. counted for him a vote equivalent to the
Then the enrolled party voters themselves party vote at the last State election. It
will have the chance to designate candi- is also provided in the bill that the com-
dates for nomination. They are to do so by mittees shall have nothing to say in the
petition. A thousand signatures, provided selection of their successors. This, in
that they are distributed in a specified brief, is the outline of the bill. It pre-
manner over ten counties, are sufficient to serves the principle of discussion and con-
designate a candidate for the party. nomi- sultation which is supposed to be embodied Mer
ma
Snes
ekg
ne
SoZ

nation to a State office. Signatures in the convention system, and introduces ay

amounting to one-half of one per cent of the principle of responsibility to the voters
the party vote cast in the district from which lies at the root of all systems of
which the office is to be filled, provided direct nomination. The bill menaces the
that they amount to twenty-five, are suffi- irresponsible boss, and has _ therefore
cient to designate a candidate for the aroused the antagonism of bosses ; but it
nomination to any other office. Petitions preserves the power of the real leader.
must be filed four weeks before the 8
es
ee
SFO
— primary. The names presented by the On March 31 ex-
party Committees and by the petitions are Levine “ease. te
to go on a party ballot, the names desig- HARD COAL FIELDS agreement govern-
nated by the committees standing first in ing wages and con-
order. The primaries for all parties are ditions of employment which was entered
to be held on the same day, seven weeks. into between representatives of the anthra-
iOU.
i.
i
before election. Only an enrolled Republi- cite mine workers and operators in 1906,
2A
 THE OUTLOOK 27 March 1909

In that year they simply renewed the agree- tions this. year are not favorable. to their
ment which the decision of the Anthracite a strike of the mine employees. The ever]
Coal Strike Commission, appointed in operators have several: million tons of inals
1902 by President Roosevelt, had imposd anthracite on hand. Their principal con- and,
upon the two parties. So there has been tention in rejecting the demands of their tiona
employees is that they cannot increase the of tl
no change in the terms since the close of
the great strike nearly seven years ago. wages of the mine workers without increas- sion

Whether this agreement is to be renewed ing the price of coal to the consumer. resis
for another three-year period is a question This statement, which has not been con- Han
that has been engaging the attention the firmed by reference to any facts, is ob- gean
past month of the anthracite operators viously addressed to the self-interest of ciety
and the officials of the United Mine the consumer ; but it ought aot to have the
Workers of America. At the request of determining influence in the formation of thes
President Thomas L. Lewis, who has suc- public opinion on the merits of the disyute. secre
ceeded John Mitchell as the head of the polit
United Mine Workers, a conference be- der |
tween representatives of the operators and The assassination in fuler- defir
anthracite mine workers was held in the
BLACKMAIL AND
mo, Sicily, of Lieutenant graf!
MURDER
offices of the Reading Company in Phila- Joseph Petrosino, of the poss
delphia for two days beginning March 11. New York police; was the outcome of crim
Mr. Lewis presented the eight demands a system of blackmail, terrorizing, and or (

of the anthracite mine employees which crime transplanted from Sicily and south- bom
had been formulated at a convention held ern Italy to America. Petrosino was ina such
very true sense a martyr, who died that 190:
in Scranton last October. These demands
were for an agreement or contract for the other lives might be saved; the quality of mail
adjustment of disputes to take the place courage that he showed every day of his beer
of the Board of Conciliation established life was higher than that of the brave bly
by the Strike Commission ; complete rec- soldier who faces the enemy with a weapon
ognition of the United Mine Workers of in his hand, for it was not merely probable
America as a party in the negotiation of but almost certain that, sooner or later,
a wage contract; an eight-hour day; a Petrosino would fall by a cowardly blow
standard mining ton of 2,000 pounds; from a hidden assassin. In fact, his
an increase in wages for employees receiv- murderers left no trace behind them, and
ing less than $2 a day; abolition of the the Palermo authorities (whether the fear
contract system, by which at present a of the Mafia attributed to them by the
miner has more than one job or employs despatches exists or not ) seem to have little
more than two laborers; uniform pay hope of finding the murderer. That the
statements ; and, finally, a contract to run crime was committed at the instigation,
for a period of one instead of three years if not by the hands, of Italian-born
as under the present arrangement. All criminals who followed their victim from
the demands of the miners were rejected New York to Sicily seems extremely
by the operators; the proposition of the probable. The crime should at least have
operators that the present agreement be one good result: it should concentrate
continued for another three years was municipal, national, and _ international
rejected by the miners’ officials. The con- action to eradicate and crush the type of
ference adjourned with evidence of ill feel- criminal conspiracy and blackmail against
ing on the part of the mine workers, and which Petrosino fought bravely and skill-
with the result that the entire matter was fully for years and through which he died.
referred back to the mine employees in a The spread of so-called Black Hand
special convention held at Scranton this crimes in New York and elsewhere in
week. Further negotiations before the this country has been frightful. In one
close of the present month seem not un- sense it is probably true, as Petrosino
likely, at this writing, to bring about an himself held, that there is no large secret
agreement, although there is some possi- organization named the Black Hand.
bility that the miners may suspend mining But, the phrase having been used by some
operations. Industrial and other condi- Italian blackmailers with effect to frighter
 1909 THE WEEK 657
their victims, it has been seized upon by been in the country over three years—at
every casual combination of Italian crim- present the contrary must be proved
inals as an effective weapon for extortion ; affirmatively by the Government; that ,
and, partly through newspaper sensa- any alien who is convicted of a crime
tionalism, partly through the — efforts within three years after his arrival should
of the criminals themselves, the impres- be deported as soon as he has served his
sion has been spread abroad that to term in jail; and that some method of
resist any demand signed “The Black watching crews of incoming ships should
Hand” means to call down the ven- be authorized by Congress to’ bar the
geance of a mysterious, powerful so- stream of criminals constantly pouring in
ciety. With the Mafia and the Camorra in this way. Internationally the matter
the case is different; in Italy, at least, of criminal immigration should be taken
these associations have a widespread up earnestly between the United States,
secret organization; originally largely Italy, and other countries, and the press
political in purpose, they have fallen un- reports that Italy has proposed such a
der criminal sway, so that they have been conference.
defined by an Italian as organizations for 8
graft through murder; and it is quite People of English blood on
ENGLAND'S
possible that some of our “ Black Hand” WAR SCARE both sides of the ocean pride
criminals may be members of the Mafia themselves on their coolness;
or Camorra. The real origin of the and Emerson said many years ago that
bomb-explosions (there were forty-four the Englishman appears best in great crises
such explosions in New York City in when his resources of strength and cour-
1908), kidnappings, extortiors by black- age are heavily drawn upon. Resolution,
mail, and murders of informers which have courage, and coolness are English traits;
been so common here, has been intelligi- but all peoples are subject to panic—that
bly explained in a recent article in the is, to waves of emotion which run through
Evening Sun of New York. We quote: a crowd with mysterious rapidity; and
Anglo-Saxon courts and juries and laws, every people becomes at times a crowd.
thoughtfully planned to protect the individ- During the past few months England has
ual, and our American ideas of police have been greatly agitated by the apprehension
proved powerless to cope with the situation of a German invasion. Alarmist articles
presented in our Little Italy—where hun-
dreds of vicious criminals are turned loose have appeared in newspapers and maga-
among a people who for centuries at home zines, alarmist speeches have been made,
have been the victims of extortion. It is a and a play has been written by a son of
Latin problem, and will require extraordi- the author of “ Trilby ” depicting the awful
nary measures for its solution. . . . To get
Oe
ae
a
OS
SS
SNS some notion of the reality of the shadow results of a German invasion of England—
threatening every Italian, rich or poor, old or the destruction of beautiful old homes, the
young, it is necessary to understand the devastation of lovely country—which has
atmosphere of extortion and murder in which brought together crowded audiences and
the southern Italian has lived for genera-
tions. . . Lax immigration laws let in the sent a kind of thrill of fear through the
criminals of the Camorra and Mafia, and the length and breadth of England. The
Be,
ee
le)
city-dwelling hordes of southern Italians, possibility of England’s awaking some
born with a dread of the criminals at home, morning to the fact that a hundred thou-
did the rest.
sand highly trained and thoroughly organ-
What is the. remedy? Commissioner ized German troops had landed during the
i
i Watchorn has repeatedly pointed out that night has been seriously discussed; and
the Italian criminals, as a rule, da not the statement has been gravely made,
come in through the ordinary immigration again and again, that England is full of
channels from Italy, but from other coun- Germans in all kinds of occupations and
tries, often as sailors or stokers on mer- employments, thoroughly organized and
chant vessels from non-Italian ports. He ready at any time to co-operate with an
recommends, apart from local vigilance, invading force with characteristic German
that a foreign criminal, shown to be such, method. ‘This recalls the curious appre-
should be deported wherever found, pro- hension which always seems to arise in
vided that he cannot prove that he has England when the project of connecting
 1909
658 THE OUTLOOK 27 March
that tl
the island with the Continent is proposed. force more powerful than any now in ible fr
To outsiders it would seem the easiest existence. Two years ago she had not
ently '
thing in the world to make a tunnel a a ship capable of comparison with a
a crip
veritable pit of destruction for invaders. Dreadnought ; now she has fourteen ves- the ev
People do not seem to realize what would sels of equal power with a Dreadnought,
the p
be involved in the landing of an invading and three more in process of construction,
for an
force of a hundred thousand men on Eng- and her product of guns, armaments,
Empi
lish soil. Germany would be compelled mounts, and other accessories of success tion t
to make preparations weeks in advance; in naval warfare has reached the highest since
to lay her hands on ships in every direc- point of expertness and efficiency. If Nore
tion, to assemble them in important har- she should increase her rate of production, nougl
bors, to provision them, and to spend days she would have seventeen Dreadnoughts
each,
in getting men on board; and all this with and Invincibles three years hence. He and %
telegraphs, wireless, and cables, reporting closed his address by declaring that the battle
from moment to moment everything of . Government must be put in a position to twent
any importance on the Continent. Then meet these seventeen great ships with of av
the difficulties of landing a hundred thou- twenty ships of the fighting capacity of the L
sand men are almost insuperable. It is the Dreadnought, and that maintenance Gern
said on very good authority that several of British superiority on the sea now de- stron
years ago, when the conditions were favor- pended upon Dreadnoughts alone. Mr. in th
able, on a pleasant summer night, the Balfour, following Mr. McKenna, declared ship |
English Admiralty, in order to satisfy itself, that, for the first time in relatively modern sion
made the experiment of landing as many history, Great Britain is face to face with The |
men as possible between sunset and sun- a very dangerous naval situation ; that the tento
rise, with every facility, in a quiet sea, on programme of the Government was en- but t
its own ground; and it was found possible tirely insufficient, and that it ought to use ment
to land only nine thousand men, and a all its resources to restore, not a two- Gern
large number of these were in danger of Power standard, but a one-Power stand- futur
being drowned in the process. The fear ard in the matter of ships of first-class
of a German invasion over night looks power ; and he added to the impression
very like a nightmare, and is an immense created by Mr. McKenna by declaring THE |

compliment to the military genius and that in 1912 Germany will have; ot sev- STR

organization of Germany. enteen, but twenty-one Drcadiivegits. from

The Prime Minister disavowed any fric- of te
tion with Germany or any apprehension of ees
A more serious matter is the disturbance of English relations with mov
ENGLAND’S NAVAL
PROBLEM the rapidity with which that country; declared that the English syste
Germany is said to be Government had been assured, again and tion.
turning out war-ships of the most formid- again, that Germany’s expenditure was thou
able kind; and the annual statement on governed by her own needs, and that her gran
naval estimates made in the House of programme did not depend on Great Brit- bece
Commons last week by the First Lord of ain’s naval programme. Healso declared arri\
the Admiralty was a serious consideration that the German Government had dis- lie 1
of the whole subject of the English tinctly announced that it had no intention ness
naval strength. Mr. McKenna called of accelerating its programme of naval enti!
attention to the fact that several of the construction. The effect of these state- port
Powers aze rapidly developing their naval ments has been to arouse deep national mea
force, but none of them at a pace com- concern, and to alter the views of many app
parable with that which Germany has advanced Liberals who had determined to ot 1
taken ; and he said that the greatest diffi- vote against the Government’s increased but
culty of the British Government is that it naval estimates on the ground of economy. Unc
does not know at what rate Germany is The leading journals regard the situation Tel
building or when her programme will be as serious. What makes such a situation witl
finished ; but it does know that when the serious is the fact that England is the home tion
programme already definitely agreed upon of a world-wide power, with immense com- of |
is finished, Germany will have a naval mercial interests in all parts of the globe;
1909 THE WEEK 659
that the country is small in extent, access- Telegraph Bureau it was formally declared
ible from every side, and therefore appar- that the main cause of the strike was
ently open to a sudden and what might be “ the calumnies which the Under-Secretary
a crippling attack by a great Power. Itis uttered against the Association Générale,
the evident duty of England, therefore, in and the unmerited insults which he ad-
the present state of affairs, to be ready dresses to the whole personnel.” These
for any possible assault on any part of the strikers further declared that they would
Empire. The New York Sun calls atten- undertake to ‘‘ defend to the last their
tion to the statement given out some time rights, and not to give up resistance until
since in London, that by midsummer the a formal promise is given that all the
Nore Fleet will consist of four Dread- repressive measures will be withdrawn.”
noughts ; two battle-ships of 16,600 tons And as the war-cry of the strikers is the
each, which nearly equal Dreadnoughts ; familiar phrase, “‘ A bas Simyan! Con-
and a cruiser squadron will have three spuez !’’ it would appear that the strike is
battle-ship cruisers of 17,250 tons and a matter of emotion rather than of resist-
twenty-five-knot speed, besides other ships ance to tyranny The officials of the
of a very recent and powerful type. When General Post-Office take an. optimistic
the Dreadnought went into commission, a view of the situation, and believe that
German authority declared that it was the strike cannot be long sustained.
strong enough to defeat any six war-ships A strike of Government employees pre-
in the German navy. Germany has no sents an entirely different aspect from that
ship of the Dreadnought class in commis- of a strike against individual employers.
sion to-day, and none near completion. It is, in effect, a rebellion against the
The German programme may be as por- Government ; a trial of strength between
tentous as Mr. McKenna has declared; labor organizations and’ the Federal au-
but the Sun questions whether his state- thority. Under these circumstances the
ment accurately describes the strength of action of the Chamber of Deputies on
Germany at the moment or in the near Friday last was very significant. M.
future. Simyan defended his administration, de-
nied that he exercised any favoritism, and
With the exception of com- declared that what the employees want
aes munication with this country, is automatic advance without taking merit
France is practically cut off into account; and the Minister of Public
from foreign countries by a general strike Works said that the employees had no
of telegraph, telephone, and mail employ- real grounds for complaint, that an attack
ees to the number of six thousand, a was made on the national sovereignty,
movement which has paralyzed the entire and that to resume intercourse with the
system of home and foreign communica- strikers in present conditions would
tion. Letters are piled up by the hundred amount to the abdication of the Govern-
thousand in the Paris Post-Office, tele- ment. At a sitting later in the day the
grams are not sent, and the telephone has Minister of Public Works declared that
become silent. The mail-sacks which forty-seven wires had been cut, and
arrive in Paris from all parts of the world that only eight lines were working in
lie unopened; and in many lines of busi- Paris, all the others having beén tampered
ness activity is for the moment almost with. On a motion that the Chamber
entirely suspended. The telegraphic re- decide not to tolerate a strike of function-
ports of the causes of the strike are aries, the vote stood 458 to 6S—a strik-
meager and insufficient. It does not ing demonstration of the strength of the
appear, however, to be a strike for increase Government and the determination to
of wages or for shorter hours of work, assert its authority in the present conflict.
but a demonstration against M. Simyan, 2)
Under-Secretary of State for Posts and ek its A remarkable _ evi-
‘lclegraphs, who is charged by the strikers MEMORIAL meETINGs dence that republics
with arbitrary and tyrannical administra- are not wholly inappre-
tion of his functions. At a large meeting ciative of public service and noble character
of the striking employees of the Central was afforded by the two meetings held on
OEE
PROM
LER,
SS
ME
FE
660 THE OUTLOOK 27 March 1909

March 18 in New York City in memory election; and his campaign againsi a It com
of Grover Cleveland. He was a stalwart boycott which threatened to paralyze the miles a
Democrat, but the meetings were wholly inter-State commerce of the country, in into tl
non-partisan in their character; men of which his course was indorsed by the sub- area, ¢
both the great political parties serving with sequent decision of the Supreme Court seventy
equal enthusiasm on the committees of the United States. More impressive beautif
and testifying to their respect by their than either the music rendered by the lands.
presence. Of the four speakers in the Liederkranz and Symphony Societies, led compri
afternoon meeting two are Democrats, by. Walter Damrosch, or the eloquent manag
the Mayor and the Chief Justice of the because restrained and well-balanced pane. of mo
Supreme Court of the United States, and gyrics pronounced by the speakers, was and G
two are Republicans, the Governor of the the audience which filled the great hall author
State and the President of the United from gallery to floor, which included devise,
States. The Mayor struck the keynote representatives of every phase of religious or any
of the meeting in his opening address. and political opinion, and which was as them.
Mr. Cleveland was the apotheosis of the characteristically weighty and influential money
commonplace. But the .commonplace by reason of its personnel as any ever of title
virtues are the great virtues; and the gathered under its roof. The programme, is req
great world victories have been won by arranged by a committee of which Mr. of all
commonplace men: Runnymede by the Francis Lynde Stetson was Chairman, was lic or
sons of country gentlemen ; the Cromwell- so finely conceived and carried out that and p
ian campaign by the “ tapsters and serving- the meeting recalled the title of a popular damag
men” of England; our own American story—‘ A Perfect Tribute.” A _ similar ized te
Revolution by farmers’ sons direct from meeting was held in the evening in the tion.
‘the plow; the Civil War by the plain peo- great hall of the College of the City of by th
ple from the forge and the farm. Mr. New York. under
Cleveland was made a great leader by his 8 expert
faith in moral principles and his cour- As The Outlook and a]
ageous identification of himself and his A FOREST RESERVATIONalready reported, tion ¢
FOR THE HIGHLANDS
fortunes with them. Governor Hughes there are two joint author
OF THE HUDSON
took up the theme and illustrated it by plans for the pres- fine w
incidents from Grover Cleveland’s career ervation of the scenery on the Hudson civil a
as Mayor and Governor. He was from River. One of these—to establish a State prepri
start to finish a great hero of civil admin- Park a half-mile wide on each side of the the p
istration. And the audience emphasized river, through the Highlands—is designed vision:
by its applause an extract, read with to prevent the disfigurement of the banks to pul
characteristic vigor by the Governor, from of the river. It has been adopted by mone’
one of Mayor Cleveland’s messages, de- the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commis- place,
nouncing municipal corruption in the sion, and was described in The Outlook whole
Buffalo city government. President Taft for February 27. According to this plan ing th
further illustrated the same quality in his the same general policy will be adopted State
Democratic predecessor by recalling three that has been successfully applied already deface
incidents in his second administration: to a part of the Hudson, namely, the Pali- waste
his fight with the worst elements in his sades. The other plan is supplementary to in th
own party, and the defeat in the Demo- it. The idea which lies at the foundation accep
cratic Senate of the principle of tariff for of it was outlined in an article by Dr. gifts «
revenue only, to which the party was E. L. Partridge in The Outlook for No seems
pledged-—a defeat which has rendered vember 9, 1907. This plan has now been practi
Democratic success at the polls impossible embodied in a bill which has been intro- from
ever since ; his fight for the public honor duced by Mr. Merritt in the Assembly and will d
and a cnrrency founded on the world’s by Senator Wainwright in the Senate. It prope
basis for credit, a fight in which he was has the great merit of simplicity. Fur- it eco
defeated within his party by the nomina- thermore, it is unusual in that it commits all tin
tion of Bryan in the Democratic Conven- the State to almost no expense. Accord romal
tion, but sustained by the people in the ing to this bill a forest reservation is to be We |
victory of McKinley in the Presidential created with certain definite boundaries. passe
1909 THE WEEK 661
It comprises land extending for several PRESIDENT ELIOT’s
President Eliot, who is
miles along the west side of the river and LIBRARY making a tour in the
into the adjoining country. The total South, and has spoken
area, as described in the bill, is about at many Southern institutions in his
seventy-five square miles of the wild and capacity as National adviser and friend,
beautiful mountains known as The High- told the students in an Atlanta high
lands. The bill provides that the lands school the other day that he intended
comprised in this reservation are to be in the immediate future to make a
managed and controlled after the method selection of books sufficient to fill a
of modern forestry. The Forest, Fish, shelf five feet long, the reading of which,
and Game Commission of the State is for ten minutes a day, would insure a
authorized to take, by purchase, gift, or liberal education. He proposes to call
devise, ownership of any of these lands, this collection of books the Harvard
or any rights or easements pertaining to Library. Some time ago, in a_ public
them. It is also authorized to accept lecture, he made the statement that enough
money contributions for the purchase books can be placed on a shelf three feet
of titles or easements. The Commission long to give a liberal education to a man
is required to superintend the cutting or woman who devotes ten minutes a day to
of all timber on these lands whether pub- their reading. Since that time he has re-
lic or private, and to police the forests ceived letters from all parts of the country
and protect them from fires and other asking for the list of books he had in mind,
damage. ‘The Commission is also author- and it is in response to these appeals that he
ized to appoint a forester for the reserva- proposes to prepare this list. It is very
tion. The lands may thus be forested much to be hoped that President Eliot
by the Commission’s own expert, or, will carry out this intention. Many such
under the direction of the Commission, by lists have been prepared; many urgent
experts in the employ of private parties appeals have been made to men and
and approved by the Commission. Viola- women, boys and girls, who are largely
tion of rules which the Commission is devoting themselves to the reading of
authorized to establish is punishable by a newspapers and magazines, to give ten,
fine which the Commission may collect in fifteen, or thirty minutes a day to the
civil action. The bill provides for an ap- reading of standard books; and it has
prepriation of five thousand dollars for been said many times by people of more
the purpose of carrying out these pro- or less influence that to put stray quarters
visions, but the State does not undertake of an hour together by connected purpose
to purchase a great tract of land by public and for a definite end will bring education
money ; it simply undertakes, in the first within the reach of everyone. President
place, to exercise for the benefit of the Eliot, however, holds a commanding posi-
whole people its police powers in conserv- tion, and such a list prepared by him will
ing throughout this area resources of the attract very wide attention, and doubtless
State in timber, and in preventing the set many people to work to secure an
defacement which the wholesale and education in the way he has outlined. At
wasteful cutting of timber produces ; and, the end of his career President Eliot will
in the second place, it undertakes to thus become the originator of what is
accept in trust for the whole people such likely to be a very extensive University
gifts of land as may be offered to it. It Extension System. Any man who influ-
seems to us that this plan is thoroughly ences the young people of the country to
practical as well as desirable. So far substitute the reading of sound books for
from interfering with private property, it the exclusive reading of newspapers and
will do much to enhance the value of such the ephemeral and worthless kind of fic-
property by enabling the owners to develop tion so common nowadays, will confer a
it economically. It will also preserve for great benefit on a peop!e who are eager
all time one of the most picturesque and to learn, but who are wasting an enor-
romantic regions in the United .States. mous amount of time, as they waste an
We hope that the bill will be speedily enormous amount of money, through lack
passed, of methodical and intelligent economy.
662 THE OUTLOOK 27 March

SOCIALISM who like to speak of themselves as

Socialists, whose attitude, conscious or
II—-WHERE WE CAN WORK WITH
unconscious, is really merely an indignant
SOCIALISTS
recognition of the evil of present conditions
T is true that the doctrines of commu- and an ardent wish to remedy it, and whose
I nistic Socialism, if consistently fol- Socialism is really only an advanced formof
lowed, mean the ultimate annihila- liberalism. Many of these men and women
tion of civilization. Yet the converse is also in actual fact take a large part in the ad-
true. Ruin faces us if we decline steadily vancement of moral ideas, and in practice
to try to reshape our whole civilization’ in wholly repudiate the purely materialistic,
accordance with the law of service, and and therefore sordid, doctrines of those
if we permit ourselves to be misled by Socialists whose creed really is in sharp
any empirical or academic consideration antagonism to every principle of public
into refusing to exert the common power and domestic morality, who war on private
of the community where only collective property with a bitterness but little greater
action can do what individualism has left than that with which they war against the
undone, or can remedy the wrongs done institutions of the home and the family,
by an unrestricted and ill-regulated individ- and against every form of religion, Catholic
ualism. There is any amount of evil in or Protestant. The Socialists of this
our social and industrial conditions of to- moral type may in practice be very good
day, and unless we recognize this fact and citizens indeed, with whom we can at many
try resolutely to do what we can to rem- points co-operate. They are often joined
edy the evil, we run great risk of seeing temporarily with what are called the
men in their misery turn to the false teach- “ opportunist Socialists ”—those who may
ers whose doctrines would indeed lead advocate an impossible and highly unde-
them to greater misery, but who do at sirable Utopia as a matter of abstract
least recognize the fact that they are now faith, but who in practice tryto secure the
miserable. At the present time there are adoption only of some given principle which
scores of laws in the interest of labor— will do away with some phase of existing
laws putting a stop to child labor, decreas- wrong. With these two groups of Socialists
ing the hours of labor where they are ex- it is often possible for all far-sighted men
cessive, putting a stop to unsanitary crowd- to join heartily in the effort to secure a
ing and living, securing employers’ liabil- given reform or do away with a given
ity, doing away with unhealthy conditions abuse. Probably, in practice, wherever
in various trades, and the like—which and whenever Socialists of these two types
should be passed by the National and the are able to form themselves into a party,
various State Legislatures ;and those who they will disappoint both their own expec-
wish to do effective work against Socialism tations and the fears of others by acting
would do well to turn their energies into very much like other parties, like other
securing the enactment of these laws. aggregations of men; and it will be safe
Moreover, we should always remember to adopt whatever they advance that iB
that Socialism is both a wide and a loose wise, and to reject whatever they advance
term, and that the self-styled Socialists are that is foolish, just as we have to do a
of many and utterly different types. If we regards countless other groups who on one
should study only the professed apostles issue or set of issues come together to
of radical Socialism, of what these men strive for a change in the political or social
themselves like to call “ scientific Social- conditions of the world we live in. The
ism,” or if we should study only what active important thing is generally the next step.
leaders of Socialism in this country have We ought not to take it unless we are
usually done, or read only the papers in sure that it is advisable ; but we should
which they have. usually expressed them- not hesitate to take it when once we art
selves, we would gain an utterly wrong sure ;and we can safely join with others
impression of very many men who call who also wish to take it, without bother-
themselves Socialists. There are many ing our heads overmuch as to any some-
peculiarly high-minded men and women what fantastic theories they may have
1909 SOCIALISM
concerning, say, the two hundredth step, ment in actual practice. If it is alleged
which is not yet in sight. that small groups of farmers have pros-
There are many schemes proposed pered by doing much of their work in
which their enemies, and a few of their common, and by a kind of mutual insur-
friends, are pleased to call Socialistic, or ance and supervision, why of course we
which are indorsed and favored by men should look into the matter with an open
who call themselves Socialists; but which mind, and try to find out, not what we
are entitled each to be considered on its want the facts to be, but what the facts
merits with regard only to the practical ad- really are.
vantage which each would confer. Every We cannot afford to subscribe to the
public man, every reformer, is bound to doctrine, equally hard and foolish, that the
refuse to dismiss these schemes with the welfare of the children in the tenement-
shallow statement that they are ‘ Socialis- house district is no concern of the com-
tic;” for such an attitude is one of mere munity as a whole. If the child of the
mischievous dogmatism. There are com- thronged city cannot live in decent sur-
munities in which our system of State roundings, have teaching, have room to
education is still resisted and condemned play, have good water and clean air, then
as Socialism ; and we have seen within the not only will he suffer, but in the next
past two years in this country men who generation the whole community will
were themselves directors in National to a greater or less degree share his
banks, which were supervised by the Gov- suffering.
ernment, object to such supervision of In striving to better our industrial life
railways by the Government on _ the we must ever keep in mind that, while we
ground that it was “ Socialistic.” An em- cannot afford to neglect its material side,
ployers’ liability law is no more Socialistic we can even less afford to disregard its
than a fire department; the regulation moral and intellectual side. Each of us is
of railway rates is by no means as Social- bound to remember that he is in very truth
istic as the digging and enlarging of the his brother’s keeper, and that his duty is,
Erie Canal at the expense of the State. with judgment and common sense, to try
A proper compensation law would merely to help the brother. To the base and
distribute over the entire industry the greedy attitude of mind which adopts as
shock of accident or disease, instead of its motto, ‘“‘ What is thine is mine,” we
limiting it to the unfortunate individual on oppose the doctrine of service, the doc-
whom, through no fault of his, it happened trine that insists that each of us, in no
to fall. As communities become more hysterical manner, but with common sense
thickly settled and their lives more com- and good judgment, and without neglect
plex, it grows ever more and mor€ neces- of his or her own interests, shall yet act
sary for some of the work formerly per- on the saying, ‘‘ What is mine I will in
formed by individuals, each for himself, to good measure make thine also.”
be performed by the community for the Socialism strives to remedy what is evil
community as a whole. Isolated farms alike in domestic and in economic life, and
need no complicated system of sewerage; its tendency is to insist that the economic
but this does not mean that public control remedy is all-sufficient in every case. We
of sewerage in a great city should be re- should all join in the effort to do away
sisted on the ground that it tends toward with the evil; but we should refuse to
Socialism. Let each proposition be treated have anything to do with remedies which
on its own merits, soberly and cautiously, are either absurd or mischievous, for such,
but without any of that rigidity of mind of course, would merely aggravate the
which fears all reform. If, for instance, present suffering. The first thing to
the question arises as to the establish- recognize is that, while economic reform
ment of day nurseries for the children of is often vital, it is never all-sufficient. The
mothers who work in factories, the obvious moral reform, the change of character—in
thing to dois to approach it with an open which law can sometimes play a large,
mind, listen to the arguments for and but never the largest, part—is the most
against, and, if necessary, try the experi- necessary of all. -In dealing with the
|
664 THE OUTLOOK 27 March
marriage relation the Socialist attitude is by different conditions, which needs are
one of unmixed evil. Assuredly woman so diverse that they must sometimes be
should be guarded and honored in every met in totally different ways.
way, her rights jealously upheld, and any We should do everything that can be
wrong done her should be regarded and. done, by law or otherwise, to keep the
punished with severe judgment; but we avenues of occupation, of employment, of
must keep in mind the obvious fact that work, of interest, so open that there shall
equality of consideration does not mean be, so far as it is. humanly possible to
identity of function. Our effort should be achieve it, a measurable equality of oppor-
to raise the level of self-respect, self-con- tunity ; an equality of opportunity for each
trol, sense of duty in both sexes, and not man to show the stuff that is in him.
to push both down to an evil equality of When it comes to reward, let each man,
moral turpitude by doing away with the within the limits set by a sound and far-
self-restraint and sense of obligation which sighted morality, get what, by his energy,
have been slowly built up through the intelligence, thrift, courage, he is able to
ages. We must bring them to a moral get, with the opportunity open. We must
level by raising the lower standard, not by set our faces against privilege; just as
depressing the high. It is idle to prattle much against the kind of privilege which
against the “economic dependence ” of would let the shiftless and lazy laborer
woman upon man. In the ideal house- take what his brother has earned as
hold—an ideal which I believe, though against the privilege which allows the
very far from being universally realized, huge capitalist to take toll to which he is
is yet now more generally realized than not entitled. We stand for equality of
ever before—there is really complete opportunity, but not for equality of reward
economic interdependence, as well as the unless there is also equality of service. If
high spiritual and moral interdependence the service is equal, let the reward be
which is more nearly attained in happy equal; but let the reward depend on the
wedlock, in a permanent partnership of service ; and, mankind being composed as
love and duty, than in any other relation it is, there will be inequality of service for
of life which the world has yet seen. a long time to come, no matter how great
Rights should be forfeited by neither the equality of opportunity may be; and
partner ; and duties should be shirked by just so long as there is inequality of
neither partner. The duty of the woman service itis eminently desirable that there
to be the child-bearer and home-keeper is should be inequality of reward.
. just as obvious, simple, and healthful as We recognize, and are bound to war
the duty of the man to be the breadwinner against, the evils of to-day. The remedies
and, if necessary, the soldier. Whenever are partly economic and partly spiritual,
either the man or the woman loses the partly to be obtained by laws, and in
power or the will to perform these obvious greater part to be obtained by individual
duties, the loss is irreparable, and, what- and associated effort ;for character is the
ever may be the gain in ease, amiable vital matter, and character cannot be cre-
softness, self-indulgent pleasure, or even ated by law. These remedies include a
artistic and material achievement, the religious and moral teaching which shall
whole civilization is rotten and must fall. increase the spirit of human brotherhood;
So with our industrial system. In many an educational system which shall train
respects the wage system can be bettered ; men for every form of useful service—
but screaming about “ wage slavery” is and which shall train us to prize common
largely absurd; at this moment, for in- sense no less than morality; such a divi-
stance, 1 am a “wage slave” of The sion of the profits of industry as shall tend
Outlook. Under certain conditions and to encourage intelligent and thrifty tool-
in certain cases the co-operative system users to become tool-owners; and a gov-
can to a greater or less degree be substi- ernment so strong, just, wise, and demo-
tuted with advantage for, or, more often, cratic that, neither lagging too far behind
can be used to supplement, the wage nor pushing heedlessly in advance, it may
system; but only on condition of recog- do its full share in promoting these ends.
nizing the widely different needs occasioned THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
1909 OUGHT JUDGES TO KNOW LIFE? 665
OUGHT JUDGES TO KNOW his family and their help, and such choice is denied
him. He may choose to work for himself rather than
LIFE P for a taskmaster, and he is left without freedom of
choice. He may desire the advantage of cheap pro-
The Outlook has received the following duction in consequence of his cheap rent and family
letter from the District Attorney of New help, and of this he is deprived. In the my
struggle for success and existence which pervades all
York County : societies of men, he may be deprived of that which
I have read with great care an article in the will enable him to maintain his hold and to survive.
He may go to a tenement-house, and, finding no
current number of The Outlook by Theodore one living, sleeping, cooking, or doing any household
Roosevelt, entitled “ A Judicial Experience.” work upon one of the floors, hire a room upon such
The wide circulation and great influence of floor to carry on his trade, and afterward some one
The Outlook make anything published in it may commence to sleep or to do some household work
upon such floor, even without his knowledge, and he
important, even when written by an unknown at once becomes a criminal in consequence of another’s
man. I have read Mr. Roosevelt’s article act. He may go to a tenement-house, and, finding
with great regret. It is another of the many but two families living therein independently, hire a
room, and afterward, by subdivision of the families,
utterances recently made which unjustly or a change in their mode of life, or in some other way,
tend to create a contempt and disregard for a fourth family begins to live therein independently,
law. As one by no means unfamiliar with and thus he may become a criminal without the
tenement-house life in this city, I should knowledge, or possibly the means of knowledge, that
he was violating any law. It is therefore plain that
draw conclusions from the case Mr. Roose- this law interferes with the profitable and free use of
velt cites diametrically opposed to his. The his property by the owner or lessee of a tenement-
case he refers to is “ In the Matter of the house who is a cigar-maker, and trammels him in the
application of his industry and the disposition of his
Application of Jacobs ” (1885),98 New York labor, and thus, in a strictly legitimate sense, it arbi-
Court of Appeals Reports, p. 98. trarily deprives him of his property and of some por-
Had the Court of Appeals held the law tion of his personal liberty.
constitutional I think a serious blow would This was the opinion of seven Judges of
have been struck, not so much at capital and the Court of Appeals and of three Justices
vested interests, as at the liberty of the labor- of the Supreme Court.
ing man. WILLIAM TRAVERS JEROME.
The article, in my opinion, is rendered
serious in its harmful tendency by the char- The opinion of the Court in this case
acter of the writer and of your publication. considers two questions, to only one of
Would it not be fair to your readers to pub- which Mr. Jerome directs attention. The
lish the following excerpts from the opinion first question is: Does the law deprive
of the Court of Appeals in this case, that they the cigar-maker of his property and lib-
may judge for themselves as to the correct- erty? This question the Court decided
ness of Mr. Roosevelt’s views? in the affirmative, and the justice of this
THE COURT BY EARL,J.:
.. The facts as they appeared before the police
decision no one denies. Most laws de-
justice were as follows: The relator at the time of prive some people of property or liberty. PASAT
FPSO
RTE

his arrest lived with his wife and two children in a The second question, which Mr. Jerome
tenement-house in the city of New York, in which
three other families also lived. There were four floors ignores, is: Granted that the law deprives
in the house, and seven rooms on each floor, and an individual of property or liberty, does
each floor was occupied by one family living inde- EAT
RE
eR
pendently of the others, and doing their cooking in
it promote the health, comfort, safety,
one of the rooms so occupied. The relator at the time and welfare of society, and therefore con- ea
of his arrest was engaged in one of his rooms in pre- stitute the exercise of the police power
paring tobacco and making cigars, but there was no
smell of tobacco in any part of the house except the which every sovereign State possesses?
room where he was thus en The Court answered this second question
. What does this act attempt to do? In form it
makes it a cri me for a cigar-maker in New York and in the negative ; it was unable to see that
Brooklyn, the only cities in the State having a popu- the law had relation to the public health,
lation exceedi ng 500,000, to carry on a perfectly lawful
trade in hisown home. Whether he owns the tene-
that the public health was the end actu-
ment-house or has hired a room therein for the pur- ally aimed at, and that the law was appro-
pose of prosecuting his trade, he cannot manufacture priate and adapted to that end. The
therein his own tobacco into cigars for his own use or
for sale, and he will become a criminal for doing that Outlook, as well as Mr. Roosevelt, be-
which is perfectly lawful outside of the two cities lieves that the Court, in answering this
named—everywhere else, so far as we are able to
learn, in the whole world. He must either abandon question in the negative, made two mis-
the trade by which he earns a livelihood for himself takes. The first mistake was an error in
and family, or, if able, procure a room elsewhere, or
hire himself out to one who Las a room upon such
legal interpretation. The opinion de-
terms as, under the fierce competition of trade and clared: “ To justify this law it would not
the inexorable laws of supply and demand, he may
be able to obtain from his employer. He may choose
be sufficient that the use of tobacco may
to do his work where he can have the supervision of be injurious to some persons or that its _
 666 THE OUTLOOK 27 March
manipulation may be injurious to those spread effects. The error, which the
engaged in its manufacture. But it would judges of the Court of Appeals made
have to be injurious to public health.” through their ignorance of living condi-
In effect, the Court maintained that the tions, is revealed in the consideration of
health of the workers in a given indus- those effects.
try is not the public health. While this For a quarter of a century the decision
decision has never been reversed, the of the Court of Appeals in this case has
attitude upon this point has gradually come been an impassable barrier to all attempts
to be the direct opposite of that taken by to regulate adequately manufacture in
the Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court the tenements. The decision made it
of the United States has on several occa- impossible not only to keep cigar-making
sions said that the police power of the State out of the tenements, but to keep every
may be invoked to protect the health of other kind of industry out of the tene-
the employees in a given industry by ments. It has fastened the sweating
regulating the conditions under which that system upon New York City, and
industry is carried on. In three leading has tended to fasten it upon every other
cases (Holden vs. Hardy, the “ Utah city in the United States in which gar-
Miners’ case ;” Curt Muller vs. Oregon, ment manufacture is carried on. Attempts
the “Oregon case,” and Lochner vs. have been made to regulate tenement-
New York, the “‘ Bakers’ case ’’), involv- house manufacture in so far as this de-
ing laws regulating the hours of labor in cision permits, but their futility is appar-
certain industries, the Supreme Court has ent. Manufacture may be carried on
held that the effect upon the health of the only in tenement-houses which are li-
employees is the determining factor. censed by the State Department of Labor,
Where it was shown to the satisfaction of and such houses are subject to periodic
the Court (in the first two cases cited) inspection ; but there are four thousand
that the health of the employees was en- licensed tenement-houses in New York
dangered, the iaw was sustained; where City in which manufacture may be legally
this condition was not satisfactorily shown carried on, while the Commissioner of
to exist (the Bakers’ case), the law was Labor has only fifty-eight inspectors to do
declared unconstitutional. all the factory inspection throughout the
The second mistake was a _ broader entire State. Inspection of the licensed
and more serious one—an error in the tenement-houses more than once a year
interpretation of life. The Court asked, is absolutely impossible. Still less can
* ** What possible relation can cigar-making the Department inspect and repress manu-
in any building have to the health of the facture illegally carried on in unlicensed
general public?” Probably none from the tenement-houses, the number of which
theoretical point of view of a judicial can never be known at any given time.
chamber at Albany. But from the prac- Vhat the admission of the manufacture
tical point of view of an observer of into the tenement means may be told in
actual conditions in the tenements, a the words of one who, by long study and
very vital relation. Would a smoker pre- intimate association with tenement workers,
fer a cigar made in a factory where in- has just that working knowledge and
spection and the regulation of sanitary sympathetic understanding of actual con-
conditions is easy, or a cigar made in the ditions, the lack of which Mr. Roosevelt
living or sleeping rooms of a tenement deplored in the judges of the Court of
where inspection once a year is the utmost Appeals:
that can be expected, and under the con- “Tenement work means the underpaid
ditions which every one familiar with husband letting his wife earn the rent
tenement life knows to exist? Does a with her needle, instead of insisting, as it
dying consumptive exercising his liberty is clearly his duty to do, upon wages
in making, in his tenement home, ciga- enough to maintain his family.
rettes the tips of which he licks to fasten “ It means boys and girls of ten years
the paper together, offer no menace to kept at home from school, in violation of
the public health ? the compulsory education law, to do the
The decision has had lasting and wide- housework and take care of the younger
1909 FAITH BEFORE KNOWLEDGE 667
children while the mother sews for the sojourning in a neighboring wineroom!
market. The Department of Labor was notified,
“Tenement work means the use of and took immediate steps to stop the vio-
foot-power in competition with steam- lation. Their agent found the Depart-
power, a ruinous strain upon 'the health of ment of Health fumigators at work when
every man, woman, and child subjected he reached the spot; but the goods had
to it. already been returned to the factory for
“Tenement work means an endless distribution to the retail trade. In all this
working-day in the tenement at the foot- no official had failed in the performance
power machine in the rush season, fol- of the duty assigned to him. The Depart-
lowed by the shutting down of the factory ment of Labor had licensed the house
for want of orders. after the —Tenement-House Department
“Tenement work means steady down- had reported that no violations of the
ward pressure upon the wages of the fac- code were recorded against it. The Board
tory workers, to whom it can always be of Education had kept the children from
said : If you do not like our terms in the school while one of them was ill from the
factory, we can send the work into the contagious disease. The Board of Health
homes. had quarantined the rooms and warned
“Tenement work means the unavoida- the family against mingling with others
ble spreading of disease and the frequent But not all the scrupulous attention of
breaking out of epidemics, not only in the every official charged with a duty under
cities where it is carried on, but in all those such conditions could protect the “ knee
distant places to which the product may be pants” from almost certain contagion,
sent.” and prevent their carrying the dangerous
A recent case which is not exceptional germs into other families.
but typical of conditions in New York City These are the conditions which this
will illustrate these statements: On Feb- decision has thrust upon the community
ruary 19 two Italian children were walk- and fastened there for twenty-five years.
ing along Nineteenth Street, New York Do such conditions bear no “ relation to
City, in the middle of the morning, carry- the public health”? Judges who know
ing bundles of “knee pants” from a near-by of such conditions, who are conscious
factory. When asked why they were not not only of the law which protects the
in school, the boy replied, ‘*‘ We have some- property and liberty of the individual, but
body sick in my house.” Sympathy being of the dangers which threaten the public
expressed and inquiry made whether it was welfare, do not so decide.
the baby, he said, “‘ No, me; I got scarlet
fever. Look at me eyes!” His right eye,
held up for inspection, was indeed inflamed FAITH BEFORE KNOWL-
and red—showing the sequelz of recent
scarlet fever. The children had been to the EDGE
tactory for the bundles and were carrying Dr. Wilfred. T. Grenfell is making py
them to a near tenement in East Twelfth his life one of the most impressive and
Street. They were shocked at the ques- winning interpretations of Christianity m
tion why they were not in_ school, terms of modern service and action. What
and joseph said sternly, “ We ain’t let. tis life means to the Labrador is indi-
We can’t go to school because de Bud a’ cated in an article on another page. His
Helt ain’t smoked up our house yet.” career is a living epistle open to all men;
Their home proved to be a dingy second a chapter out of that later Bible which is
floor rear, and the scarlet fever notice was proof that God is a living God, and that
duly posted on the door of the two-room the evidences of the reality of the Chns-
dwelling. ‘The mother knew that she was tian religion are forthcoming to-day pre-
breaking the law, and shrilly explained cisely as they were in the time when signs
through the interpreting children that her aad wonders flowed in a living stream
nusband was unemployed by reason of the from Christ and his Disciples. The secret
PB
Tae
RR
Pe
et
Ri
CSF

quarantine. Scarch for the quarantined of Dr. Grenfell’s extraordinary force,

breadwinner revealed the fact that he was energy, inventiveness, and success is un-
668 THE OUTLOOK 27 March
questionably his childlike faith, and his give my faith a firmer foundation. It would
little book, “ A Man’s Faith” (The Pil- certainly be a mental triumph, and: that is
itself a arPty But at present it is denied
grim Press, Boston), is one of the freshest me, and I must muddle along without it,
and most invigorating presentations of the walking by faith, as far as this subject is
subject, much befogged by speculation concerned, till its pages are unfolded to me.
and technical language, which has appeared What most people are trying to do is to
for a long time past. It is colloquial and combine faith with knowledge. Now, faith
unconventional, written in the language is based on the largest use of reason, but
which Dr. Grenfell speaks to men and it is not based on immediate knowledge;
women on the coast of Labrador. It is and its greatest service is its power to
deliberately put into newspaper English, sustain, inspire, and invigorate, while
because newspaper English is the Eng- knowledge is held in abeyance. A great
lish understood by the average man and many people make the mistake of post-
woman. ‘The nature of faith is explained poning faith until they arrive at knowl-
with a singular directness as a kind of edge. But nobody ever does arrive at
primary experience ; something here and knowledge. No man or woman who has
now; to be used every day and to take ever lived has attained the fullness of the
strength from for common duties as well knowledge of life which has solved its
as for great adventures. This book is a problems and removed its difficulties.
kind of interpretation of Bishop Brent’s That is not what we are here for. We
noble phrase, ‘ Adventure for God.” are beset on every side with’ intimations of
Two passages taken almost at random our immortality, and the incompleteness
from this little book will put Dr. Grenfell’s of our knowledge and its fragmentary
point of view before the reader: character is one of the striking evidences
It is true I don’t know how to explain the of the transitoriness of this stage of life.
individuality of the soul, or its persistence. Faith comes by practice. It is not a
I do not know what will be the punishment
of sin. To me, certainly, it always seems deposit of knowledge; it is developed by
to be punished. Nor, for the matter of that, exercise. The whole world lives by it.
do I see the justice of an eternal reward for It is the commonest element in life. No
temporary service. But these things do not relation could exist without it. No busi-
worry me, as they are not immediately press-
ing, and I have every reason to suppose m ness could endure for a day unless it were
intellect is not yet able to understand al founded on faith; no scientific discovery
these details, much as they interest me. To could be made; all the wheels of com-
me death seems (with Newman Smyth) like merce and the practical activities of the
birth, “only another crisis in the continuous
history of life.” For 1 see it is commonly world would instantly stop if it were not
very slight changes of circumstances, in what for faith. It is and it always has been
we call “nature,” that make vast differences the inspiration of every creative man and
and induce entirely new series of actions; for woman. It has built all the great build-
instance, a drop of water becoming ice or
steam. Our life on the Labrador coast ings, written all the great music, composed
leaves little opportunity for speculation on all the great poems, carved all the great
these points, and I am waiting for some one statues, formulated all religions, built all
else to find out and teach me more about the cathedrals, and equipped the modern
them. One thing my faith does for me here
which I consider desirable—it assures me world with its wonderful scientific appa-
that the regulation of these puzzles is under ratus. It is always aventure ; it is never
far better and wiser guidance than mine. So a certainty. They who live greatly or fruit-
that in these directions also faith induces a fully live by faith, whether they know it
contented mind and a peace that “passes
understanding.” Not every soul can be or not. While the higher faith—trust in
lost that does not possess a cut and dried God, in the spiritual significance of human
opinion or faith on every subject. For in- life, in the moral order, in immortality—
stance, the Bible promises a special blessin grows by use, knowledge of the deeper
to any one who understands aright the Boo
of Revelation. Some will say, * That seems things in life does not come by sitting
reasonable, because it is so very hard to down and thinking about them. It comes
understand.” Well, I would like to under- as the result of the process of living. One
stand it, but I confess I don’t. I amcurious must, therefore, wait for it. It is a vital
at times to know what itall means. Possibly
it would make it easier for me to be more rather than an intellectual process. No
keen and diligent in my service. It might man starts with it; wise men gain it by
 LENTEN MEDITATIONS 669
the way. ‘To wait for perfect knowledge hangers-on, andidlers. In ordinary affairs
before exercising faith would be to wait the priest would have had little to do with
until the end of life, having missed by the the trooper, the Pharisee would have held
way all possibility of great achievement himself aloof from the man in the street;
or growth. We begin with faith and we but when these men formed themselves
end with knowledge ; but there is no con- into a mob, they obliterated the walls of
flict between faith and knowledge. Faith partition and joined themselves together
is the quality which enables a man patiently in mind and voice. ‘They who had once
to endure and ardently to co-operate with been mutually alien now became brothers
the processes of life until knowledge is in wrath. They were united in a new
revealed to him. It is the power which fraternity by acommon dominating experi-
strengthens a man in all patience while he ence of hate.
endures many forms of uncertainty. It It is by such a touch of nature that the
is the quality which equips him to conquer whole world is made kin. The spirit of
in a world of mystery and postponed light. lawlessness is not far from any one of us.
That multitude yelling, “Crucify him!
Crucify him !” is loathsome to us; but it
was composed of our brothers. The
LENTEN MEDITATIONS spirit of that mob is still incarnate.
THE MOB ENRAGING THEMSELVES Wherever men allow themselves to be
governed by their impulses, there is this
Within the space of a few hours the rabble that went swirling on its way to
captive had been subjected to a triple Golgotha. When men give themselves
mockery of the law. He had been up to passion, whether it is the passion
arraigned before the court of a super- of appetite, or the passion of hate, or the
seded theocracy, the court of a viceroy, passion of conscience, they are setting
and the court of a colonial governor. He themselves against the spirit of service.
had been illegally condemned on two The men who wished to disregard law,
contradictory counts. According to the one and with tumult to throw the land into
he was guilty of blasphemy because his anarchy in order to destroy slavery, were
alleged claim to authority had been proved being ruled by their passions. That it
baseless by reason of its impotence. was not the passion of appetite, nor
According to the other he was guilty of wholly the passion of hate, but the passion
treason because his alleged claim to of conscience, did not change the fact that
authority had been proved dangerous by it was passion. There were men in that
reason of its effectiveness. He had had mob around the pretorium whose passion
no chance. Now he stood defenseless, was the passion of conscience. So the
solitary, consigned to the hands of a man who hates the wrong and oppression
rabble. The sentence upon him had been of to-day ; who feels in himself a welling
‘that it should be as they required.” The indignation against the impersonal disre-
mob had him in charge—at least so they gard of modern industry for the happi-
thought. We can now see that they really ness, welfare, and even life of the workers,
had no control over him. They hated his may be as truly in danger of joining in
teachings, his personality, his spirit. They spirit the mob at Pilate’s Hall as any one
fancied that now they were putting an end else. The spirit that allows the emotions
to him. We cannow see that all that they to rule is the spirit that carried the Naza-
did was not to him but to themselves. rene to his cross. A man cannot serve
That mob contained elements which his fellows unless he has in him the force
could have been found blended in no other of passion ; neither can he serve his fel-
land and at no other time. In spite of lows unless over his passion he himself
that fact, it was essentially like all other remains master.
mobs. It was not so much Palestinian With the crowd of men who were
as human. It comprised men of the rul- slaves to their own passion Jesus did not ee
eee
FvER
Oe
e

ing class, church. dignitaries, educational attempt to reason. Amid their taunts and
leaders, legal experts ; it comprised, too, jeers he remained silent. To the indigni-
soldiers of mercenary troops, slaves, ties he was not indifferent. - Injustice
670 THE OUTLOOK 27 March

always aroused his anger, and we may be the other, by using them as sites for build-
sure that the injustice of this treatment ings, would be a serious matter, not to be
did not leave him unmoved. But he entered upon except by the municipality
held himself in check. His spirit, the itself, and in accordance with a compre-
spirit of service, did not permit him to hensive and far-seeing plan. Washington
lose control of his passion. The one re- Square ought not to be used as the site
corded saying which the blows of angry for a court-house. City Hall Park ought
men elicited from him was simply a com- never to have been curtailed by building
ment on the unreason of unregulated pas- the Post-Office there. Except upon such
sion. He did not argue with the mob; a plan, not a foot of Central Park ought
but, knowing how infectious the spirit of to be taken for any building not absolutely
lawlessness is, he warned his disciples. essential to its use as a park. It is con-
As soon as they showed signs of falling tended, however, that the proposed build-
into the ways of the mob, he told them ing would take no ground not now occu-
that lawlessness spelled destruction, and pied by a structure. It would simply
that he who controlled his own passion replace the old Arsenal. But if the Arsenal
had spiritual resources unknown to the were not there, would it be proposed to
man who lets his passion rule him. It put the new building on that spot? If
was not only for the benefit of Peter and the Arsenal is old and unsightly and
the rest, but for our benefit as well, that tumble-down, let us take it away and give
he said, “ All they that take the sword to the Park so much more of the elements
shall perish with the sword. Thinkest which give it value as a breathing-space.
thou that I cannot now pray to my Especially ought the parks of New
Father, and he shall presently give me York not to be used as places in which to
more than twelve legions of angels ?” put buildings for private organizations. If
a home may be built in Central Park for
the Academy of Design, why not one for
the Children’s Theater, or a hall for sym-
KEEP THE PARKS phony concerts, or for the Architectural
League, or the Hispanic Society? The
INVIOLATE Academy of Design is an admirable insti-
A bill has passed the New York Senate tution. It ought to have a home worthy
permitting the Academy of Design to use of itself, where exhibitions of contem-
the ground in Central Park now occupied porary art may offer art education and
by the dilapidated Arsenal building for artistic enjoyment to the public. But it
the erection of an art exhibition building. ought not to have that home at the expense
The Outlook has already discussed this of the principle that the parks of the city
project ; but it wants to record again its must be inviolate.
profound belief that this bill runs counter
to a principle which, especially in a city of
maximum congestion like New York, THE SPECTATOR
ought to be observed. New York has, The Spectator is a perfect aviary for
in proportion to its size, few parks and Japanese birds. They flock to him every
playgrounds near its centers of population. Christmas in numbers, and perch about
Every foot of those parks and playgrounds the walls of his study, quickening that
ought to be kept free from encroachment. sober abode with the flutter of soft wings
There are two kinds of parks. One is and the echo of those ‘“‘ unheard melodies ”
a breathing-space where the city dwellers which the poet assures us are sweeter
may get a taste of the country’s sunlight, than the heard. The Crow was the first
fresh air, and green foliage. The other Japanese bird the Spectator had. A friend
is a setting for a public building or group presented him, a wise friend, clear-sighted
of buildings. Both kinds have their uses. and silent. And he arrived, firmly clutch-
But the parks of New York are breathing- ing his blossoming twig and gazing into
spaces. As such they are vitally neces- space. Even at the first casual glance
sary to the health of the city. there was something arresting about him.
To transform them from the one use to The Spectator set him up on his desk and
1909 THE SPECTATOR 671
stood back and pondered him thoughtfully pany can hardly be overestimated in the
for several respectful minutes. To tell reader’s imagination. _
the truth, he was not at all sure he was 8
going to like the creature. Irreproach-
Not that the saints themselves cared a
able in his trim pose and in his polished
pin; they were too genuine. They con-
demeanor, his black feathers sleek all about
tinued to soar and exult and brood as
his person, his small yellow eye gazing
whole-heartedly as ever. And the Crow
fixedly far, and -the corner of his black
genially let them alone. His concern was
bill expressing the subtlest possible shade
not really with them, but with the Spec-
of amusement in its ironical curve, he had
tator as affected by them. It was the
the air of making some comment which
Spectator that suffered all the shocks and
was insufferable.
readjustments. He would come into his
“| dislike you intensely!” Thus the
study and turn thoughtfully toa Madonna.
Spectator, in a sudden astonishing out
How sweet and pensive, how ‘cool and
burst. ‘‘I beg your pardon,” he would
remote! If one could only inhabit, too,
have added, undoubtedly, in a succeeding
such a realm of silence and aloofness,
contrition, shocked at his own lapse from
with vague hands holding a book of
courtesy, if he had had the time. But—
prayers forever and forever! Then he
‘« Precisely |” the Crow remarked, un.
would look up and—no, never meet the
disturbed. ‘That is one of the effects I
yellow eye of the Crow, for it was a part
came to produce. I am glad you have
begun with such gratifying promptness.
of its consummate skill to gaze always
straight ahead; but he would suddenly
Tack me up on the wall, please. No
understand what the sight was that
pins, thank you; I have come to stay.
tavished it so and lent such an ironical
That spot will do very well, between the
curve to the long black bill. The sight,
languishing Madonna and the anzmic
in this iristance, of the Spectator enthroned
saints. Now go about your business. I
Madonna-wise, but in his slippers and his
shall do very well.”
dressing-gown, his halo a mile too big for
The poor Spectator had nothing for it
his head, and his study chair horribly em-
but to obey. There was, there is, there
barrassed to balance itself on the clouds.
will always be, a suave and inflexible de-
Cruel? Not at all. It was good, good
cision in the mandates of the Crow. But
as a tonic, and stimulating and wise and
he very soon realized what a disturbing
kind. The Spectator did not like it at
new influence had entered his life, what a
first; he was annoyed and superior and
power he had to reckon with in the im-
he refused to smile. “If you find any-
mitigable black presence of that bird
thing to amuse you in serious matters, I -
among his saints.
am very sorry for ‘you,” he asserted,
grandly. But the Crow only held his
It may as well be confessed once for all
gaze steadily fixed, with a world of mean-
that the Spectator is given to saints. And
ing in its yellow orb; and the Spectator
yet confession is hardly the word, for
was -humbled in spite of himself and
saints are good, surpassingly good—so
vaguely ill at ease.
they be genuine. The trouble is with
them that they represent commonly but 8
one side of life, the exalted, serious side. On another occasion he let himself go
It is the best side, if one has to choose; with the wings of an -archangel, up and
but one does not have to choose. The up; the stars blazed around him and the
whole of life is free to us all, the beautiful earth was lost. Again, on a sudden, that
rounded sphere, compacted of all the yellow eye, round and disconcerting, way-
emotions that range from mirth to prayer. laid him, and he tumbled down with a
Therefore it was rather a pity that the speedier. flight—though a less splendid
Spectator should have hung his walls with one, he is afraid—than was Lucifer’s.
nothing but-dreaming Madonnas, soaring What was the matter? he asked himself,
angels, visionary prophets, and one dear when several episodes of this kind had
afflicted Dante. The dramatic effect of happened to him. His superiority and
the Crow’s arrival in this aspiring com- his annoyance had vanished as he had
3 -
672 THE OUTLOOK
lived along with the Crow, for he had an easily calculable one. For there is
come to understand, in the sure, tacit way frequently no telling what preferences and
in which we all take the tempers of our what dislikes the Crow is going to mani-
companions, that there was no shade of fest. For instance, this last Christmas,
unfriendliness in that yellow eye. A benefi- among the new lot of Japanese birds,
cent presence, determined to help—what arrived an. American Robin. He was a
did he mean, then, by casting aspersions on brisk and capable soul, nothing Oriental
all that the Spectator prized? .Exultations about him, nothing reflective even.
and aspirations, dreams and visions—were Perched on a bare twig above a bleak
they not Still the very best of life? They meadow, with a purple-gray sky barely
were and they are, and the curious fact withholding a fresh snow-storm behind
about the Crow’s influence was that never him, he sat with his little bill wide apart,
did he induce any slightest misgiving or singing cheerfully. His feathers were
hesitation on this point in the Spectator’s ruffled against the cold until there was not
mind. As a matter of fact, he did not very much shape left to his plump little
cast aspersions in the least; he merely set person. He was not tidy, distinctly he
himself steadfastly to bring home one truth. was not, that. vociferous Robin. Now,
Every enthusiasm must be able to stand would one not have expected the Crow to
the test of laughter, else it is not great hold a carnival of laughter over this ragged
enough to claim the soul’s allegiance. advent? Perhaps he did laugh just at
That was the doctrine of the Crow, his first—the Spectator is not prepared to
superlative “message.” The Spectator say; but, if he did, the Robin threw his
understood it one day, when he suddenly jests saucily back at him ‘as fast as he
chuckled at a glimpse of his own woe- uttered them. He had proved his right
begone face in the glass on finishing King to his sentiments—so thought the Robin—
Lear, and found that he reverenced Shake- or would have thought, if he had been
speare more, not less, after the demonstra- given to introspection—by holding them
tion; and now he would not part with the in the face of that snow-storm ; he guessed
Crow for any consideration. He has be- he could continue to hold them in the face
come the established mentor of the Spec- of the Crow! Would one -believe it?
tator‘s study, the critic, the referee—what The Crow was charmed with the demeanor
you will—the unfailing gauge of merit. of the Robin as he had seldom been
The Spectator looks humbly at him when wholly charmed with any other presence
he broaches a new enthusiasm. ‘ What in the Spectator’s study. The two birds
do you think, Crow? Will it work? were fast friends almost at once; and
Laugh, and let me see.” If the new they dominate the Spectator’s desk now
interest can be pictured, as in the case of in a relation which is all that could be
a friend or an author or a new musician, desired for reciprocal harmony. The one
the mere test of juxtaposition settles the comments, and the other retorts, and be-
matter at once. Some faces the Crow tween them (with always the influence of
will not tolerate in his vicinity. Unfailingly a neighboring angel or two) they manage
courteous he is always, freezingly polite; to thresh out the Spectator’s affairs pretty
but a picture he does not like would sooner thoroughly.
slip from its nail and dash itself against -:)
the floor than remain near him.
If the reader has never tried a Crow
°i?
and a Robin on his study wall, the Spec-
It is all a very interesting matter, the tator would recommend the presences to
Spectator thinks. Nor is it by any means him.
THE INDISPENSABLE CITY

THE GREATEST DISASTER OF

HISTORY
BY F. MARION CRAWFORD
FIRST PAPER

WITH SKETCHES AND PHOTOGRAPHS MADE AT MESSINA IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE

EARTHQUAKE BY JOSEPH STELLA UNDER SPECIAL COMMISSION FROM THE OUTLOOK

Messina is one of of nations was constrained to flow. All

The Indispensable
those few indispen- the great cities of the world that are not
City
sable cities of which so situated, from Rome to Peking, Berlin,
nature has determined and Chicago, could just as- well have been
the position for all time. There are not built a good many miles from the sites on
many of these: Constantinople, Bombay, which they stand, because their situations
London, New York, and San Francisco were mostly decided by such trifles as a
are some of the chief ones; and in spring of cold water, a convenient bend in
the second order one may place Alex- a river, or some slight elevation above a
andria, Carthage-Tunis, Tiflis, and per- surrounding plain. It is worth noting
haps a dozen more. In Europe and that not one of the “ indispensable ”’ cities
Asia most of these were founded in stands in a position of such natural
prehistoric times, where good natural ‘strength as to form a defense against
harbors existed at points which were foreign invasions. Are the cities of the
also the natural commercial outlets of peace age older than those of the age of
rich countries, or, as in the case of warfare ?
Tiflis, they were built in narrow passes The greatest disaster recorded in all his-
and defiles through which the commerce tory has destroyed Messina so utterly that
673
FAMILY
MESSINA
AOF
MEMBERS
SURVIVING
THREE

4
L
Pp
C
p
Q
c
~_
 THE GREATEST DISASTER OF HISTORY 675
not one stone is left in its place upon white-walled villas, with red-tiled out-
another. But this is not the first great buildings, and now and then by pictur-
misfortune the city has suffered, by very esque villages, charmingly irregular in
many; for, without going further back outline as all really Italian towns are, and
than the sixteenth century, we find that in warm in many shades of brown, picked
1573 the plague carried off forty thousand out with: patches of blazing Oriental white.
persons, and as many more in 1742; in On the right, as you sailed down, the
1783a terrific earthquake almost destroyed grand sweep of Messina came into sight
the city, and the population, which had within the sickle-shaped arm that embraces
risen to 120,000 in 1674, was reduced to one of the finest natural harbors in the
only 46.000 in 1798. In 1848, the year world, and the palaces and the houses
of revolutions, Messina was bombarded rose in tiers over tiers from the half-circle
by Ferdinand II of Naples, who earned of the port to the remains of the ancient
the nickname ‘‘ King Bomba’”’ during that fortifications above ; it was not a city of
expedition. ‘The destruction he wrought ancient architecture, and perhaps it was
was not wholly repaired till nearly thirty not very beautiful within, but it was fair
~ years had elapsed, and during that time to look at across the water from a little
3 another ten or twelve thousand of the distance, and it was marvelously situated.
=
< inhabitants were carried off by the cholera Intensely alive it was, too, like all places
_

-
that raged in 1854. Nevertheless, in which are the natural marts and cross-
A 1908 the population had risen to nearly roads and trysting-places of the world:
fi
f 150,000, being the highest figure attained the harbor was full of shipping, the piers
z)
=) since 1674. swarmed with busy people, the air was
< No one who remembers the Straits as ever ringing with a thousand echoes of
a they were before the earthquake can be men’s voices, of moving vehicles, light and
>
I
surprised that the Sicilian city, with its heavy, of distant machinery and of the
x neighboring villages and the towns on the busy forge, of trains coming and going, of
5)
=) Calabrian shore, should have grown popu- shrill whistling from tugboats and of the
=
2} lous in along period of peace which has deeper horns of the great steamers that
=
<)
been also a time of prosperity. Even in ply between the Western and the Eastern
Z. poor, misgoverned, half-populated Turkey, worlds. That was Messina, as I knew it
4 the Bosphorus is both rich and beautiful, and shall always remember it.
>
oA, and Constantinople, destroyed over and
=)
*
2) over again, is even now one of the fairest | In the hottest days
A Voice in
a)
mi)
cities of the world. of last summer there
the Street
x
5
The great Sicilian seaport was never appeared in the city
= comparable with the imperial capital of of the Straits one of
the East, but to my mind the Straits of those wandering religious fanatics whom
Messina surpassed the Straits of Constan- the Italians call ‘“‘Nazarenes,’”’ a bare-
tinople in beauty at all times of the year, headed, half-starved, wild-eyed man,
and as for the grandeur of the back- dressed in a sort of hermit’s frock that
ground no comparison is even distantly did not reach his sandaled feet. A boy of
possible ; guarded on the one side by the twelve or fourteen walked beside him,
Calabrian Mountains, that end in As- dressed in the same way, but with a
promonte, and on the other by the shorter frock that showed his bare legs,
glorious range that towers up, crest after and he carried a cow-bell in one hand and
crest, higher and higher, till it culminates a stick in the other. From time to time
in distant Etna, the rippling, eddying tide the two stopped, always at the busiest
swept up and down in ebb and flow be- corners, and the boy rang his bell, as the
tween shores as rich in color as an old public criers still do in old Italian
Persian carpet from Shiraz or Siné, splen- towns, unless they are provided with a
did with pomegranate blossoms and golden bugle horn instead. A few grown people
oranges, and the dark, glossy green of and many idle lads and youths stopped at
carob trees, which is more indescribable the sound to see what would happen.
than the olive itself; and these lovely Then the “ Nazarene ” lifted up his voice,
shores were broken here and there by shrill and clear, to utter his prophecy, and
676 THE OUTLOOK
his wild eyes were suddenly still and signs there were not others as certain,
looked upward, fixed on the high houses which only an exceptional and neurotic
opposite ; and this was what he cried out : temperament like that of the ** Nazarene ”
‘Be warned, take heed and repent, ye could perceive? Delphi had its motto,
of Messina! ‘This year shall not end be- the key to all true philosophy—* Know
fore your city is utterly destroyed !” thyself ;”’ but only one word is graven
But they who were to perish laughed over the gateway of modern science—
and jeered at the ‘‘ Nazarene’ and went ‘* Perhaps.”
about their business, while he and his
young companion proceeded on their way ; The Southern Italians
and the street boys howled at them and The Fatal make: great feasting
pelted them with bits of orange-peel and Hour from Christmas until
peach-stones; but they passed on un- Twelfth Night, in
heeding and unflinching, as if accomplish- which custom they differ from the Romans.
ing a mission intrusted to them as a This. may be due to the strong influence
sacred duty. of Norman rule and northern customs
History 1s full of such tales. and people in the South, or to some other reasor
are too ready to believe that they have less easy to find, it matters little, but
always been invented after the fact. It the fact explains why so many persons
would be safer to say that of many from other parts of Sicily were visiting
prophecies few are fulfilled, and that those their relatives in Messina and perished
few are thrust upon our notice, but we in the disaster, while whole familes
know too little of nature to scout the sug- of townspeople had gone to spend the
gestion that great natural convulsions may merry-making season with friends and
be announced beforehand by signs per- relatives living in the country, and thus
ceptible to a few hypersensitive organiza- were saved. The number of those who
tions. ‘To mention only one circumstance were in the city and escaped with their
which may give such a theory color in the lives is very small indeed, and more than
present case, the atmospheric conditions half of those are unhurt for the simple
which preceded the two great earthquakes reason that many of the wounded died of
of 1783 and 1908 were remarkably similar their injuries within a few minutes or a
and were hatdly paralleled during the few hours of being taken out of the
intervening century and a quarter. In ruins. Up to this time (February, 1909)
both cases a long and destructive drought there are no trustworthy statistics to be
broke up a short time before the catas- had, but it appears to be very douptful
trophe in a deluge of almost equally whether as many as fifteen per cent of
ruinous rain. Last year, in some of the the population are now alive, scattered in
southernmost parts of Italy, from Bari groups throughout Italy—say something
downwards, not a drop of rain fell in over twenty thousand out of a hundred
almost thirteen months; great numbers and fifty thousand, for the city of Mes-
of cattle had to be killed for lack of drink ; sina alone. ‘The proportion of those
water for the inhabitants was brought by saved on the Calabrian side is certainly
sea from Venice and even from Greece, larger—principally, I think, because the
and by railway from Naples; and in Bari houses in Reggio, Villa San Giovanni,
itself, in the month of September, the Palmi, and the other towns destroyed
Neapolitan water was sold for fifteen were much lower than those in the city.
centimes the quart as a luxury, while the Moreover, as will be seen before long,
same quantity of good wine could be had for many persons died of hunger and thirst
only ten centimes. Even here in Sorrento in Messina, where the whole water supply
there was no rain that deserved the name was cut off by the ruin of the first shock,
from the 20th of April to the 19th of Octo- and bread was not obtainable at any price
ber : and when it came at last the leaves for many days ; but on the Calabrian side
of the orange and lemon trees were wither- the survivors camped out in the orange
ing, a thing which no one new living ré- groves, and the fruit, which is almost ripe
members to have seerr before. Will any at Christmas in that latitude, stayed their
one assert that besides these very visible hunger and assuaged their thirst.
—_—

+e
YP

ui, batt

re

A TYPICAL MESSINA GIRL

 WAITING TO BE TAKEN FROM MESSINA

Among the direct causes of the enor- that preceded the shock and might have
mous loss of life a chief one is discernible been a warning to many in waking hours,
in the day of the week on which the dis- it seemed to begin far away and to ap-
aster occurred, and the hour at which the proach very quickly, swelling to a terrific
first shock came. It was on a Monday. ° roar just before the crash. Another in-
Christmas had fallen on the preceding stant and the solid earth rose and fell in
Friday; the Saturday and Sunday had long waves, twice, three times, four times
been days of feasting, prolonged far into perhaps, and the houses and churches
the night, and followed by heavy sleep. swayed from side to side, in the darkness;
Monday was to be a working day, indeed, for the young moon had set before mid-
but every one knew that very little would night, and it lacked more than an hour of
be done during the following week, and dawn. ‘The whole city and the towns on
that there was no urgent necessity for the opposite side of the Straits fell at
getting up long before daylight. Besides, once with a crash that no language can
even in the South, the land of early rising, describe ; then followed the long-resound-
few people are astir before half-past five ing rumble of avalanches of masonry ; and
in midwinter, the hour of the soldiers’ when those awful moments were over,
reveille at that season. But the shock nearly two hundred thousand human be-
came just at twenty minutes past five; in ings were dead, on both sides of the
other words, ten minutes before the most Straits.
early riser would be out of bed, and more Almost at the same moment another
than a full hour before the greater num- sound was heard, almost more terrible
ber of the inhabitants usually got up. than the first—the sound of a moving
A southwest wind was blowing and the mountain of water; for the sea had risen
sky was black when the fatal moment bodily in a monstrous wave and was
came, but it was not yet raining. Those sweeping over the harbor, carrying away
who were awake and survived remember hundreds of tons of masonry from the
hearing the horrible subterranean thunder outer pier, tearing ships and iron steamers
678
 THE GREATEST DISASTER OF HISTORY 679
from their moorings like mere skiffs and then, crushed in their beds, and happy
hurling them against the ruins of the great the few who escaped unhurt, by miracles
Palazzata that was built along the semi- of chance ; for the long agony of those
circular quay, only to sweep them back, buried alive had begun and was to last
keel upwards and full of dead and dying many days, and some were to die of hun-
men, as the hill of water sank down and ger and thirst, and many of their wounds,
ebbed away. When it had quite sub- but many also were to be slowly burned
sided, the inner portion of the harbor was to. death by the fire that sometimes shot
half full of sand and mud and stranded up in high flames, but was creeping and
wrecks. smoldering along below, often out of sight,
Thdse who say that they “saw ” these and unquenched by the rain that fell in
things are either untruthful, or else, in torrents day after day. It is not good
vivid recollection of sensation, but without for healthy-minded people to dwell on
the true memory of events, they confuse thoughts of horror, but facts are facts;
what they heard and felt with what they three days after the earthquake the fire
might have felt and seen; for though was still burning in many places, and the
some of the gaslights in the streets con- smell of roasting flesh was simply over-
tinued to burn for a few minutes, the powering.
darkness was almost total. Not a tenth of the suffering of those
Then a lurid and sinister light sprang poor creatures will ever be known, or can
up from the ruined city in two or three even be guessed; but when it is remem-
places at once. The gas mains had bered that a small number of persons
burst and had taken fire, and by some were brought out of the ruinsalive after ten
strange chance the gas-works themselves days and some after a much longer time, it
stood unhurt outside the city, supplying is easy. to. believe that thousands may
the great jets of flame with a full pressure. have suffered slow torture for as much as
Blessed were they that. died instantly a whole week before death set them free.

MESSINA: A SECTION OF THE RUINS

680 THE OUTLOOK
| For once in the mod- persons who had escaped alive and had
The News of | ern annals of public fled to Catania, or else from the survivors
Disaster | disaster, the first re- in Calabria who hastened northwards to
ports of what had Naples.
happened were far behind the truth, What is quite certain is that the first
though every one took them to be exag- descriptions of the earthquake were pure
gerated. In Southern Italy nature is inventions. One individual, in particular,
dramatic, sudden, and violent, and those assured the Italian press that he had
who live here are accustomed to earth- “seen” everything from the harbor ; that
quakes, to eruptions of volcanoes, and in an instant after the shock the city had
even to cyclones as phenomena of at disappeared in a cloud of dust, that he
least yearly occurrence. With such ex- estimated the height of the “ tidal” wave
periences always fresh in the memory, one at about thirty-six feet, and that he had
is not easily moved by the first account of ‘‘seen” an iron vessel washed up bodily
a natural convulsion , where we have been against the front of the buildings on the
told that ten thousand persons have per- Palazzata and carried back again.
ished, it has often turned out that only a The answer is a simple one. ‘The ca-
few hundreds have lost their lives, and it tastrophe took place in the dark. No
has been telegraphed that whole towns one “saw” anything of it, except the
were wrecked when barely half a dozen flames that broke out, until daylight re-
houses have fallen; it is not surprising vealed the truth, and then there were no
that when we first heard of the Messina means of communication between the
earthquake, late on that Monday afternoon, fallen city and the outside world.
we should not have taken the report very The Italians possess many. remarkable
seriously. ‘ Divide by ten,” said one, qualities, both physical and mental, and
‘by twenty,” said another, “by a hun- they are a lovable people, ever ready to
dred,” said a third, little guessing the sympathize with suffering; but they are
truth. not good organizers, and their chief weak-
All telegraphic communication was ness is an extraordinary liking for ‘ com-
broken, and the railways were wrecked on mittees ”’. and over-administration gener-
both shores. ‘The first news was sent by ally. This probably proceeds from some
an Italian torpedo-boat, which arrived with lingering belief in those theories which we
some others about four hours after the rightly regard as exploded, simply because
earthquake had taken place. Apparently, they will not work in practice.
the wave ran down the Straits from its
rise, for it reached Malta, a hundred miles [rae leah ae Almost
as soon as
to the southward, whereas there was no dis- Po the first news reached
turbance of the sea further north than the Relief Naples “committees”
Gulf of Sant’ Eufemia, which is the deep for relieving the suf-~-
bay just above Cape Vaticano, the last ferers were formed everywhere to receive
headland of Calabria before the Straits contributions and distribute the mc rey
come into sight. collected; and everywhere a geneious
“* Messina was completely destroyed by haste to give moved rich and poor.
an earthquake at twenty minutes past five Hard-werking fishermen of Sorrento gave
this morning.” That was the short mes- their savings, women of the people took
sage which the captain of the torpedo- their little gold earrings from their ears
boat sent by the first wireless station on and such cheap trinkets as they possessed
the Italian shore with which he could and gave them to be sold; the very beg-
communicate; and that was all we heard gars in the streets of Naples gave the
for nearly twenty-four hours. pennies they had just got in charity; and
The telegraph wires once down, the the rich did their share generously, too.
authorities preserved the most extraor- It was not the desire to help, nor the
dinary secrecy in regard to everything means, that was lacking, but the strong
that was taking place, and the only news hand and the common sense 'to apply the
of any sort which was received by the means to the end. The committees did
outside world for a long time came from not know what to do, and the military
«
 NEAPOLITAN SINGERS IN THE STREETS OF MESSINA
EARNING CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE SUFFERERS

and naval authorities spun cocoons of red would despatch trustworthy persons to
tape about themselves. ascertain the extent of their losses as soon
There was a rush for Messina, and as they found that no communication was
steamers of every sort were pressed into to be had by post or telegraph.
the service. Many persons in Naples had Then, too, there were hundreds of news-
relations in the stricken city, every steam- paper correspondents, including a few
ship company had its agency, many of the foreign ones, all eager to reach the scene;
large manufacturing firms had their rep- and there were the merely curious, many
resentatives; it is clear that all these of whom started with a vague idea that
681
682 THE OUTLOOK
they could “ help” in some way; lastly, or entering the city on any pretext whatever,
there were professional thieves. without and of preventing all except the wounded
number, hastening to gathera rich harvest from getting to the steamers in the harbor ;
among the ruins finally, all the soldiers and foreign blue-
The steamers. mostly small, were jackets had instructions to shoot at sight any
thronged with all these people. Even the person seen searching for plunder among
little boats that ran between Naples, the ruins, and I know from an eye-witness
Sorrento, and Capri were sent to the that a large number of robbers were
Straits, crowded with passengers, but, actually killed under this order, which had
unhappily, not laden with provisions. It an excellent effect. A special guard of
seems not to have occurred to any of the Italian troops were also told off in a small
‘committees " that in the universal de- encampment for the purpose of receiving
struction all food supplies had been and taking care of such valuables as were
destroyed too; and the Italian torpedo- found by the excavating parties.
boats and men-of-war that first reached These Italian troops were half-starved
Messina after the earthquake were not and were relieved very iwregularly, but
provisioned for a long voyage and could they showed courage and endurance under
not spare much bread till regular supplies privations which might well have been
began to reach them. spared them. Iam far from blaming the
The consequence of this was that on military staff for what happened, for the
the third day, and even on the fourth, difficulties to be encountered were great,
most of those who had survived more or and just when a very large and sufficient
less unhurt had been without food since supply of eatables, generously sent by
the catastrophe ‘and between starvation and Germany, had been landed on the pier, a
terror were no better than madmen, rush- shock of earthquake raised a “tidal”
ing through the city in wild bands tothe har- wave which, though not otherwise very
bor whenever a steamer came in, and even destructive, was big enough to sweep the
wading out as far as they could. howling whole landed cargo over the mole into
for bread or imploring to be taken away. the deep water outside, where most of
The first, real assistance came in the the supplies sank instantly and beyond
shape of two Russian war-ships that had recovery.
been lying at Augusta, the ancient Megara, The Russian and English bluejackets
a natural harbor between Catama and either returned to their ships for their
Syracuse. They steamed into Messina rations or received them on shore at
moored, and immediately sent parties of regular hours. The Englishmen seem to
bluejackets ashore. Crowbars and pick have adopted the latter course, and hun-
axes for extricating the dead and wounded dreds of them gave half the food they
from the ruins were obtained from the received to the famished Italian soldiers,
Cittadella. The men worked quickly and some of whom were on duty in the cordon
with exemplary courage, each party being as long as twelve and fourteen hours at a
directed by an officer or petty officer, and time, and had no proper shelter or rations
not a few of them lost their lives in heroic to expect when they were relieved.
attempts to do the impossible. They For the barracks of the garrison had
were well organized, and worked in been completely destroyed and almost all
regular gangs for a fixed number of hours, the men had been killed. There was
at the end of which they were relieved by hardly a building of any size left standing
others, they themselves going on board to in Messina that was in a condition to be
eat and rest. occupied, and such as could be found had
They were afterwards’ joined by the to be utilized as hospitals.
crews of the English ships which were
despatched from Malta. A large num- The earthquake, too,
ber of Italian troops aiso arrived, chiefly The Horrors of | was not by any means
by land from other parts of Sicily, and Excavation | confined to the first
unprovided with provisions. On the fourth great shock or even
day a military cordon was formed with the to those which followed it on the same
object of hindering all civilians from landing day. For a week arid more the dis-
 C
rHE APPLE BOY IN THE AMPS OF THE SOLDIERS

turbances continued at intervals, so that air even to agreat distance. The soldiers
the bombardment, which was so much and sailors shot them when they could, but
talked of as a necessary measure, was when thousands of human beings were
rendered quite useless long before the hope buried alive there was no time to think
of saving more lives was extinguished; of protecting or burying the dead; every
everything that could fall had fallen. minute might mean a life, and the men
The results of the first attempts at ex- worked on with astounding pluck and
cavation were in many cases too frightful energy.
to be described in detail. It is enough to They did their best, and beyond—
say that thousands of bodies had been ‘‘Wha does the utmost that he can, will
literally torn to pieces by the falling ma- whiles do mair,’”’ said Burns, and no
sonry, limb from limb, in ghastly fragments praise that has been lavished on brave
that lay here and there among the rubbish “Now then, Smith” and his comrades
and were greedily devoured by the innu- has been beyond the measure of justice.
merable dogs that had already descended But the task was too great for their
from the Sicilian hills, drawn from many small numbers to accomplish except to a
miles away by the stench that soon filled the very limited extent. What could a few
683
 684 THE OUTLOOK
hundred men do, or ten times their num- boards, on shutters, or even on the stones,
ber, where over a hundred thousand were under the torrential rain, for a long time.
buried, alive and dead, under the ruins of until the surgeons, working for many
a city built altogether of stone and mortar ? hours without rest, could give them their
I could not help reflecting that very many turn at last, only to find more than half
more would have been saved from the of them dead of exposure, or already
wreck of an American town constructed atracked by the deadly tetanus, which
with mere shells of walls stuck into iron made innumerable victims and was com-
frames that could never fall bodily to the municated from one wounded person to
ground. There certainly are arguments another, or even by the stretchers them.
in favor of American construction where selves.
earthquakes are frequent; but the gen- ‘Some attempt was made to bury the
- eral counter-argument is that Italian-built dead, even from the first, out of instinctive
houses do not burn easily, as is proved by decency, but that was not the urgent
the fact that San Francisco burned like business of the moment. When there was
matchwood after the earthquake, whereas still life, an effort must be made to save it,
in Messina the slow fire smoldered along, and the unbroken moaning and wailing of
mostly underground, for a week or more the thousands who were buried alive came
and then went out, leaving the great very distinctly to the ears of the workers.
mass of material untouched. The older So the dead lay everywhere, often side by
houses were built with brick floors laid on side in tens and twenties, half naked or
wooden beams which, with the vast quan- altogether so, under the drenching rain;
tity of furniture buried under the ruins, and when night came the wild dogs de-
supplied fuel for many days. voured them. If the unhurt survivors
It is clear that, as there was no water to could have been fed, and managed by a
be had, it was impossible to make excava- few leaders of determined character, so as
tions where the fire was burning below; to be brought back so their senses, they
to give it more air would have been dis- would willingly have labored to carry away
astrous as well as dangerous to the diggers, and inter their dead fellow-townsmen.
and nothing would have resulted except, But most of them were nothing more than
perhaps, a quicker death for some of the starving madmen, blind with hunger and
poor sufferers who were still alive and in fear, and rushing wildly from place to
torment under the ruins. The sailorsplace, wherever there was a rumor that
wisely followed the lines of least resistance
any food was to be got, and then, disap-
and saved life where the most lives could pointed of their empty expectation, dash-
be saved in the shortest time. ing furiously to the harbor by the most
But it was not enough to bring the des- practicable way, in the equally vain hope
perately wounded to the surface, though that some steamer would take them on
that was all the men could do; the rest board or at least send them a boatload of
was surgeon’s work that could hardly be _ bread.’ Many of the weaker men, as
done at all under such circumstances, and well as women and children, were thrown
many perished because it was physically down and trampled to death in these
impossible even to give them first aid in stampedes.
time to save them. How Could. it be ex- In cases of protracted panic or public
pected that a few men-of-war and a small terror all explanations fail. Those mad-
body of troops should be provided with dened creatures were all Sicilians, and
enough stretchers to meet the require- familiar with the neighboring country. One
ments of the moment? Or that unlimited lucid moment of reason would have shown
quantities of antiseptics and anzsthetics them that salvation lay in the hills and on
should be ready, where hospitals and the road to Cefali:i and Palermo, where
pharmacies had been totally destroyed they could have found food and water in
and everything had to be taken from the many places, and shelter, too, less than
comparatively small supplies carried by the twenty miles from Messina. The cordon
war vessels themselves? And where of troops on the land side had orders to
there was no shelter, who could be blamed prevent any one from entering the city,
if the wounded lay on stretchers, on but not from leaving it, as a small number
A MAN WHO LOST ALL HIS FAMILY AND ALL HIS PROPERTY

PRAYER FOR THE DEAD

 (
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FROM MESSINA
did. The rest were simply beside them- tary command had established a wireless
selves with fright and starvation, and were telegraph station by the third day, but it
continually drawn towards the harbor, as was reserved exclusively for official use,
iron is drawn by a magnet. and no official telegrams were published or
It was only from those few who left the otherwise communicated to the public,
city on foot that any information reached though one or two messages leaked out
the outer world for some time. The mili- now and then. I do not know why such
686 y
 THE GREATEST DISASTER OF HISTORY 687
secrecy was preserved at a time when the standing, but when they opened the front
whole nation’s sympathies were wrought door they were amazed to find the way
up to the highest degree, and when any blocked by heaps of fallen masonry, for a
genuine and authorized bulletin of news part of the front wall of the upper ‘story °
would have been a boon to thousands. had fallen forwards, towards the square;
The fact remains; only the soldiers and if it had fallen inwards it would probably
bluejackets ashore knew the real state of have carried the floors with it and they
things. would all have been killed. As it was,
they had difficulty in clambering out over
| Before concluding the rubbish, till they reached the open
| The Storyof One | this first part of my square, with their light still burning. By
Femily narrative, and by way this time the street lamps had all gone
~ of summing up what out.
took place during the first three days, I A figure at once confronted Signor
shall give the short account I have from Romeo; it was his next-door neighbor,
the lips of a survivor, Signor Paolo Romeo, in his nightshirt, imploring for help to get
who is now in my care with his wife and his two children out of the ruins. Romeo
four children, who were all happily saved answered that he must first place his own
unhurt. family in safety, and would then come
This family lived in a small house at back and do what he could; “ safety”
the highest part of the city, opposite the consisted in getting well away from the
sotanical Gardens, and they, occupied houses, towards the Botanical Gardens, in
the flat at the head of the first flight order to wait for daylight. When Romeo
of stairs, above which there were two came back, bringing his lamp with him, he
more stories. Sigiser Romeo, who is an found the unhappy man already trying to
early riser, was half awake and half doz- force his way among the ruins, at the
ing when he felt the bed violently joggled imminent risk of his life. It is enough to
up and down several times, and at the say that the two young children were got
same time he heard the roar of the earth- out alive and unhurt, by the light of the
quake. Well knowing what was to be lamp, but that the man found it quite
feared, he sprang to his feet in the dark, impossible to get at any clothing for them
calling to his wife to do the same. She or for himself.
had been sleeping with her infant child in A measure of the universal destruction
her arms, but was already on her feet and of life during those first moments is given
close to her husband. The shocks now by the fact, vouched for by every survivor
became “ undulatory,” and the walls began who has been questioned, that there were
to rock backwards and forwards. Drag- hardly any people to be seen in the streets ;
ging his wife, with his child, toward the whereas in all recorded earthquakes more
window, Romeo opened it quickly and than half the population has been out of
brought them out upon the balcony, where doors within two or three minutes.
there was some light, for the gas in the Signor Romeo had a fourth child, a
square had_not yet gone out. He then daughter of .eighteen years, who was
went back into the room and got a candle, studying music, and had been stopping
believing the worst of the shocks to be with an aunt in the lower part of the city.
over. But the match-box had been thrown As soon as day dawned, which was after
off the table, and it was some time before seven o’clock, as the sky was black and
he could find it on the floor. Meanwhile threatening, the father and the eldest son
his two sons, one of them a young man, started to go down into the city in search
the other a boy of twelve, had come in of the girl. Before they had gone far,
from the next room. In the lull, he they understood that it was next door to
bade them put on the first clothes they impossible to get through, for the streets
could lay hands on, while he and his wife were blocked with mountainous heaps of
dressed themselves hastily. fallen masonry, which were continually
They all went out, after lighting a lamp, growing as the slight but often-repeated
which they took with them, they scarcely shocks brought down more rubbish from
knew why. The stone staircase was still above. The two men soon went back to
3A
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A GIRL FROM REGGIO

 THE GREATEST DISASTER OF ‘HISTORY 689
the rest of their family, intending to skirt others, for his children had eaten nothing
the city from above so as to get down all day, much less he himself or his wife.
to the harbor by the more open suburb. He subsequently met an officer whom he
A fine rain now began to fall, which knew and who had a piece of bread, which ~
gradually increased in volume during the he consented to share, for the children’s
following afternoon, till it became a tropical sake. There was no water to be had
downpour that lasted almost without inter- except by collecting the falling rain, but
ruption till the end of the week. It be- oranges are both food and drink, and
ome
Ag
came absolutely necessary to make some Romeo made his way back to his family
temporary shelter for the women, and with the wretched provisions. —

Signor Romeo and a few other men who “We were all stunned,” he says, “ and
had saved members of their families in the we acted automatically.” It was not till
upper part of the city joined forces ; they later that they began to realize their loss,
collected all the boards they could safely and the losses of others. The first night
drag out of the ruins, and built a Sort of was spent under the improvised hut, in a wea

hut, in which about twenty people could sort of stupor that was not sleep, but
huddle together. As it was impossible to which brought a restful unconsciousness
find the smallest piece of canvas or stuff of physical privation and exposure ; and,
of any kind with which to cover the roof, after all, the Romeo family were far better
the rain trickled down continually between off for clothes and counted fewer victims
the boards; nevertheless, the shelter was than any of the others who took shelter
better than nothing. The hut was erected with them.
in a flower garden at a safe distance from On the following day the two -Russian
any walls. men-of-war arrived, of which the officers
A great part of the day was consumed and crews did such good work. At any
in this work, but before night Romeo time it would have been possible for the
made another effort to find his daughter. Romeo family to leave the city on the
When he reached the house at last, he saw land side and make their way to some
that it was a heap of ruins, and as his village where they would have been well
repeated calls, wherever thefe were open- received and cared for. On being asked
ings in the rubbish, elicited no reply, h2 why they did not follow this plan, Signor
concluded that his child had perished with Romeo answers me that it was not prac-
her aunt, who was. his sister, and the rest ticable, because the roads were so ob-
of the family. structed that no one could pass out.
He now tried to procure some food, for This was not really the case, for a certain
people he met here and there, if they were number of persons not only went out to
sane enough to speak connectedly, told the country by that way, but returned
him. that: bread was being distributed at the bringing peasants from their own farms
Cittadella, the large old fort situated where to help them in digging out those buried
the “ sickle ” of land that forms the harbor under the ruins of their houses. Never-
joins the shore. Its outer walls are proof theless, the conviction that there was no
against earthquake and tidal waves, but exit on that side was general. As an
the floors within had fallen through. On instance of it I may say at once that
reaching the gate, where there were some Signor Romeo’s daughter, who was sup-
soldiers, Signor Romeo found that a small posed to have perished, but whose uncle
quantity of bread had actually been dis- by marriage was saved with her, traveled
ee
er
ea tributed, but that there was none left. by train to Catania, Castrogiovanni, and
Going along by what had been the pier, Termini, near Palermo, making an im-
ial of which one half had sunk below the mense circuit in order to reach Patti,
level of the sea, he came upon a number which is less than fifty miles from Mes-
of people who were appropriating a load sina, on the northern coast of Sicily. The
of oranges from a cart that stood-there. only conceivable explanation of such folly
The oranges were packed in strapped cases is that people were bereft of their senses
of thin deal, which the men broke open by nervous shock and by a sort of general
with their hands. Signor Romeo fought lowering of their vitality caused by ex-
his way in and filled his pockets like the posure to drenching rain and almost entire
690 THE OUTLOOK
lack of food. Those persons who had off from them and left them adrift in the
made for themselves a shelter of any swell that was running in with the tide.
sort seem to have hardly moved away The Ionio was to leave early in the morn-
from it; the rest, and by far the greater ing.
number, gathered in companies and The party cried out for help, and for-
bands, that hurried perpetually from place tunately were heard on board the royal
to plaee in search of food or help till they man-of-war, for it was now quite dark.
were in astate bordering on frenzy. In a few moments a searchlight was
Signor Romeo, who showed uncommon turned upon them, and almost immediately
endurance and presence of mind through- afterwards a steam-launch came off in
out, next bethought him of. an aged in- charge of an officer. On ascertaining
valid aunt of his, who had long been the their trouble, he towed them alongside of
Mother Superior of a convent school for the Ionio and peremptorily ordered the
girls that also stood in the upper part of captain to lower the ladder for them and
the city. ‘Io his amazement he found the take them on board, which was done.
building standing, and the nuns, with the They sailed at daybreak, and reached
nineteen girls under their charge, all safe Naples in the middle of the night. It
and unhurt, though the adjoining church was on the Wednesday afternoon that
was nothing but a heap of dust. They Messina was put in a state of siege, and
gave him some food, for they had provis- that the first English war-ships arrived
ions in the house, which would have been from Malta.
sacked by the street mob if the fact had Signor Romeo is a fine specimen of
been known, and he promised to help the Sicilian of the middle class, cool,
them away from the city as soon as it courageous, and self-respecting ; his mem-
should be possible. He tells me, how- ory is good, and he tells his story quietly
ever, that he and his family were hardly and connectedly. At a guess, he believes
able to swallow a morsel,-and were still that between twenty and twenty-five thou-
utterly stunned and dazed. sand persons may have escaped alive,
It was on Wednesday that the chance between the wounded and the sound, out
of escape came at last, in the shape of a of a population of nearly one hundred and
steamer named the lIonio, sent from fifty thousand ; he speaks very intelligently
Naples to bring away as many of the sur- about the possibilities of rebuilding the
vivors as possible. ‘The Russian men-of- city, and fully intends to return thither
war took charge only of those persons, himself in due time.
hurt or unhurt, who were rescued from Yet even with such a man, distinctly
the ruins or found wounded in the street. superior to the average in presénce of
On that day a war-ship arrived bringing mind and accuracy of memory, the recol-
the King and Queen of Italy, of whose lection of the whole calamity is one too
admirable conduct I shall speak hereafter. confused by horror to be turned into an
It was late in the short winter’s after- impression intelligible to readers at a dis-
noon when Signor Romeo succeeded in tance from the scene of disaster. When
conveying to the harbor his family, the he and his family had first come to me,
helpless Mother Superior of the convent, two or three days after their arrival in
who had to be carried on a mattress, the Naples, his wife and children were still
nun teachers, and the nineteen girls of visibly stunned and suffering from nerv-
different ages who were in their charge, ous. shock. They started violently at
being about twenty-eight persons in all. any sudden noise, even that of a door
By that time the Ionio was almost full, slammed. ‘They could only remember the
and when, after many difficulties, the sight of the dead, of corpses, corpses
large party came alongside the steamer everywhere, and at night their sleep was
after dark, the captain ordered the ladder disturbed by hideous visions. The strong
to be hauled up, and positively refused man could only say quite quietly, what
to receive them. They were in a barge, thousands have said and hundreds have
which had been towed out by a tugboat, written —‘ No language can describe what
and the latter, to their horror, now cast I saw.”
 —
VPI TNL 218)

PRESIDENT TAFT’S CABINET

BY ELBERT F. BALDWIN

HERE are, of course, nine men clients were Carnegie, Phipps & Co.,
in the new Cabinet. Chief inter- Henry Clay Frick, and other great Pitts-
est center$ in its Premier, the burgh interests. Knox & Reed became
Secretary of State. The new Secretary known as the most prosperous firm at the
is Philander Chase Knox, of Pennsylvania. Allegheny County bar, and Mr. Knox
He is fifty-five years old, but his kindly, became a great corporation lawyer.
round, smooth-shaven face and short Now, the United States of America is
stature give him a much more youthful the largest corporation. It needs as
appearance than is justified by his years, Attorney-General the services of a man
A small man to look at, Mr. Knox’s men- who-has brilliantly served other corpora-
tality and efficiency, like Napoleon’s, are tions. This need was especially evident in
in inverse proportion to his physical size. 1901. Many men had begun to think
He comes from Brownsville—not the that the Anti-Trust and Inter-State Com-
Texas Brownsville of unsavory repute, merce Laws, in checking industrial, com-
but Brownsville, Pennsylvania, on the mercial, and transportation corporations
Monongahela River. He went to Mount when they became monopolies, could hardly
Union College at Alliance, Ohio. There be made effective without a Constitutional
he formed a friendship for one William amendment. When Attorney-General
McKinley, who later was to introduce Griggs retired, President McKinley, who
Mr. Knox to National fame as Attorney- knew what Mr. Knox might mean to the
General. Young Knox had not yet Government, appointed him Attorney-
decided upon a profession when he met General. Though the Pittsburgh lawyer
McKinley, and it was McKinley who was now making a hundred thousand dol-
influenced him to choose law. He studied lars a year, he accepted the eight-thousand-
law in Pittsburgh under the great jury dollar place. He appreciated both the
lawyer Swope. But Mr. Knox did not honor and the opportunity. But of course
become a jury pleader. He made his there was an immediate uproar in the
reputation, not in the court-room pleading Opposition papers. They declared that
with juries, but in his office in consulta- because Mr. Knox had been the counsel
tion work. He formed a partnership of great private interests in Pennsylvania,
with James H. Reed under the name the President, in league with the corpora-
of Knox & Reed. Among the firm’s tions, had actually made him Government
4 691
692 THE OUTLOOK
counsel for those interests, his salary to be When Mr. Root found that he could
paid by the public! The papers: com- not continue as Secretary of State, the
mented less Aadversely,. however, as soon as President-elect and the country were
the corporation lawyer began to show. the thrown into mourning. Elihu Root elim-
Government how it could control corpora- inated, who was. to be mentioned in the
tion monopoly. He was vitally interested same breath? Noone. ‘But a Secretary
in the organization of the Department of of State there must be, Some one must
Commerce and Labor, and believed that serve. What are the prime requisites of
the chief bureau in that department should a Secretary of State? He mustbe either
be a Bureau of Corporations, its head to a great lawyer or a great publicist.. The
have the power to investigate the organ- greatest lawyer in the United States Sen-
ization and conduct of the business of ate and one of the greatest in the country
the great corporations engaged in inter was Philander Knox. Mr. Taft chose
State commerce. Secondly, Mr. Knox out- him. Mr. Knox accepted. But Mr.
lined the legislation needed (later passed) Knox is more than merely a great lawyer.
to expedite the hearing of suits under the He is a great organizer and business man,
Anti-Trust and Inter-State Commerce as even the most casual acquaintance may’
Laws. ‘Thirdly, Mr. Knox, now under realize from his brisk manner as he de-
McKinley’s successor, Theodore Roose- cides legislative questions in his committee
velt; startled both friends and foes by his room. He isthe Chairman of the Com-
vigor in prosecuting the Northern Securi- mittee on Rules—a position of power
ties Company, the corporation organized indeed.
to merge the Great Northern and North- Like almost all men of mark, Mr. Knox
ern Pacific Railways. The law forbids likes to enjoy the detachment of recrea-
the combination ot two competing rail- tion in as strong distinction as possible to
ways, as in restraint of trade. _The ques- his daily toil. .He finds such recreation in
tion was, Were the railways really com- fishing and in driving’ his well-bred trot-
peting? The Attorney-General showed ting horses, especially about his farm of
that they were, and the Supreme Court’s several hundred acres at historic Valley
decree vindicated his position in every Forge, near Philadelphia.
particular. Fourthly, perhaps a more im- Next to the Secretaryship of State in
portant achievement was Mr. Knox’s work rank and in succession to the Presidency
in connection with the purehase of the comes the Secretaryship of the Treasury.
Panama Canal ; for upon him as Attorney- In seeking a new Secretary of the Treasury,
General devolved the duty of securing a Mr. Taft wanted a man who had had
good title to the old Panama Canal Com- experience with finance, who had been a
pany’s property. By his efforts the United student’ of finance, but who would not
States received a good, valid, and un- have the possible bias which might come
incumbered title. to one stepping directly from a position of
In 1904 Mr. Knox resigned his position banker to the position of Secretary of the
to become United States Senator from Treasury. In choosing Franklin Mac-
Pennsylvania. Hts experience in the Veagh, of Chicago, for this honor, Mr.
Senate will be of high value to him in his Taft has selected a practical man familiar
new Office. Indeed, it gives to him a with banking affairs, but whose life-work
distinct qualification in this respect over has not been that of a banker ; it has been
his immediate predec:ssors in the State that of a merchant. Born on a farm in
Department. Many Senators trusted Mr. Chester County, Pennsylvania, a Yale and
Hay; more trusted Mr. Root; but prac- Columbia law graduate, and starting out
tically all Senators trust Mr. Knox. They as a lawyer, Mr. MacVeagh abandoned
realize that he must always avail himself practice because of ill health, and estab-
of the experience in the Senate that Mr. lished a wholesale grocery business in
Hay and Mr. Root did not have, and that Chicago, at the head of which he has long
he understands, not only Senatorial tra- continued. His selection recalls the selec-
ditions, but also and especially that inter- tion by President Grant of A. T. Stewart,
esting state of being known as “the the dry goods merchant, for the samc
Senatorial mind.” position. Neither General Grant nor Mr,
 ws

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PYRIGHT, 1908, BY PACH BROS.

PHILANDER C. KNOX
Secretary of State

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COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY MOFFETT STUDIO, CHICAGO
FRANKLIN MACVEAGH
Secretary of the Treasury

Stewart realized till after the appointment States Senator, and made a canvass of the
was made that a merchant must have dis- State ; but the nomination was defeated
posed of his mercantile interests in order in the Legislature. Mr. MacVeagh is a
to qualify for the position. It is under- fine type of the public-spirited citizen. A
stood that Mr. MacVeagh has divested generation ago he became President of
himself of all connection with his mercan- the Chicago Citizens’ Association, and
tile interests. It is not necessary, how- inaugurated many important municipal
ever, for a man to retire from the bank- reforms. At present he is President of
ing business to become Secretary of the the Chicago Bureau of Charities and of Ah
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Treasury. An interesting feature of Mr. the Chicago Municipal Art League. He ae

MacVeagh’s appointment is the fact that is a Vice-President of the American Civic

he acted w ch the Democrats until the Association, and is a member of the
advent of Mr. Bryan as leader of that executive committee of the National Civic
party. Ir 1894 the Illinois Democrats Federation, and fairly deserves the title of
nominated Mr. MacVeagh for United publicist as well as financier.
694 .
COPYRIGHT, 1909 BY MOFFETT STUDIO, CHICAGO
JACOB M. DICKINSON
SecretaryofWar

The next member of the Cabinet in the special commission on the Tennessee
Presidential succession is the Secretary of Supreme Bench. Later, under President
War, and the Hon. Jacob McGavock Cleveland, he was an Assistant Attorney-
Dickinson has been chosen for this distinc- General of the United States. In 1903,
tion. Here again, as in Mr. MacVeagh’s however, an event occurred which estab-
case, an interesting feature is the fact that lished his international reputation. The
Mr. Dickinson isa Democrat. Mr. Dick- Alaskan Boundary Tribunal met in Lon-
inson is fifty-eight years old. He was born don. Our Commissioners were Secretary
at Columbus, Mississippi. Heis a gradu- Root, Senators Lodge and Turner, and
ate of the University of Nashville, from Mr. Dickinson was appointed Counsel.
which he has also an M.A. degree. He His presentation of the American case .
studied law at Columbia College, New was so convincing as to convert the um-
York City, and at the Universities of pire, Lord “Alverstone, Lord Chief Justice
Leipsic and Paris. Admitted to the Ten- of England, himself, and the case was
nessee bar, he served several times by accordingly decided in our favor. Lord
: 695
 COPYRIGHT, 1909, BY PACH BROS., NEW YORK
GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM
Attorney-General

Alverstone afterwards said that Mr. Dick- the services of one who had shown him-
inson’s plea was one of the most masterful self such, but who was also known for his
legal arguments he had ever listened to. ability to organize and reorganize. The ono
Ee
l

In 1907 Mr. Dickinson was made Presi- President found his man in George W.
dent of the American Bar Association. He Wickersham, of New York, one whose
has been General Counsel for the Illinois quiet, modest manner gives little inkling
Central Railway system, and as such has of the rapid advance which has made
latterly resided in Chicago, but the nomi- more than one of his professional brethren
nation is, of course, credited to Tennessee ; say, ‘‘ Wickersham stands among the first
and Mr. Dickinson thus becomes the one of us in New York City.” The same
Southern member of the new Cabinet. newspapers which raised a hue and cry
Every Cabinet ought, if possible, to have when Mr. Knox was made Attorney-Gen-
at least one member from the South. eral eight years ago are now remarking
Next in order comes the Attorney- that Mr. Wickersham is connected with
General. In seeking for his Attorney- corporate interests and that the people
General, Mr. Taft, himself a great lawyer, can draw their own conclusions! Mr.
naturally took keen interest in securing Wickersham has no financial interests in e
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696 °
 COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY HARRIS & EWING
FRANK H. HITCHCOCK
Postmaster-General

the corporations which he has served. evidences of this he has shown himself
He is a corporation lawyer; but why, as particularly efficient as Chairman of the
in Mr. Knox’s case, should not the Fed- New York Milk Committee, which has
eral Government have the benefit of as vigorously taken up the milk problem in’
good a lawyer as the corporations have? the metropolis and has led public opinion
-_
Of course there are lawyers who are in that matter. Under Mr. Wickersham
nothing but corporation promoters, and the Committee has improved the milk
who are so identified with the business of supply and has thus been the means of
their corporations, and so much interested saving many children’s lives. The work
financially, that they are not lawyers at all. of this Committee, in which Mr. Wicker-
But when a man like Mr. Wickersham sham has been an active and inspiring in-
occupies a purely professional relation to fluence, has materially changed the death
a corporation, it is absurd to regard his rate of an army of young children in New
professional services to corporations as York City. Like most other members of
any objection to him. Mr. Wickersham the Cabinet, Mr. Wickersham is making a
Oe,
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ae is something more than a fine lawyer. great personal financial sacrifice in accept-
J He is also a fine citizen. Among other ing President Taft’s call to the service of
697
 GEORGE VON L. MEYER
Secretary of the Navy

the public through the office of Attorney- department with Secretary Cortelyou, its
General. first head, and then First Assistant Post-
Next comes the Postmaster-General. master-General when Mr. Cortelyou was
For this position Mr. Taft has chosen a transferred to the Postmaster-Generalship.
surprisingly young man. Frank Harris He was also Assistant Secretary of the
Hitchcock is only forty-one years old. Yet Republican National Committee under
even with his comparative youth in the Mr. Cortelyou four years ago, and so
scale, the average age of the Taft Cabinet remarkable were the clear-headed methods
members is about two years greater than then suggested by the tall, blond, reserved,
of those in the preceding Cabinet. Mr. unimpassioned-looking young man, and so
Hitchcock was born in Amherst, Ohio, and astute the political methods since sug-
is a graduate of Huvard and of the gested, that he was asked to aid in man-
Columbia Law School. He was admitted aging Mr. Taft’s Presidential candidacy.
to the bar of the District of Columbia in Among his fellows Mr. Hitchcock had
1894. But since 1891 he has been a been popularly known as owing his success
Government official. He was chief of the chiefly to his appreciation of the value of y+
|
Division of Foreign Markets in the United the card catalogue and his nimble opera-
States Department of Agriculture. Then tion thereof. ‘To this, as the Republican
he became Chief Clerk of the Department Convention approached, he added another
of Commerce and Labor, organizing that and even more striking method, the oe
6S
s@
698
 RICHARD A. BALLINGER
Secretary of the Interior

‘steam roller.” Thus he forecast Judge graduate. He has since been engaged in
Taft’s total in the Convention within two business as trustee and directur of large
votes. Such systematization received its corporations. In 1889 he entered the
reward when Mr. Hitchcock was made Boston Common Council, later becoming
Chairman of the Republican National a member of the Massachusetts Legis-
Committee, a position of power in some lature, and finally Speaker of the Massa-
respects more important than the Vice- chusetts House. From 1900 to 1905 he
Presidency of the United States itself. was Ambassador to Italy, and from 1905
Mr. Hitchcock’s well-tested gifts as an to 1907 Ambassador to Russia. As
administrator and his intimate knowledge Ambassador to Italy he made a friend of
of the post-office system throughout the the King, who treated him with unprece-
country constitute valuable equipments for dented consideration. He repeated that
the work of his important office. record at the Court of St. Petersburg.
Next in line comes the Secretary of the Mr. Meyer understands the art of social
Navy. The new Secretary, one of the relationships in the highest sense of that
two “ hold-overs ” of the Roosevelt Cabi- phrase, which perhaps aided him when, in
net, is the Hon. George von Lengerke 1905, President Roosevelt endeavored to
Meyer, Postmaster-General in that Cabi- influence Nicholas II to conclude peace
net. Mr. Meyer is fifty years old. He with Japan. After trying to induce the
was born in Boston, and is a Harvard combatants to come together in confer-
699
 COF ‘RIGHT BY PACH BROS.
J AMES WILSON
Secretary of Agriculture

ence and then to agree on peace terms, Next comes the Secretary of the In-
everything szemed arranged except the terior. Mr, Garfield’s efficient adminis-
question of indemnity and the disposition tration is now to give place to the admin-
of the island of Saghalien. “Not a istration, doubtless no less efficient, of
kopeck of indemnity, not an inch of Rus- Richard Achilles Ballinger, another man
sian soil,” swore the Emperor. © Finally, of attractively unassuming manner—this
one day Mr. Meyer got at the Imperial new Cabinet seems made up of such!
“ private ear.” Result: half of Saghalien Mr. Ballinger is fifty years old. He was
went to Japan. ‘That was Mr. Meyer’s born at Boonesboro, Iowa. He was
share in making peace. As Postmaster- graduated from Williams College in 1884.
General Mr. Meyer’s name hds_ been He is one of the ablest lawyers on the
known chiefly because of his advocacy of Pacific Coast. For a time he was Judge
the admirable Postal Savings Bank plan, of the Superior Court of the State of
by which such money order offices as the Washington. From 1904 to 1906 he
Postmaster-General designates are to be was Mayor of Seattle. Concerning his
postal savings bank offices to receive inter- Mayoralty Judge Ballinger wrote, in a
est-paying deposits. letter published with letters from all the
700
 ;
fi
i

COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY J. C. STRAUSS

CHARLES NAGEL
Secretary of Commerce and Labor

- members of his college class in their an- held in Seattle in 1909, and-was United
nual ‘* round robin : ” States Land Commissioner in the Depart-
The two years spent by me in the capacity ment of the Interior during the first year
of Mayor of the city of Seattle were years of Mr. Garfield’s incumbency as Secretary.
of the most intense struggle that I ever ex- Those two officers worked together with
perienced or ever expect to encounter. I signal success; and the Land Offfice
went into the office of Mayor unwillingly
mr
we
PD
— and to meet an emergency, and went out of probably never had a sterner or more
the office with great willingness, but against thorough overhauling. The successful
the protest of all the leading citizens of prosecution of the land thieves during
Seattle. The detailed history of my work is Mr. Roosevelt’s Administration had no
not worth writing, although I trust it may
have been of some utility to the municipality more effective aid than that given by
and indirectly to the country. I am now Judge Ballinger.
©Wy
7©
mm actively engaged in my profession, finding in Next in succession comes the Secretary
it sufficient opportunity in which to exercise of Agriculture. Americans of whatever
all my energy.
political persuasion will rejoice that James
Judge Ballinger is a vice-president of the Wilson is to be continued in this office.
Oo
nn
on Alaskan-Yukon Pacific Exposition, to be Mr. Wilson has been twelve years Secre-
701
702 THE OUTLOOK
tary of Agriculture. It is not too much with whom he has been associated, is in
to say that no Cabinet Minister ever so itself not only a liberal education~but a
transformed a Cabinet office. Not oniy personal delight. He is held in universal
has Mr. Wilson served longer than has atfection and esteem.
any other American Cabinet Minister ; he Last in the list comes the Secretary of
has also brought the spirit of continuity Commerce and Labor. For this position
and expansion to his department. The Mr. Taft has chosen Charles Nagel, of
country’s agriculture has bven the gainer. Missouri. Mr. Nagel is fifty-nine years
by increased crops and new crops worth o'd. He was born in Colorado County,
many million dollars of augmented annual Texas, but was graduated at the St. Louis
income. : High School and at the St. Louis Law
Mr. Wilson is seventy-three years old, School. He supplemented this by a year
and is thus the dean of the new Cab- at the University of Berlin, following which
inet, as he was of its predecessor. He he was admitted to the bar. His nomina-
is a Scot. When he was seventeen years tion emphasizes the lawyerlike character of
old, he came with his parents to America. the Taft Cabinet. Six of its members
They settled in Connecticut. After three are lawyers ; and a seventh practiced law
years they went to lowa. Here, by before entering upon mercantile pursuits.
long and intimate experience, Mr. Wilson Mr. Nagel was a member of the Missouri
received his practical ideas of farming. Legislature from 1881 to 1883 ; and was
Turning to politics, he became a member President of the St. Louis City Council
gf the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth from 1893 to 1897. He is a member of
Assemblies of Iowa, a part of the time the St. Louis Law School faculty; is a
serving as Speaker. From 1870 to 1874 trustee of Washington University and a
he was Regent of the State University of director of the St. Louis Museum of the
Iowa; and from 1877 to 1883 he, was a Fine Arts. His nomination especially
member of the Iowa State Railway Com- gratifies the Republicans of Missouri.
mission. Meanwhile, from 1873 to 1877 They naturally feel that their efforts in
he was Representative in Congress, and bringing their State into the Taft column
again from 1883 to 1885. He was from deserve recognition. But such consider-
1890 to 1897 Professor of Agriculture in the ations weigh as little with Mr. ‘Taft as they
Iowa Agricultural College at Ames. But could with any one. His controlling idea
Mr. Wilson’s tall, spare figure, his kindly in nominating men to Cabinet rank has not
smile, his keen eye, and.the suspicion of a been to reward personal friendships, or
Scottish accent in his speech, have come to close political affiliation, or ultimate admin-
be a recognized Washington institation. istrative association, or men who have
Serving under Presidents McKinley, established a school of political influence,
Rooseveit, and Taft, Secretary Wilson is or even to reward whole State accessions
the possessor of an immensely rich fund to his party. His aim has been to nomi-
of reminiscence. ‘To hear him talk either nate to each office the most efficient man
about himself or his work, or the men for that office.
THE BANKS O DOONM
AND
FOR A THAT AND
A THAT
ROBERT BURNS

Ir =>
SARA

| THE FOURTH OF A SERIES

OF GREAT POEMS,
WITH INTRODUCTIONS
 T the end of a hundred and fifty years
A after the birth of Robert Burns it is safe |
to assume that in his case the account
which the world keeps with its men of genius has
Al] been made up and closed; and the reputation
f which followed fast upon the publication of that
} unpretentious volume of poems at Kilmarnock in
1786 has deepened and widened into a great and
lasting fame. His confused and tragically broken
life has not been forgotten ; but those whose first
] impulse is to build monuments to righteousness by
stoning sinners have been arrested by the pathos
} of the struggle between Burns’s soaring imagina-
} tion and his sordid needs, between his powerful
} passions and the painfully narrow horizons of his
} situation. There has been no futile and immoral
endeavor to hide the bare and repulsive facts in
his career; but there has been, even among hard-
} ened Pharisees, a recognition of a moral problem
} too complicated for the touch-and-go judgments of
those inferior courts whose opinions are often mere
records of the blindness of human understanding.
Burns made grievous mistakes in the direction of
his life, and paid heavily in health, art, and repu-
tation ; he had also great and generous qualities
of nature, an innate nobility of spirit sometimes
} obscured but never obliterated, and a genius for
} making the heart speak which has given him access
i] to the homes of the English-speaking world.
With Shakespeare and Lincoln; he has been
i} haled into the court of public opinion as a witness
} to the fallacy that genius supersedes education
} and that to those whose lips have been touched by
i44i the divine fire no training is necessary. It hap-
} pens that each of these apparent exceptions to
} the rule that nothing great and enduring is ever done
without some form of preparation had the best of
} luck in_ specific training for his particular work.
Burns was singularly fortunate in finding early pre-
} cisely the material vitally adapted to his genius;
and this was true of Shakespeare and Lincoln as
well.
} It is true, Burns was born in a cottage built of
j clay, on the side of the road that runs from Ayr
 to the bridge of Doon, past the ruin of “ Allo-
way’s auld haunted Kirk ;” that a few days after
his birth a wild January storm blew down a gable
of the house and in a bleak dawn he was carried
to a neighbor’s for shelter—
“ A blast o’ Janwar’ win’
Blew hansel in on Robin ;”

that his father was a kind of peasant farmer, of

a noble rectitude, a spirited temper, and a devout
spirit, who;-for all his force, was bitterly beaten in
the fight for comfort ; that his school life, begun at
the age of five, was soon over, and that for him
the road ended where it really begins for boys of
easier condition.
These are, however, the accidents of condition;
education is a matter of vitalization, inspiration,
nourishment ; and all these fell to the lot of Burns.
He had rare teachers in those years when real
} teachers plant deep in a rich soil, and one of ‘these
was his father. Robert and his brother Gilbert
} not only learned many facts about the world, but
] were taught to see and think ; they were especially
drilled by a country schoolmaster of uncommon
} sense in the use of words, their meaning, their
j order, their simple and poetic uses ; and no small
| part of Burns’s achievement was his magical skill
} in making plain words serve the highest uses of
j the imagination. In the years when a child’s
nature lies open to every influence like an unshaded
field, the geritle Ayrshire lass who was his mother
} poured into him a wealth of Scotch poetry in
songs, ballads, legends, history—the very stuff of
which poetry is made. ‘There were a few books in
} the house of the right sort at a time when books
j were held in great honor: lives of Wallace and
other Scotch heroes, The Spectator, a few of
Shakespeare’s plays, Pope’s translation of Homer;
} a few books which supplied the intellectual gym-
| nastic which has given the mind of Scotland such
l vigorous fiber—Locke on “The Human Under-
standing,’ Boyle’s Lectures, treatises on theology
i} dear to the Scottish heart ; and, above all, a collec-
tion of songs. “I pored over them driving my
cart,” wrote Burns, “ or walking to labor, song by
song, verse by verse, carefully noting the true;
tender, or sublime, from affectation and fustian. [
am convinced I owe to this practice much of my }
critic-craft, such as it is.” After a generation’s
experiment in trying to’ teach literature by text- |
book, chart, blackboard, dictated exercise, daily |
theme, recitation, and lecture, not a few unhappy |
instructors in English are asking if the path Burns
took is not the only path to that love of literature
which is the beginning of the knowledge of it.
Moreover, they were a reading family on the
upland farm at Mount Oliphant ; one who came
upon them at meal-time found them equipped with a
spoon in one hand and a book in the other! Here
was a school of a freshness and inspiration which }
rarely opens to the boy of genius; and they are
fortunate who, like Goethe and Burns, have the
gates of the world of poetry flung wide by the hands
of a mother! Blessed are the children born to the
undefiled and indestructible heritage of poetry and
to the familiar and habitual use of the imagination
which is the joy of life in an age which tries to
live by reason; as if the imagination were not the
faculty of vision that carries reason on to the ulti-
mate truths 1
To these deep and fertilizing influences prepar-
ing the poet for his work must be added the inspir-
ing atmosphere of Scotland, a country set immov-
ably on the sternest realities, and yet never enslaved
by them; poor, but free; practical of hand, loyal
of heart, never without that gift of second sight
which is one of the resources of a great tempera-
ment. Under the rugged soil of this rain-swept
and sea-encircled land run quiet strains of sentiment,
silent rivers of poetry which rise out of a heroic
past, a noble history of “ lost causes and impossible
loyalties,” a profound religious experience, half a
thousand years’ intimacy with some of the greatest
poetry in literature, a strain of that mysticism which }
is the gift of poets and proyhets and artists. Better
a thousand times this irregular education which
liberates and inspires than the dull way of mechani-
cally directed schools and of those colleges that train
 the understanding and leave the creative faculty to
get its education as best-it can!
Burns was to deal, not with the rich results of
thought, as Tennyson did, nor with the splendid
play of personality daring to believe'in its right and
power, as Browning did, nor to record the reaction
of knowledge upon faith, as Arnold did; his busi-
ness lay with the human heart and its elemental
passions, with those great strains of independence,
self-reliance, and indifference to the badges of suc-
cess, the external signs of power. He became the
poet of the Scotch fireside and of the sturdy Scotch
integrity ;the most intimate singer the Scotch have
ever known, and the dearest; the most outspoken
singer of essential manhood, who has set the very
soul of democracy to music. He was strongest
when his feet were on the ground of simple emo-
tions in the simplest speech ; his art was weak only
when he yielded to the influence of a sophisticated
society. He was a plowman, and it was in the fields
that he found the “ Wee, modest, crimson-tippéd
flow’r,’’ and the “‘ Wee, sleekit, cow’rin’, tim’rous
beastie ;”” it was in little houses of clay that he saw
the tender and beautiful drama of the family in
“ The Cotter’s Saturday Night ;” it was out of such
homes that Mary Morison, Highland Mary, and
Nannie came; it was at the wayside inn, on the
lonely country road, and in the remote kirk that
he found “Tam o’ Shanter,” “Holy Willie’s
Prayer,” keen to the edge of. irreverence with
biting irony, the “ Address to the Deil,” “‘ The Holy
Fair;” it was out of the very heart of Scotland
that “ Auld Lang Syne,” “ John Anderson, My Jo,”
“OQ Wert Thou in the Cauld Blast,” and “ A Man’s
a Man for a’ That” issued like deep streams flow-
ing from hidden fountains. No one can under-
stand Scotland who reads the formal histories and
leaves these intimate confessions of the soul out of
account.
Burns had wonderful fidelity to life in detail, and
wonderful freshness in giving detail lifelikeness;
he had the largeness and freedom of a powerful |
} intellect, and he had the fierce and at times reck-
j less energy of a great but imperfectly controlled
personality. When he sings the equality and dig-
nity of man as man, he strikes notes which have
reverberated through the English-speaking world;
when he sings the sorrow and sweetness of the
Scotch home, or the tenderness akin to sadness of
love, he touches the hidden sources of smiles and
tears; when he gives his genius for touching life
on the quick, his rollicking and audacious humor,
his fresh and vital diction, free rein, as in “‘ Tam 0’
Shanter ” and “The Jolly Beggars,” he achieves,
as Matthew Arnold has said, ‘“ superb poetic
success.”” But Burns is dear to us most of all
in ** Auld Sang Syne,” in “ Duncan Gray,” in
“Whistle an’ I’ll Come to You, My Lad,” and a
dozen other poems compounded of the very stuff
of the poetry which once heard lingers in the ear and
lives in the heart ; a tenderness akin to tears, pierc-
ing pathos, sparkling wit, a manner at once intimate
and masterful, a sense of human fate appealingly
tragic or touched as by a wing astray from heaven.
. H. W. M.

FOR A’ THAT AND A’ THAT

Is there for honest poverty
Wha hings his head, and a’ that?
The coward slave, we pass him by—
We dare be poor for a’ that!
For a’ that, an’ a’ that,
Our toils obscure, and a’ that,
The rank is but the guinea’s stamp,
The man’s the gowd for a’ that.
What though on hamely fare we dine,
Wear hoddin gray, and a’ that?
Gie fools their silks, and knaves their wine— |
A man’s a man for a’ that.
For a’ that, an’ a’ that,
‘Their tinsel show, an’ a’ that,
The honest man, though e’er sae poor,
Is king o’ men for a’ that.
Ye see yon birkie ca’d “a lord,”
Wha struts, an’ stares, and a’ that?
 Though hundreds worship at his word,
He’s but a cuif for a’ that.
For a’ that, and a’ that,
His ribband, star, and a’ that,
The man of independent mind,
He looks an’ laughs at a’ that.

A prince can mak’ a belted knight,

A marquis,. duke, an’ a’ that;
But an honest man’s aboon his might—
Guid faith, he mauna fa’ that!
For a’ that, an’ a’ that,
Their dignities, and a’ that,
The pith o’ sense and pride o’ worth
Are higher rank than a’ that.

' Then let us pray that come it may

(As come it will for a’ that)
That Sense and Worth o’er a’ the earth
Shall bear the gree an’ a’ that!
For a’ that, an’ a’ that,-
It’s comin’ yet for a’ that,
When man to man the world o’er—
Shall brithers be for a’ that.

THE BANKS O’ DOON

Ye banks and braes o’ bonnie Doon,

How can ye bloom sae fresh and fair?
How can ye chant, ye little birds,
And I sae weary, fu’ o’ care?
Thou’lt break my heart, thou warbling bird,
That wantons through the flowering thorn!
Thou minds me o’ departed joys,
Departed never to return.

Aft hae I rov’d by bonnie Doon’

To see the rose and woodbine twine;
And ilka bird sang o’ its luve,
And fondly sae did I o’ mine.
Wi’ lightsome heart I pu’d a rose,
Fu’ sweet upon its thorny tree!
And my fause luver staw my rose—
But ah! he left the thorn wi’ me.
DR. GRENFELL BRINGING THE STRATHCONA IN THROUGH THE REEFS
 THE DOCTOR OF THE LABRADOR
BY DOUGLASS PALMER
ILLUSTRATED FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY F. B. SAYRE

' ) y HY did Dr. Grenfell throw away direction from our own Eastern States.
his life up on the Labrador? In miles not very far away—about as far
Because he came to believe from Boston as St. Louis—but to go there
that he ought to use his medical profession one must allow a week under the most
for the best interests of his fellow-men. favorable circumstances in summer ; and
His first summer brought him over in winter—well, in winter it. is impossible
nine hundred patients. One was a man for the ordinary man to-go there at all.
who had been blind with cataracts for My first as well as my last impression
seventeen years. Here, then, he could of Labrador was of rocks, cold and bleak,
actually restore the sight -to the blind; rising out of the water, with no trees to
he could really make the lame walk. give the setting a friendly atmosphere.
He was the only and so the best doctor. And later I found that only with great
He seized the opportunity, and now for difficulty do the natives bring hardy cab-
seventeen years he has worked for the bages to a stunted maturity. The one
Labrador fishermen. For several years great resource of the country is fish, and
past he has had great and_ enthusiastic “ fish” means cod.
support, but when he started he worked The people, roughly speaking, fall into
alone. He built his own hospitals. He three classes: the Indian and Eskimo—
was captain of his own little ship. And both very weak numerically—the .“ live-
if he had sorrows or disappointments, he yere,” and the foreign fisherman. The
bore them alone. He started with the Indians roam: over the vast interior in
courage to do small things, and only by search of furs, and come to the coast about
continued hard, persevering labor—labor twice a year for supplies. The Eskimo
of love—has the work grown to its pres- live entirely along the shore of northern
ent usefulness and magnitude. Labrador, hunting seal and walrus. On
A glance at the map will show that one occasion four years ago Dr. Grenfell
Newfoundland and Labrador are situated, aided them in a typhoid epidemic where
generally speaking, in a northeasterly forty-three persons died in one village
: m1 _
 HARRINGTON HOSPITAL IN WINTER

within a few days. The second class, the as if it did not exist. And it is among
** live-yere,” numbering about six or eight these, perhaps, more than among any
thousand, live in little settlements or in others, that we see the tragedy of the life
isolated bays and fjords. .On one island, that is lived in poverty, and especially in
hardly more than a single rock, with scarce- ignorance of what we call modern sanita-
ly a trace of vegetation, an old fisher- tion and hygiene. Consumption is preva-
man whom I met told me that he had lent, and so are other diseases due to mal-
passed his entire life—nearly sixty years. nutrition and bad housing conditions. This
There many of them are exiled from the native population is increased every sum-
rest of the world in almost as much igno- mer by the twenty-five to thirty thousand
rance of the twentieth-century civilization fishermen from southern Newfoundland,

DR. HARE, OF HARRINGTON HOSPITAL, WITH HIS DOG TEAM

 THE DOCTOR OF THE LABRADOR 713
Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton who come all of June and July, for the Strathcona
up annually for the summer run of cod. drops anchor in practically every cove arid
‘Early in June, or as soon as the first harbor where the fleets are or where
breaking of the ice will permit, Dr. Gren- people live in northern Newfoundland or
fell leaves St. John’s. harbor, Newfound- southern Labrador. In a single after-
land, and from then till well into Decem- noon and evening in July no less than
ber, when winter storms have made forty-four individual patients found relief
navigation impossible, he is traveling along and comfort in the snug cabin of the
fifteen hundred miles of as bleak and Strathcona.
inhospitable coast as there is in the world. As soon as the anchor is down the boats
The Strathcona, a stanch little ship of begin to come alongside ; some one throws
——
Fp Cave Chidley
|AKPATON I.
clipse Harbor WV if)
oy Py
i

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Bay apeyyCape Vivuk “
a Hebron
. -
. Paul's Island
Mission I re

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‘ A Point Manvers
? ©
ee grewam 1.
8 Pay Church o
ew Harrigan ot
‘oped Ale zo. Cape Strawberry =
0 os:
oyHarrison
eR on Hr. Hospital
gpaolech Bay Mission -
5 Noorth eneoath A
ia ee

GULF OF
ST.LAWRENCE

“FROM ST. JOHN’S TO UNGAVA.” DR. GRENFELL’S

FIFTEEN -HUNDRED-MILE FIELD OF PRACTICE
eighty-four tons, with a hospital ward a rope, and the little skiff is fast. Now
amidships, is his summer home. The the patients climb on deck. Perhaps the
Doctor is ever hastening “ down north,” first one has one—or more likely five or
for though some of the coast is uncharted, ten—decayed teeth and a painful abscess
and though fogs and storms are frequent, of the mouth besides, -Soon his pain is
the work needs to be done and he is the relieved and the next patient. comes along.
only one to doit. Early each summer “‘ I’ve had a won’erful time of it, doctor,”
the four hospitals must be visited and he says, as he shows his “ rising finger.”
their supplies of medicines, fuel, and A slight scratch has become infected, and
clothing replenished. This task occupies he has taken cold in it while fishing. Now
714 THE OUTLOOK

he presents an angry-looking extremity Some one is sure to bein trouble who

swollen three or four times its natural does not need medical treatment. It may
size. (We had fifteen cases of this at be that clothing is scarce. because the fish
St. Anthony Hospital last summer.) This failed last year. “The Doctor is equal to
man’s pain, too, is soon relieved, and he the emergency. He always has barrels
goes away with an antiseptic drain in a of clothing to distribute where it is needed.
well-bandaged wound. Next comes a And the people can pay for it with fuel
little girl, a weak-looking child who has wood or with fish or with wild berries—
consumption. She is told to wait till the with whatever they have. They can give
other patients have been seen, and then the wood “ next year,” when the Strath-
the Doctor talks with the parents. He cona comes again, if they have none now.
tells them that their little girl needs better For everybody who wants them there are
and more nourishing food, less work magazines, and a small library is to be had
perhaps, and surely more fresh air—that for the asking. This story is repeated
she needs good milk. The Doctor knows day by day. Not often do forty-four sick
that the family cannot get better food; come in one ‘day, but the boat goes alike
he knows that they have no milk at all, among the large fleets and in isolated
and so he asks that he may take the child coves where only one or two families live.
to St. Anthony, where she can live out of The very sick go to the land hospitals,
doors, and where fresh milk will be hers and the Strathcona steams to new fields.
several times a day. ‘Thus the patients About the first of August the long
are cared for, and those that need further northern trip to Ungava Bay begins.
treatment are carried in the Strathcona to “ Ungava is way down north, where the
the nearest land hospital where they can mail steamers do not go.”” A Hudson’s
better be looked after. If any are too Bay Company supply-boat makes a year-
sick to come to the steamer, Dr. Grenfell ly trip to Ungava Bay, and so does
or his assistant goes ashore to them. the Strathcona. There the families are

DR. GRENFELL: MAGISTRATE

Taking evidence at a trial on board the Strathcona
 DR. GRENFELL: PHYSICIAN
Treating a serious case in a bunk-house

scattered, but their need is great, and the traveling by the omatik, or dog-sledge,
Doctor makes a point of seeing as many in answer to sick calls from distant places.
of them as possible before their long winter St. Anthony is the Mission Headquar-
begins. Again in the fall the steamer ters and Dr. Grenfell’s home.- Last July
visits each hospital and the points of and August, in this hospital, with a ca-
southern Labrador before she reaches St. pacity for twelve patients, every bed was
John’s. “ occupied ; the balance of more than twenty
At intervals of one hundred to two hun- “in” patients had to be kept in a tent or
dred miles along the coast, at St. Anthony, crowded into the’ wards. All told, there
Newfoundland, at Battle Harbor, Harring- were some fifty operations under general
ton Harbor, and Indian Harbor in Lab- anzesthesia, and almost five ae namés
rador, Dr. Grenfell has built hospitals, on the hospital book. -
each of which is the home of a resident The case that Dr. Grenfell has written
doctor and nurse and the center of the about, of a little Eskimo girl whose father
work in that section. During the winter chopped off her frozen legs with an: ax,
months all of the hospitals but Indian, the* is exceptional. But such: exceptional
most northerly one, are open, and the resi- cases do occur every year. This summer
dent doctors, including Dr. Grenfell, are one boy nearly blew his thumb off; blood-
715
 be!
the
La

cal
fiel
ag
dre
eit
Ot

“SILL”
One of the crew of the Strathcona, who acts as policeman when the Doctor holds court

poisoning set in, and his arm and probably walking all around the settlement. At the
his life would -have been lost had it not orphanage two little twins, born blind with
been for the Mission. Another patient— congenital cataracts, would have been blind
we called her ‘‘ Granny ”—had been blind for life but for Dr. Grenfell. They have
for fourteen years on account of cataracts ; recently been adopted and treated, and can
her sight is partially restored. One boy see enough to play around with the other
of fifteen could not stand for want of children. In all the hospitals last year
nourishment ; after a month at St. Anthony over 4,140 patients were treated. Prac-
he was on the road to- recovery and was tically noneof these, it must be remem-

TRYING A CASE OF VIOLATION OF THE FISHING LAWS ON BOARD THE STRATHCONA

716
 THE DOCTOR OF THE LABRADOR 717
bered, could get treatment elsewhere, for supplies for a series of eight co-operative
there is no choice of doctors on the stores that Dr. Grenfell has built. These
Labrador. stores have lowered the price of flour two
But the Mission is not confined to medi- or three dollars a barrel, and other neces-
cal work alone; it is working in larger saries in proportion. By all means, direct
fields. At St. Anthony there is an orphan- and indirect, Dr. Grenfell, the life and soul
age, taxed to its full capacity, where chil- of the Mission, is preaching to these sim-
dren are brought up whose parents are ple fishing people a true and practical
either dead or unable to provide for them. Christianity.
Other phases of the activity have developed Dr. Grenfell was born and. brought up

|
ee
de
ee
ee)
Be
aBee

THE STRATHCONA IN HOLIDAY ATTIRE SURROUNDED BY THE BOATS

OF THE FISHERMEN WHO HAVE COME TO SEE THE DOCTOR

on economic lines. A few years ago, when in one of England’s best families. He
a settlement was facing starvation because could have entered any walk in life, and he
the fish had failed, Dr. Grenfell opened a chose to do some Christian work to serve
sawmill to give employment to the village, his fellow-men.-. As ‘a. careless medical
and since then the mill has been producing student he was one day drawn, through
lumber for the hospitals and for sale on curiosity, to a huge tent where Mr. Moody
the market. The first fishing-boat to was holding an evangelical’ service. The
make St. John’s a year ago was the Co- practical aspect. of Mr. Moody’s-gospel
yperator, and for her cargo she received appealed with such force to the young man
he top price of the season. The Co- that when he left the tent he had made up
/perator is the schooner that carries the his mind either to give up his religion or
 A NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERMAN SPREADING COD ON HIS “ FLAKE” TO DRY

“ MAKING FISH.” SPLITTING AND CLEANING COD ON A LABRADOR SCHOONER

to make it count for something. With this from us. He does not want us to pity
ideal he began work with the poor boys in him. He is never happier than when on
the slums of London. A short time after, the Labrador. To be there is to him the
he had taken his Master Mariner’s exam- opportunity for service—as he has so
inations and joined the Deep Sea Mission beautifully expressed it, “the joy of the
in its work in the North Sea. Finally, in opportunity of service.” His energy is
the summer of 1892, he was bound out of tireless, and is devoted wholly to the peo-
Yarmouth harbor in a sailing vessel for ple whom he loves and serves. His own
the Labrador, where he has been ever money, the royalties from his books and
since, except while away in this country magazine articles, the income from his lec-
or in England in the interests of the tures—the best of his mind and his body—
Mission. he gives all to his Mission.
Dr. Grenfell_asks no personal sympathy Questions of faith never trouble him,
718
 A TYPICAL NEWFOUNDLANDER WHO LIVES ALONE
TWELVE MILES FROM THE NEAREST SETTLEMENT
STANDING BESIDE HIS “ KOMATIK ” OR DOG-SLEDGE

for his is a gospel of deeds. To the fish- judge, he does all with vigor and enthusi-.
ermen he has given hospitals with free asm ; and now his influence is felt not only
medical treatment ; co-operative stores to throughout Newfoundland and Labrador,
help throw off the yoke of a trucking sys- the special field of his activity, but also all
tem. He is policeman and judge of the over England and the United States he
coast ; he carries mail and passengers if he influences men by awakening them to the
can oblige any by so doing. But whether realization of their own personal responsi-
postman or merchant, minister, doctor, or bility to their less fortunate fellows.

Wy) *

OS Aa
ae
AG.
S
 BUST OF CHARLES PERRAULT
With a group of delightful little people who have made tl .:. way into literature
 FRENCH FAIRIES AND THEIR
INVENTOR
O men deserve more of their kind constructed. All this time he was ‘hinking
N than those who have kept men of children. When it was propcsed to
LN mindful of their childhood, and keep the Royal Gardens exclusively for
have sent refreshing streams of sentiment the royal children, Perrault said: “I am
and feeling’ coursing down through the persuaded that the gardens of kings are
later years of work and worry ; who have made so great ‘and spacious in order that
laid children under a great and lasting all their children may walk in them-;” and
debt of gratitude because they have col- so the gardens were opened to ‘the little
lected and interpreted in modern form children of Paris. After various public
those ancient and immortal tales which services, Perrault retired from official life
were told in the childhood of the world. and devoted himself to writing’ books;
Nobody knows in what country “ Red and in 1691 published a rendering of
Riding Hood ” was born, nor where “ The “ Patient Griselda,” taking the plot from
Sleeping Beauty”? made her home, nor Boccaccio. His mind was already turning
what language “ Little Tom” and “ Puss to the charming old stories of his child-
in Boots ” spoke first. These children of hood; and in 1697 he published the first
the imagination and their kindred came into of his “ Contes de ma Mére l’Oye,” the
being because in every country other chil- French Mother Goose. It was in Per-
dren were waiting for them, eager to find rault’s books that “ The Sleeping Beauty,”
playmates in fairyland. No sooner had “Puss in Boots,” “Little Red Riding
they been born than they began to travel, Hood,” ‘“ Bluebeard,” and other classics
and they have gone over the world, visiting among fairy stories first made their ‘way
almost every race and making their home into literature ; the forerunners of a‘host
in almost every country. . of delightful little people who have been
For a great many years they had no the joy, not only of nurseries and* school-
historian. Then came a group of men, rooms, but of those older children who
young enough to understand them, and have been wise enough to keep . the
wise enough to translate them into written imagination and the heart of childhood.
language. Among these, Charles Per- The French fairies are unlike the fairies
rault, born in Paris in January, 1628, of Germany. ‘They are not so noisy and
deserves a foremost place. His father boisterous; they have more finish and
was a lawyer. He was first taught at dexterity, and they are very fond of adopt-
home and then sent to the Collége de ing human protégés and helping them out
Beauvais, where his eagerness for knowl- of their difficulties. The beasts that ap-
edge and passion for exactness brought pear in these tales have very clear heads
school discipline upon him in an unusual and make extraordinarily clever comments;
way: he was so eager to know that he and the humor is broad and simple, ‘as
was ordered to be quiet. Perrault’s imag- humor for children ought to be. ~ ‘These
ination was already playing truant outside stories not only had a great success at the
of the school; and while still a boy he King’s Court, where elegant ladies and
emancipated himself, and, with a kindred - equally elegant gentlemen were trying to
spirit, planned a scheme of self-educa- play at being simple in a perfectly artificial
tion, largely’ conducted in Luxembourg pastoral fashion, but they supplied mate-
Garden, in Paris; than which it would be rial for the study of scholars, as have
difficult to imagine a more charming Grimm’s fairy tales. They have been
school. This delightful phase of educa- subject to all manner of curious interpre-
tion ended, Perrault studied law, soon tations at the hands of those mythologists
ired of it, and began helping his brother, who find a symbol in almost every phrase.
‘ho was an architect, and showed so All this the Parisians have endeavored to
much skill that Colbert, the Minister of express in the picturesque monument
linance for Louis XIV, employed him in recently erected, which The Outlook re-
Sup-rintending various buildings then being produces this week.
721
 THE AMERIKANSKY SCHTORE
BY EDWARD A. STEINER
oy
—
—

HIS sign in a Hungarian village namely, 1ed earthen pots and big green
is startling enough to the ordinary bowls which he bought from the same
traveler from beyond the sea, family in the same town where the same
but much more startling to one who knew peasant potteries flourished from which
the place fifteen years ago, when it boasted his forefathers had bought their supplies
of half a dozen stores, so called. The of these same red pots and green bowls.
largest and best of these could be dis- If a customer came to the store while Ow
te
es
=
fF
~
~~

covered only by its tiny show window, the children were little, and his wife was
where, crowded in dire confusion, were a busy caring for them (for Uncle Isaac was ~

few articles of general merchandise. Dur- blessed according to the promise made to
ing all the years of my comings and goings Abraham), he had to wait until Uncle
I could never see any change in the articles Isaac disentangled himself from the mazes
displayed, nor even by a wild flight of my of the Talmud. Then, almost reluctantly,
imagination see any indicat:on that a duster he sold the pot or bowl, scarcely ever ex-
had lost its way among them. changing a word with his customer, who
It is not, however, of this store that I was usually a peasant, and of course a
wish to tell, in spite of the fact that it now Gentile, whose presence disturbed the
has a double show window, and boasts, pious atmosphere into which Uncle Isaac
among many other things, a genuine had wrapped himself.
American cash register. If any of the townspeople came, he was
The “ Amerikansky Schtore ” was once more friendly ; he had to be; and, as was
the meanest and the smallest among all often the case in later days, if they asked
the stores of the village. No front door why he didn’t sell cups and saucers and
led into it, no show window betrayed its “wash-bowls, he would invariably shrug his
existence, and certainly no signboard gave shoulders as his blessed forefathers had
a hint of what could be purchased within. shrugged their shoulders before him.
It was then owned by “ Uncle Isaac,” as This shrug was eloquent and meant
every one called him. He made a living many things; but, above all, it meant:
out of the store; but his life came out of “‘ Have I not bother enough to remember
the Talmud, and of course both werescanty. what Rasche’s [a celebrated Jewish com-
Uncle Isaac’s father, Reb Ephraim, mentator] comment upon Rambam’s [the
studied the Talmud, and his sainted grand- abbreviation of another commentator’s
father, Reb Isaac, after whom he was name] comment was? How can you
named, left such a holy savor behind him expect me to give my time to such things
that to this day his name is reverently as buying and selling wash-bowls and cups
uttered in prayer as one who is surely near and saucers ?” ;
to God and who can intercede for the His children, three boys and three
children of this generation, who study less girls, were nurtured in this atmosphere.
Talmud and do more business. The sons began studying the Talmud
Uncle Isaac’s forefathers, God knows when they were five years of age, and the
how far back, kept this same store in the daughters were initiated into the mysteries
same way ; for, like the ring in Lessing’s of the Kosher household before that age.
fable, it was to be left to the son who As the children grew, Uncle Isaac with- -
knew most about the Talmud, and, as a drew almost entirely from business and
consequence, ieast about the business. gave himself more and more to the study
The Talmud had to be studied; the store of the holy books. The oldest son,
ran itself. Not that there was anything named after the sainted grandfather, went
automatic about the store in those days; to Pressburg to study for the Rabbinate,
but Uncle Isaac, true to the traditions of living from the charity of the faithful, by
his forefathers, sold only those things whom the support of a pious youth is
which his forefathers had sold before him, considered a great privilege.
722
 THE AMERIKANSKY SCHTORE 723
The next son married into a rich but I promised even that; but I did not
not pious family, to whom his sacred find Moshele on Avenue B. He was up-
learning was a very welcomc asset. This town, on the West Side, in one of the larger
left the business, such as it was, upon the department stores, where he had entire
een shoulders of the youngest son, Moshele. charge of the crockery department. When
ime Moshele inherited less of his pious fore- I told him that I had seen his father, he
me father’s piety and much more of some re- plied me with questions. I told him the
lich mote ancestor’s business talents, and one condition of affairs, and urged him to return
lies day he came home from a distant market home to save his parents from utter poverty.
bringing with him a dozen cups and sau- He promised that he would go if his father
hile cers and a wash-bowl and pitcher. would attend to the Talmud and let him
was Had he brought home idols made of attend to the business. I didnot ask him
was clay he could not have hurt his father if he wore the fringes and ate Kosher—I
> to
more, and the whole town soon knew that did not need to; for we lunched together,
icle Moshele—young Moshele, whose eyes had and ham sandwich was the pice de
ZES already rested lovingly upon the blushing résistance.
faces of young maidens—had received a Some eight years later my journey took
tly, beating from his father, who in his fury me once more through Uncle Isaac’s
vho had broken the cups and saucers, throw- town. ‘The rapid changes taking place in
ea ing the fragments at the poor defense- America seemed as nothing compared
the iess head of the culprit. Uncle Isaac’s with those which I saw in this little spot
aac temper was equaled only by his piety, and in the Carpathians. There was actually a
the old man was beside himself. sidewalk, a cement sidewalk, the cement
was Moshele was in the same mood, and furnished by Moshele.
was decided to leave his old father with his The old wooden pump upon which
ked red pots and green bowls and dry Talmud. generations had expended their surplus
and I visited Uncle Isaac’s store many a time strength and patience to coax up the
his after this event. It was less a store than water had given place to an air-pressure
had ever. The house itself was sinking into pump, sold to the town by Moshele.
the surrounding mire, the thatched roof In the old days three coal oil lamps fur-
ant
was caving in on one side and sliding off nished light for the miry street (when
nt:
on the other. there was no moon), and now the town
ber “Where is Moshele ?” I asked him on had an artificial gas plant, placed there
»m- one of these visits. He lifted his weary and partly owred by Moshele. Even as,
the head from the Talmud, and extricated in Florence, this or that or the other is
or’s from a pile of ancient manuscripts an by Michael Angelo, so in this far-away
you envelope printed all over with English town generations to come will remember
letters which announced the business of that Moshele ushered in a new era, if not
ups Jake Greenbaum, who kept the finest of art, at least of civilization.
General Department on Avenue B in New It was well worth a trip across the
ree York. The letter in the envelope told of ocean to have looked upon Moshele and
re. Moshele’s employment in the great city Moshele’s store. First of all was the sign
1ud and of his life there. in big letters, ‘‘ Amerikansky Schtore ;”
the ‘“‘ Moshele, my Moshele, is in America !’’ then the outer wall of a new building, cov-
ries And the tears began to gather in the old ered by huge illustrations of the various
ge. man’s eyes as he spoke. things sold therein—a method of adver-
ith- - ‘*Who knows whether he eats Kosher tising made necessary because many of
and and whether he wears the sacred fringes the peasants cannot rc_d. a
udy upon his breast? How I wish I could The store itself was full of all sorts of *:
on, see him before I go hence!” crockery and tin and granite ware such as
ent I promised to visit Moshele upon my had never been seen there before. And,
ate, return to America, and the old man’s face oh! the wonder of it! Moshele had already
beamed. sold one bath-tub, and carried four patterns
1 1S
* Would you mind finding out whether in stock. Healso sold building materials,
he eats Kosher, and whether he wears the and the yard was full of everything that
sacred fringes ?” could not be crowded into the store.
6
724 | THE OUTLOOK
That which especially marked the store’ Moshele, the pillar of the household, the
as American was the fact that one price founder of the ‘‘ Amerikansky Schtore.”
was charged to all. The greatest wonder, The old man stretched out both hands
though, was the bath-tubs. Such faith had to me in mute welcome, and when I sat
never been known in Israel. down beside him he told me the sad story
Uncle Isaac had withdrawn from the which I shall try to give in his own words.
world, and mourned the departure of the “Moshele is dead! What a blow!
good old days. I found him sitting in a What a blow! I expected something ter-
well-lighted, well-furnished room, clothed rible! I knew this couldn’t goon! He
in finest broadcloth; for it was the Sab- grew bolder and bolder, and richer and
bath. Everything around him was new richer. Have you seen the new store?
except the Talmud. Was he happy? No, In all Hungary there is nothing like it.
indeed ! He was a genius ; even his enemies admit
Where can a thing like this lead? that.” Then the old man fell into silence.
Only to destruction! ** But tell me how he died.”
“* Who ever heard of sucha thing as this “ He went out from among us in the
before? Moshele rests neither by day nor morning as strong and straight as an oak,
night ; he prints bills and scatters them as and he was brought home felled to the
if money were paper; he sleeps with an ground as if struck by lightning. God’s
open window, even. in the winter, as if he ways are mysterious ; but, O my son, my
wanted to heat all outdoors; and he has strong, noble son! If only he had not
even traveled on the Sabbath!” departed from the ways of his fathers, I
Then the old man broke- down, hid his might still have him!
face in the Talmud, and wept. I think I “He went to the railroad; they had
comforted him ; at least I tried; and as I switched his car of goods where he could
left him he breathed a prayer for his not get it—he was buying goods by the
venturesome son who had deserted the car-load ; nothing like this has ever been
Talmud and the red pots and green heard of before ; and he wanted his car.
bowls ; who certainly was no longer in So he helped the men to move it. Moshele
peril of poverty, but in peril of his soul. wasn’t afraid of anything. The men
One more year passed, and in visiting pushed, and Moshele fell over a switch,
this town I immediately turned my steps and the car went over him.”
toward the “ Amerikansky Schtore.” I Here a paroxysm of grief ‘silenced the
found its doors closed, and from within old man, and he swayed to and fro, weep-
came sounds of bitter wailing and lamen- ing piteously.
tation. And again I passed through the town,
I did not need to be told that the and this time I went to the God’s acre
death angel had made his sorrow-bringing with Uncle Isaac to visit the grave of his
visitation, and my heart grew tender as I son. In weird confusion lay the gray and
thought of the dear old man who would moss-grown stones. No care is bestowed
no more bend over the Talmud and upon the graves or upon the memorials of
mourn the departure of the good old times. the departed ; for the body is nothing, the
A Jewish house of mourning is sadder spirit is everything, and that is with God.
than one can describe. Its atmosphere In the center of the cemetery is a knoll,
chills one to the bone, such an air of re- and upon its crest is a monument such as
signed hopelessness pervades everything. cannotbe found anywhere else in Hungary.
All is sackcloth and ashes; no sign of It is in the shape of a sarcophagus, is
hope is visible, and but little of it lies in hewn out of Vermont granite, and is so
the hearts of the mourners. heavy that it cost over five hundred kronen «a
fn
eo
Entering the room where the family sat to bring it from the station and put it in
upon the ground lamenting their dead, place. How much the stone cost no one
how great was my amazement to find that knows except Uncle Isaac, who erected it
Uncle Isaac, instead of being the one for his son Moshele, who wanted all he
mourned for, was the center of the group had to come from America—even his
of mourners, while the one missing was tombstone.
ee
we
wn
a-
m
 VEERE.
AN ARTIST’S PARADISE

THE LOCK GATE

BY FLORENCE CRAIG ALBRECHT

ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY EMIL POOLE ALBRECHT

B ses three thousand miles of and then, when man, little, struggling,
restless ocean, in the swirl of anxious, thinking man, has done his utter-
waters where great river currents most with hands and brain to harness the
wrestle perpetually with sea-tides, there fretting waters, to bar and chain the
float, serene, watchful, but unaffrighted, reluctant soil, when he has sat himself
green, bowllike islands upon whose rims down, in insecure content and imagined
some quaint small cities cling. For safety, to enjoy the toll that he has wrested
centuries the inland hills and meadows from river and sea, a small, insistent, un-
have poured their torrents into this sandy resting current is burrowing its destructive
gulf; for centuries the ocean tides have way beneath his dikes and meadows, and
thrust them backwards over the lowlands, he awakes one morning to find sea-green
reluctant to receive this new burden into waters rippling softly where but the pre-
an overfull channel, and from the little vious day his sheep had pastured.
patches of stable soil amid the warring In this unceasing battle of the waters
surges men have watched the ever-shift- these little saucer-islands have constantly
ing issues of the battle and striven to changed’ in size and outline. Have
wrest from either victor the fruits of con- changed, did I say? Are changing; for
quest. Now it is the clayey deposit which in no two successive years is the map of
the river heaps gently where its lighter Zeeland precisely the same. All that
waters meet the heavier sea that is care- science can suggest, skill and labor apply,
fully ringed by walls and dikes and claimed does not yet suffice to make permanent
by man as his own. Nowit is the slippery the tribute gathered from the sea. Where
sand-bar which the ocean piles to bar the once boats sailed in freedom and water
unwelcome river that is coaxed to bear made the only highroad, sand, stone, and
grass and shrubs which shall make it iron have built a pathway for the engineer ;
stable and bind it to the land. And now bridges link the islands with the shore.
725
726 THE OUTLOOK
But out there beyond the railway, beyond est to the archzeologist and historian, of
the dike and sand where the shimmering joy unending~to the artist well supplied
waters dimple joyously in to-day’s sun- with sketch-books. Tholen, upon the
shine, out there where the tern call shrilly little island of the same name; ancient
and only the sea makes answer, were once Zierik-Zee, on Schouwen’s green rim;
readows and fields, churches and towns, beautiful Veere, by Walcheren’s dike,
homes and men, that now lie these many have all their certain place in history and
years, quiet and unheeding, beneath those in their visitors’ hearts.
merry little waves. Even the Hollander who once has seen
On windless, sunny days, when the them speaks lingeringly of “‘ Veere’s lovely
water lies flat and smooth as a mirror, skies,” nor does any poet or artist ever
you may float softly above these “‘ drowned forget their sentiment and charm. ‘To see
lands,” and, peering down through the Veere’s charming Stadhuis tower, so gay
cool, clear green depths, descry dimly the and airy compared with the huge, ponder-
churches and churchyards, the houses ous bulk of her ruined church that crouches
and towers, that have sunk beneath the like some colossal camel upon the mead-
waves. ‘Thus in the days since Zeeland ows behind the grass-grown ramparts,
entered history many a goodly city has rising softly, slowly from behind the low
been built upon hardly won soil and van- green rim which hedges an opal sea; to
ished from the earth when the sea watch the first level sunbeams touch its
reclaimed its own. Is it the memory of summit and travel slowly down through
these “ drowned” towns, is it the never- the pearly mists which veil its base, bring-
forgotten, never-ending menace of the ing color to the soft grayness of the
turbulent waters, which lends to Zeeland dawn; to catch in dancing waters the
cities their half-pathetic charm? Middel- shifting reflections of green trees and scar-
burg, sitting in apparent safety in the let roofs, of gray stone and red brick walls
center of Walcheren’s, green bowl, can mellowed by time to rich velvety maroons
afford to’ laugh gayly in the stranger’s and violets ; to follow the slow flight of a
face. Yet, if .you listen intently, the red-brown sail as it wings its way into the
laughter is not wholly care-free ; both she tiny haven, or trace its folds as it rocks
and Ter Goes, in the midst of Zuid-Beve- lazily at anchor beneath the trees of the
land’s rich meadows, have more than quay, is to hang in memory’s gallery a
once known intimately that fear of the series of delightful pictures which no
waters from which no Zeeland town is subsequent journeys by land or sea shall
ever quite exempt. But the’ towns which obliterate or displace.
perch precariously upon the very edge of And where is Veere, this place of ap-
the bowl, which may never turn their eyes pealing name, of fair historic past and
to’ rejoice in the smiling land at their enchanting artistic present ? On the north-
back, but watch forevermore the insid- eastern edge of Walcheren’s green mead-
ious foe at their door; how can they be ows, looking out over the eastern Scheldt
great, or strong, or gay, that have not upon placid or turbulent waters toward
strength to spare from the. struggle for Noord-Beveland’s low, grassy dike and a
existence? Yet they have been all three, city which has long since gone down. For
Se
eee
and to-day, shriveled remnants of their Veere once, as Veere’s name tells plainly,
earlier pride and size and power, uncer- was but a cluster of humble fishing-huts
tain what the future has in store, they upon Walcheren’s shore, whence travelers
give of their best to the stranger within were ferried to the statelier Kampen, the
their gates, and in the summer sunshine town in Noord-Beveland’s fields, across
smile sweetly, if sadly, when he praises that river now forming an inland sea, but
their beauty. then, perhaps, only a silver thread drawn
They are not many now, these olden softly through the green land. Kamper-
cities ; nor are they large and rich, offer- veer—the Kampen-ferry—the little ham-
ing creature comforts lavishly. to tempt let came to be called, and if you can pro-
the luxurious stranger ; but passing quaint nounce “ ferry” something as one hears fexe
pee
FER
|W
e
they seem, with many an old gabled it in Hoboken, you will not be far from
dwelling or ambitious tower, full of inter- the Zeeuwsch (Zeeland) method of treating
 a' \n Royi ay fe
hash"|
Maal
i)

“ce
ANYTHING LOVELIER THAN VEERE HARBOR AT SUNSET WE DO NOT KNOW”
 “THE CANAL WHICH BISECTS WATCHEREN FROM VLISSINGEN TO VEERE”

Veere’s name. The “v” is nearly an houses; a castle and, monastery, a church,
“f.” the two “e’s” almost our long “‘a””— walls and gates had gone up ; Kamperveer
“a rose (or ferry) by any other name would had all the equipment of a medizeval city,
smell as sweet ”’—but now that we have and her seigneurs were favorably known
satisfied the exact and the pedantic with in the land. :
the prosaic derivation, may we not forget A century later the port was in close
that Veere was but a “ ferry-town,”’ and let touch with English trade, and a lord of
it dwell in our memories the mystic, elfish Veere brought home a Scottish princess
city of dreams it appears in the soft, as his bride. In the train of this sweet
transfiguring glow of twilight or dawn ? Lady Mary came her countrymen; the
It is a long, long road from the first few Staple of Scotch Wool was established in
fishing-huts and the primitive ferry to the her new home; the “ House of the Scot-
stately town which could erect such a tish Merchants” went up proudly upon
jewel of a Stadhuis, such a colossus of a Veere’s busy quay, and, — time-worn,
church, and again a space of centuries weather-stained, forlorn, neglected, but
from the days of Veere’s prime to the stately still, recalls in Veere’s: gray pres-
pathetically picturesque village of to-day. ent her golden day of prosperity.
There are older towns on Walcheren That sunny day of Veere’s power
than Veere, much older; West-Kapelle, endured a century or two before its
for instance, or Domburg, so unmercifully bright rays dimmed; her star of success
proud of its Roman occupation, its ancient was glowing to its meridian about the
goddess, and its treasure-trove of coins. time that Columbus discovered our land;
To-many a Dutch city Veere is but a thing before America was sparsely settled its
of yesterday, but to those for whom chro- glory had waned. When it shone bright-
nology begins with William Penn or the est, if her historians speak truly, sixty
Mayflower, Veere’s seven’ centuries form ships at least came or left her quays each
along perspective whose vanishing-point day ; through her markets went the spices
is very dim. from the East, sugar from the Canaries,
Hazy indeed is its earliest history, but wines from sunny France, wool and flax
by the thirteenth century the few fisher- and cloth from English shores, Then it
huts had been supplanted by statelier was that her Stadhuis rose in beauty and
728
f
 VEERE, AN ARTIST’S PARADISE 729
sent that merry bell-call’ from its airy lauded friend of Erasmus, prudent, wise,
tower which echoed far over sea and and thoughtful beyond her years, gave to
land; then it was that the great church, the little port a strong and ambitious
now so desolate, towered above Veere’s seigneur, choosing for her husband Philip,
red roofs in all the pride of youth and that great “ Bastard of Burgundy,” who
size and strength ; then it was that Veere speedily made it the strongest fortress in
stood ringed with ramparts and gates, Zeeland.
that houses crowded within her walls and The moment of proudest success bore
overflowed upon the meadows without, the seed of disaster. Middelburg, sitting
that between the two great towers which watchfully at the island’s heart, saw the
guarded her haven ships of all nations growth of her sister city with anger and
came and went unceasingly, leaving ‘rich fear; commercial warfare arose in which
tribute in the city’s vaults, carrying her for decades honors were even; then in
proud name to every foreign port. the struggle Veere’s star went down.
As in the days of the stranger princess, From the days when she was a port of
the young Lady Mary from over the seas, war possessing a great arsenal, the resi-
Veere budded into joyous promise, so in dence of the “Councilors of the Admi-
the time of another sweet, gracious wo- ralty,” the home of many great nobles
man the city burst into fullest bloom. frequenting the magnificent court of
Anne of Borselen, Lady of Veere, much- Maximilian of Burgundy, first Marquis of

“THE HOUSE OF THE SCOTTISH MERCHANTS WENT UP PROUDLY UPON VEERE’S BUSY
QUAY AND...RECALLS IN VEERE’S GRAY PRESENT HER GOLDEN DAY OF\ PROSPERITY”
730 THE OUTLOOK

Veere, having commanding voice in the Veere by, although “the schoolmaster he
Estates of Zeeland, ruling proudly over likes Americans and he vill poard zem ferry
nine fair villages, famous for her strength, sheap,” according to a Middelburg friend,
her commerce, her fisheries, her high a recommendation certainly not to be de-
privileges, her wealth, the days when spised. One is not dependent entirely
William the Silent bought her title and upon “ the schoolmaster who likes Ameri-
possessions and wore her proudly as one cans,” however. Veere boasts two hotels :
of his chief jewels, the days when Veere one in the old Kampveersche Toren by the
ships and Veere sailors scoured the North- sea, which possesses four hamer (bed-
ern seas and threaded the tortuous chan- rooms), and which is more hospitably in-
nels of their threatening river, bringing clined than in George Boughton’s day a
dismay and defeat to Spanish fleets and generation ago, when the landlady bluntly
glory to Veere’s crown, to the sad, sor- told him that she “ didn’t like strangers ;”
rowful present, when Veere scarcely the other, Boughton’s “ little anxious inn,”
remembers those glories in her dreams, the Hotel Roland, with as many as eight
reaches the stairway of three hundred rooms, is situated upon the broad quay,
years and more. Veere knew no renais- while scarcely a house of any pretension
sance; desolate she sits beside her wide will refuse to rent a gemeubileerde kamer
waters. met of zonder pension (a furnished room
Yet is she lovely; lovelier far than with or without board) to the stranger
many a proud city blatant in its flush of desirous of lingering under Veere’s. ever-
prosperity, tinged with sentiment and changing skies. Sluis, over upon the
poetry and charm for even the most cal- border of Dutch Flanders, Volendam,
lous traveler ignorant of her history. Marken, and Huizen on the Zuider Zee,
Truly the way to reach her is from the are most popular with our- fellow-country-
water, slipping-in between Walcheren and men—or women. Sluis has its share of
Beveland on a sea-arm_ or river channel stupendous history, its ruined castle, its
some softly sunny day when sea and sky quaint. Stadhuis, its pathos and sentiment,
are silvery blue or limpid greeny-gray, the fishing-villages, all the gay prettinesses
close-flecked with puffy clouds vainly ad- of color and costume that heart of artist
miring their own clear reflections. Then could desire ; but Veere, too, offers mem-
,Veere rises from the low emerald line ories made real by quaint architecture,
which bands the horizon, a fairy city of dainty costumes a-plenty, and many flap-
amazing color too cl.arming to be real. ping sails, drenched with warm color, be-
And some there be who say that, having side her quiet old wharves.
seen Veere thus, floating transfigured, en- If her visitors be those for whom-the
wrapped in the haze of light and of dis- sea has no charms—and the _ troubled
tance, delicately gay, appealing, bewitching, channels of the branching Scheldt, so
it were best to sail by and leave her to her smooth and placid upon summer days,
dreams and her loneliness, in-memory can-roughen in spring gales or autumn
dwelling an “entrancing floweret borne storms to a degree far more picturesque
upon a silver shell.” than comfortable to a strict landsman—
But to these our hearts give no echo, the little town may be reached readily
for if Veere, upon close acquaintance, is from Middelburg by boat on that canal
sadder, more pathetic, less gayly intangi- which bisects Walcheren from Vlissingen
ble, more pitifully real than in the first to Veere, by carriage, wheel, or on foot
glimpse from the sea, she nevertheless across the meadows. It is but an hour’s
offers lovelinesses to compensate for the brisk walk, five and eight-tenths kilometers,
sadness of her deserted streets, her van- three and five-eighths miles to be exact,
ished glory—a joy not untinged with pain, from Zeeland’s ever-charming little cap-
yet because of it more delightful. ital, along a road never for one moment
Much beloved by foreign artists, you dull or uninteresting, and even if one
may make daily apologies in French, in passes “La Maison de la Haute Mon-
German,.or in English for inadvertently tagne”’ upon the way, there -is never-
blocking views or jogging easels upon her theless no least trace of hillock to tire
dikes or quays. Americans seem to pass one upon the road. The Zeelanders are
 i

EIN
SASS
SS
I
WIPL
SST

“AS YOU APPROACH VEERE THE GREAT CHURCH LOOMS UP ABOVE THE MEADOWS
AND THE GRASS-GROWN SLOPES WHICH ARE BITS OF VEERE’S OLD RAMPARTS”
732 THE OUTLOOK 27 March 1905

inveterate jokers; perhaps some waggish this fertile island, and surely nowhere do con

householder of long ago gave to this rich the roses bloom bigger or sweeter, the cos!
farm land, lying flat as a billiard-table lilies grow taller or lovelier than here, unl
between Walcheren’s dikes, the high- although they often but form fragrant cok
sounding title which it has borne inappro- fringes for the more profitable fruits of not
priately but persistently for several cen- the earth. The way is lined with luxu- but
turies. Or was it some French or Swiss riant hedges and arched by stately trees.
émigré who bestowed upon his new-found It is well paved, clean, and tidy—metje—
home a name which should remind him of as is everything in Zeeland, bright with
the old? English and French residents the coming and going of picturesquely Ve
there were a-plenty in Walcheren a cen- clad men and maids swinging to or from ful,
tury ago. Walcheren churchyards relate the city with yoke or dog-cart, heavy with dul

CLOSING THE LOCK-GATES—VEERE

their names and final history, many a milk-cans, fruit or vegetables from the
Walcheren farm bears English or French surrounding fields and gardens.
titles upon its gateposts, yet seldom can There are tiny toll-houses to be passed,
one tell you precisely how it came there. for all Walcheren’s roads gather tithes
The road to Veere passes between fer- from passing vehicles, although the pedes-
tile fields and meadows, beside tiny houses trian is exempt. White-capped, rosy-
gay with fresh paint, shining with neat- cheeked, bare-armed meisjes, or quaint old
ness and frequent scrubbings. It peeps men in well-brushed black jacket with
into pretty gardens where dense rows of countless silver buttons, come out to take
tall white lilies stand in stately pride, like the small toll and smile pleasantly at the
fragrant candelabra upon the altar of strangers. If it is your first visit to
gracious nature, screening from. critical Zeeland, you sketch furiously or snap your
eyes the great patches of plebeian beans camera surreptitiously at each gate, giving
or purply cabbages whereby man lives. the largest possible coin, that change-
The “Garden of Zeeland” men call making may be slow; but a few days’
 1909 VEERE, AN ARTIST’S PARADISE 733
constant association with those charming with openings, necessary enough, doubt-
costumes mitigates the ardor ; in a month, less, while the church was serving as mili-
unless some particularly good grouping of tary hospital, provincial workhouse and
color-play catches the eye, you cease to barracks, as it has done in turn, but inap-
es,
——
notice them. It is most sad to chronicle, propriate and ugly. At last, after a
but most true. generation of uselessness and neglect, the
As you approach Veere, the great old floorings which divided its interior
church looms up above the meadows and into three separate stories for the days of
the grass-grown slopes which are bits of its unchurchly utility, and which obscured
Veere’s old ramparts. It is not beauti- and disfigured its really fine proportions,
ful, this grim old church; it is heavy and its imposing columns and arches, are
'
@
“—
—
dull and despondent, thinking of its past. being removed. Veere’s Groote Kerk is

“ WHITE-CAPPED, ROSY-CHEEKED, BARE-ARMED MEISJES”

But it is huge.. All Veere’s present pop- suffering “‘ restoration” and may eventu-
ulation could be gathered within its walls ally—let us trust in the wisdom of the
and yet there would be room, and in this architect—come in again to its own.
imposing size the church is impressive, in In any event, its great bulk is sufficient
the color that its weather-worn walls have commentary upon the changes that time
taken there is beauty, in its sorrowful has wrought upon the town, a monument
decrepitude there is a dignity which the to its great past. The Veere of to-day
carping stranger must admit. numbers not more than a hundred and
The original building was erected some fifty small houses; her ancient rampart-
six centuries ago; destroyed by fire in girdle fits her far too loosely ; she has re-
1686, the present edifice rose from its treated toward her little harbor, and her
ishes; once possessing two stately tow- imposing church sits lonely and deserted
‘rs, it now has but the sullen remnant of at the town’s edge.
ne. Its great windows have been shat- Beside it is the Stadsfontein (a large
'S ‘cred and walled up, then pierced again cistern capable of containing and filtering
 VEERE, AN ARTIST’S PARADISE 735
two thousand hectoliters), sheltered under entirely. for her architectural treasures,
a quaint little Gothic structure and em- which are not, indeed, to be despised.
bowered in trees, a delicious background for Not yet have I mentioned that gem of
”
Veere’s white-capped, bare-armed maidens. a Stadhuis, old as Middelburg’s own, and
Do you know the Walcheren costume— its smaller first cousin, designed- by the
the close bodice with its gay “ shield ” and same hand. Four centuries and: more
kerchief, its four inches of sleeve ending ‘have slipped over it with gentlest touch,
in a velvet band so tight that the plump, softening, mellowing, blending, but never
sunburned arm looks yet redder and fat- harming color or line of a building emi-
ter; the coral necklace and the volumi- nently satisfactory and satisfying. Go in
nous black skirts ; the wide shirred apron, through its door, if you will, to its old
black satin for Kermis, plaid gingham for vierschaar, its great council-chamber. Not
working days, and several grades in be- to be named in the same breath, perhaps,
tween; the best shoes with their buckles with those of Nijmegen or Kampen, but,
for holidays, and the Alompen for hard nevertheless, distinctly worth while. -Look
service ; the close-fitting, snowy-white cap, for the bronze hands upon the chimney-
the diminutive, satin-smooth, close-rolled breast, and for Maximilian’s gilded cup,
‘‘pompadour,” the gold band and up- Veere’s greatest treasure, if. you wish.
turned spirals at the temples, the pearl- Any guide-book will furnish you with -the
PAINT
FRESH
WITH
GAY
HOUSES
TINY
decked pendants dangling to the rosy cup’s exact dimensions, value, and artistic
cheeks? It is very effective, very decora- merits, if your eyes do not at once remark
tive, and thoroughly becoming to the dark- them ; it has been the cynosure of critical
haired, brown-eyed, fair-skinned daughters eyes at a Paris Exposition,.coveted in vain
of Zeeland. Each of these tiny islands, by an American millionaire, has been im- Babee
eeSe.
each of these tiny towns, indeed, had once mortalized upon a postal card, and needs
its own distinctive variation of costume, no word of mine to add to-its glory. But
and upon Walcheren and Zuid-Beveland it the bronze fists? Ah, well! their story
is still retained. The Walcheren costume better befits a hall of justice than does a
is charmingly quaint and demure, lending goblet, however big and fine.-- Once, long
a dainty primness which belies the mis- ago, some men of Veere rebelled against
chievous, joy-loving spirit within. their lord, and for their treachery were con- AR
i
lt
ie
at
The men are less conservative, yet demned to lose a hand. Mercy tempered
many of them still retain the ancient cos- the sentence’s Harshness, and the penitent
tume in slightly modified guise. The rebels were permitted to buy their living +TT

knickerbockers and buckles have vanished, hands by presentation of a bronze counter- Peal

long, loose trousers have taken their place, feit which should hang forevermore-in the
but the four huge silver plates still clasp viersthaar, a warning to traitors, a witness
them at the waistband, and the oddly cut of clemency to judges.
vest and short jacket boast the rows of Not so many decades ago Veere became
filigree silver buttons which have ever ambitious. A “hall of antiquities ” which
marked the Zeelander among his fellow- should rival that of Middelburg stirred
countrymen. her dreams. Had she not the golden
Market days or Kermis in the greater beker as nucleus? Down came the grim
cities give opportunity to see the holiday bronze fists to keep it company, and, neatly
costumes, the best broadcloth, velvet, and arranged and carefully ticketed, took their
satin, the reddest coral, and the richest places as objects of interest in the small
buttons and pendants ; but at Veere any. collection. Then went up a howl of
day and all day the every-day clothes may wrath and derision. The fists belonged
be studied, and for the artist their slightly upon the chimney-breast where they had
faded hues have more value than all the hung for three hundred years. Uncer-
shining. newness of festal skirts and tainly the council of Veere debated the
BESIDE
MEADOWS,
AND
FIELDS
FERTILE
BETWEEN
PASSES
VEERE
“TO
ROAD
THE
jackets. question—To rob the chimney. or. the
It is not for the smiling, rosy-cheeked collection, which was the better? The
girls, the friendly men, that one remem- clenched fists are in their first home by
vers Veere, much as they may .contribute the chimney again; long may they dwell
o one’s work and pleasure there. Nor there!
736 THE OUTLOOK 27 March

It was to Veere, then a rich and thriving shadows? Beside the Stadhuis stands a
city, that Hugo de Groot, of Delft, came voorberedingschool—a preparatory school
some three centuries ago for a wife. —which we should call a kindergarten.
Upon the marriage register of the old Its gentle mistress stands, white-capped,
Stadhuis stands: the record, dated July 2, be-aproned, in the doorway, while busy
1608, of his marriage with a certain mothers bring their tiny sons and daugh-
Jongvrouw Maria Reygersbergh, spinster, ters to her care. Sometimes it is “ big
of Veere. To readers of Motley there is sister” who brings the toddler, sometimes
no need to say more; to those who are a mature four-year-old comesalone. _Until
not, there remains but the recommenda- the moment when their actual instruc-
tion to seek out his “ Life of John van tion begins, the instruction which shall
Olden-Barneveldt ” and read the story— prepare them, shall lay the foundation for
for no one can tell it better—of this re- future study, the little creatures, of whom
markable Grotius, of his wonderful learn- not one is more than five, play gayly upon
ing, his political dangers, his imprisonment, the Stadhuis steps, quite unimpressed by
and his dramatic escape from the castle its hoary age, its dignity, or its beauty.
of Loevestein, in which this stout-hearted, The contrast is very funny, occasionally
true-minded, daring daughter of Veere very pretty when some dimpled, white-
played such conspicuous part. capped baby stands gravely wondering
As for me—while you are doing all before the dark old door.
these desirable and praiseworthy things But it is not here about the church or
within the Stadhuis—I shall linger without Stadhuis that artists most do congregate.
under the shadow of some friendly trees. Go saunter upon the broad quay or out
There are statues carefully posed in the upon the dike which bars the eager water
tall niches between the windows of the from the yielding land. Watch how the
second story ; seven:long-gone lords and shadows shift and the colors change be-
ladies of Veere look down thence in neath every passing cloud. See how the
friendly way upon the stranger, and with tower soars proudly, gayly into the ever-
their names I have long since held varying sky, and the red roofs huddle be-
acquaintance. It is pleasant to see what neath the tall green trees at its base. No
manner of people they once were—or proud ships come now to Veere’s tiny
what some fifteenth-century sculptor made haven, but small boats a-plenty with ““Arne-
them. muiden” or “‘Yerseke,” perhaps, upon their
Far above their heads, above the steep red-brown sails. They lie along the quiet
roof and all the many little bristling dormer- quay beneath the lindens’ shadow, their
windows, rises a belfry gay enough to masts and sails quivering in reflection be-
have grown from Aladdin’s wonder-lamp, side the images of tall gray gabled ware-
and from it a merry cavi/on rings out the houses or flower-dotted dike. To and fro
passing hours as gayly now as in those far- beside them pass white-capped, bare-
distant years when Veere was in her armed women, sturdy men in well-worn
prime. From the meadow a lark rises jackets and baggy breeches, faded by sun
higher and higher into the cloud-flecked and shower to browns and grays incom-
sky, and ever clearer and sweeter and parable, and little children uncountable,
fuller comes his joyous song rippling back each busy with his or her daily task.
to us through all the merry clamor of the Artists come often to Veere, tourists
silvery bells. rarely ;no one pays the least attention to
Now who would sit within doors or the easel or sketch-block while there is
ponder over oudheden (antiquities) upon work to be done.
a day like this, when all the world without Down by the harbor’s mouth still stands
is gay with color and song? And who the Kampveersche Toren, a sturdy old
could placidly sketch the stone ladies above stone tower with charming outlook over
the Stadhuis door when a troop of small, rippling water to the low green line which
merry children are trotting up one flight marks Noord-Beveland’s shore. Abeut
of steps, to scurry down the other and it the tern fly unceasingly, calling, ever
around to their starting-point in a breath- calling in their high insistent voices as if to
less chase to catch up with their own short remind it to be watchful, to remember
1909 ' VEERE, AN ARTIST’S PARADISE 737

the city, the Kampen, that it can no longer men are busy repairing and strengthen-
see, the twin tower just across the haven ing, building up where the sea has torn
which has long since gone down beneath down, running out long protecting arms
the waves. where it has left some furtive deposit of
Upon that grassy dike or rampart, sand, struggling, through the long smooth
where now are but a few cottages and summer days, to make suitable defense
small kitchen-gardens, there once stood for the approaching winter’s storms and
dwellings and storehouses as stately as springtime’s floods and gales.
those which line the haven’s southern The red cap-band of the Waterstaat
side, and at the end stone walls and tower men is nowhere more frequent than in
breasted the tides. Stout and strong the vicinity of Veere, the-men whose
they were, able to resist the greatest buf- duty it is to watch and withstand the hos-
fetings, the rudest stress of weather, the tile water. All those rich, fertile polders
slow perpetual grind of time, yet one day at Veere’s rear are kept from annihila-
Veere awoke and they were not; in the tion only by eternal vigilance guarding a
pride of their strength they had gone succession of dikes. Does the idea dis-
down, and the sea, which had gnawed turb us, as we sit sketching upon Veere’s
long months unseen beneath them, then rampart? Do our fingers tremble at
rippled far above their heads. their task? Not at all. No one borrows
To-day the Zand Kreek lies like a trouble on Zeeland islands; no one lives
silver mirror; the waters of the Veersche to-morrow in to-day. Serenely the pres-
Gat show scarcely a ripple toward the ent is accepted, and when it grants a June
sea. To-day the sky is an opal bowl day by Veere’s old gray walls, it is a gift
banded with misty clouds through which too beautiful to admit of doubtful ques-
showe flushes of rarest color; the sun tion.
smiles lovingly, caressingly, over the roofs The Norwegian fiord at twilight, the
and tree-tops, the poppies nod to their Bay of Naples at sunrise, have their
own placid reflections, the great windmill glories inexpressible, but not the far, far
upon the meadows swings its huge arms North, nor the border of the tropics, has
lazily, the bells tinkle joyously, and a a lovelier sky, a more enchanting light
wooden-shod lad whistles merry answer. than that which envelops. Veere at dusk
Could such things be wheressuch tragedies and dawn. Neither gray nor blue nor
have been, where tragedies yet may be? green, but ‘suggestions of all; neither
Listen! In the stillness, far over the orange nor yellow, nor scarlet nor rose,
water, comes a clear sound, as of metal but recollections of each; shadows softly
upc. metal. Is that a bell in sunken transparent, lights in which is no glare,
Kampen’s church still ringing the vesper every line and curve, every tone with full
call beneath the waves? Listen again! value, yet none insistently severe, ever
Out upon the dike beyond the old -town, softly changing through the long passing
there where the current runs swiftest, hours of night and day,
AROUND THE WOR
FOR «,

~
nm

BY RALPH D. BLUMENFE
EDITOR OF THE LONDON DAILY EXPRESS
. Y OU are to read the story of a man prefers to be known as the Father of hb
ee
eet
me
SS
oo

who has done a great thing. You Penny Postage. Here is his ideal:
are to be taken behind the scenes Universal penny postage may well be de-
of one of the world’s greatest conspiracies scribed as a scheme whereby any inhabitant
for the good of mankind that has ever of our planet, white, black, or yellow, may be
enabled for the sum of one penny to commu-
been evolved. You are to read how the nicate with any other at the lowest possible
Hon. J. Henniker Heaton, M.P., single- rate and the highest attainable speed—Eng-
handed, undaunted, has brought closer lishman with German, Frenchman, Italian,
together millions upon millions of people or Russian; European with American; Asi-
atic with Australian or African—so that when
by means of cheaper postal rates. Briefly, one soul has something to say to another,
this is to be the story of Universal Penny neither color, nor religion, nor creed, nor di-
(two-cent) Postage. It is also the story plomacy, nor national antipathy, nor latitude
of J. Henniker Heaton. We erect mon- nor longitude, nor poverty, nor any other bar-
rier shall stand between them. It is a grand
uments to puny men who have not accom- yet simple assertion of the brotherhood of
plished a thousandth part of this man’s nations; it is a change that threatens no in-
wonderful achievements ; we write books terests and benefits all mankind.
about them; we print their portraits in The fight has gone on for generations.
the magazines, and indite long and pon- Sixty years ago Elihu Burritt came over
derous leading articles on the laudable to England from the United States to <

example set by those who give money for plead for a penny post. He was laughed
hospitals or research; Kaisers give them at. No post-office would support such a
Black Eagles; Republics make them revolutionary change. The rate of post-
Grand Cordons of the Legion of Honor; age to the British colonies was so high
Sultans give them the Medijieh; Kings that people found communication with
confer on them the Golden Fleece and friends and relations prohibitive. Letters
the Thistle. But their deeds, when com- were written only under stress of neces-
‘ pared with the gigantic structure raised by sity. The son who had emigrated to
this simple, unassuming member of Par- Australia or Canada wrote home once in
liament for the Cathedral City of Canter- six months, and, owing to this consequent
bury, sink into insignificance. Indeed, loosening of the ties, gradually ceased
Mr. Henniker Heaton has been four writing at all. Families were thus torn
times offered the honor of knighthood, asunder. A penny stamp would have
and has as many times refused it. He kept them together. Elihu Burritt, a man
738 ‘ e|
e
ee!
ee!
a
Oe
ee
ee
ae
ae
e
 AROUND THE WORLD FOR 2 CENTS 739
of rare intuition and strength of character, or science, and his answer will be “ Postal
traveled up and down Great Britain in an Reform.” Prince and pauper have been
endeavorto awaken the people to a sense forced to listen, unwillingly perhaps at
of the importance of his mission. Here first, but interested at last! He became
is an extract from a speech of his in the a bore on the subject, a “crank” to be
city of Aberdeen: “To thousands and avoided. Postmasters-General avoided
tens of thousands -in. town, in village, and him. He knew his subject too thoroughly,
in hamlet, the dispensation of the penny and he did not weary of repetition. ‘“Re-
post comes almost as gratuitously as the form! Reform! Reform!” hecried. Al-
morning dew upon the flowers that breathe ways he held aloft the banner of cheaper
and blush in the windows.” It was po- postage. His first general attack came
etic but ineffective. Elihu Burritt went in 1886, in the House of Commons. By
back to America and into the Awigkeit. rare good luck he succeeded in winning a
High postage remained; families continued place by ballot for a resolution. _ There
to break up. is little room or time in the British House
A long hiatus followed. In the early of Commons for the hearing of private
’sixties a youth of sixteen went out to members’ bills or resolutions. ‘The Gov-
Australia to make his career. Young ernment takes up so much of the time
Henniker Heaton had left Rochester in that private members’ grievances have to
Kent, to try agriculture in the Antipodes. be left to the chance of a ballot, and even
Instead of agriculture he espoused jour- this boon may be nipped in the bud by
nalism. His task was twofold. He wrote the mere objection of any single member.
of articles and collected subscribers, and his But on March 30 Henniker Heaton was
work took him all over the vast new. con- fortunate in winning the first place by
tinent. Here he first came in touch with ballot, and he took advantage of it by
le-
nt the hardships imposed by high postage on moving the following resolution :
people who longed for news from dear That, in the opinion of this House, the time
ju- ones at home yet were too poor to main- has arrived for the Government of this coun-
le tain a regular correspondence; and he try to open negotiations with other Govern-
e- ments with a view to the establishment of a
became the most inveterate postal reformer
universal penny postage system.
that the world has ever known. Prosper-
ity came early. He married the daughter Mr. Heaton’s speech was listened to by
of his proprietor, and in due time returned a crowded house which the indefatigable
to England—and to Parliament. But in worker had whipped up for the purpose.
returning he had only one object in view, He pointed out that it was obvious to
that of relieving the post of its incubus of every mind that by a supply of cheap,
high postage. His first step, on coming rapid, and trustworthy methods of com-
in-
“home ”—every Englishman, be he in munication in Great Britain and Ireland
New Zealand, Peru, or Pondoland, calls not only had the British people enjoyed
er England “ home ”—was to come to grips means of continuous intercourse and fel-
to
with his subject at the Berlin International lowship with absent friends, not only had
ad Telegraph Conference in 1885, when he works of charity been facilitated, sym-
succeeded in cutting down the cost of pathies enlarged and unity of feeling pro-.
st- cables to Australia. Then he entered moted, but, in addition, an incalculable
Parliament, and he has been reforming stimulus had been given to trade and
ever since. Night and day, winter and industry of every kind and degree. On
summer, year in and year out, Henniker these grounds he asked that penny post-
Heaton has been reforming. Every Post- age be extended to the Colonies and foreign
master-General, every Minister of the nations. He pointed out that new and
Crown, every newspaper editor, every distinct advantages would be secured by
member of Parliament, has been impor- this extension to the whole world. These
tuned by him. For nearly a quarter of a were, first, the promotion of brotherly
century this tireless man has been roam- feeling with the millions of Englishmen
ive
ing about the globe preaching postal re- dwelling in the colonies, and, secondly, the
form from the housetops. Talk to him creation and fostering of a feeling of
os plague or drought or earthquake solidarity and common interest. He fore-
 wo

St.
it j

THE HON. J. HENNIKER HEATON, M.P.

The Father of Universal Penny Postage

told that this reform, “ when it is ours—as lobby no less than 142 members of all
it soon must be—would confer a wide- parties. T'welve years later he’ had the
spread benefit on commerce, would bring satisfaction of presenting to each of them
new happiness into myriads of homes here a silver penny on the day when penny
in this country, and scattered by the brim- postage was established with the Colonies.
ming margent on the long wash of the On that day in March, 1886, the real
Australian seas, over pathless prairies in fight for universal penny postage began.
America, over trackless plains in Australia, From that day onward Henniker Heaton
and along glancing equatorial streams, and made it impossible for successive Post-
it would form the last and not the least masters-General to rest in peace. He
tenacious of the ties that bound our bombarded them with questions in the
Colonies to the Mother Country.” House of Commons. He drew up a list
The resolution was lost, defeated by the of “Sixty Reasons for the Establishment
Government, which feared too great a of a Universal Penny Post,’ and pub-
drop in its revenue. The member for lished it in every newspaper in the land.
Canterbury took with him into the division Every Chamber of Commerce in the Em-
740
 AROUND THE WORLD FOR 2 CENTS 741
pire was induced to pass resolutions in his enough in its time. Why alter? And so
favor. Deputations from here, there, and week after week the Reformer, who lost
everywhere were ushered into the un- no opportunity to bombard St. Martin’s-
willing presence of the head of the post- le-Grand with letters, was greeted with
office. But there was method in the the official response: “I am directed by
Reformer’s madness. Always with the the Postmaster-General to state,” etc.
ideal of penny postage before him, he Permanen: officials are the bane of
created diversions by urging other reforms Ministers as well as those who wish to
and achieving them. He forced on the have something done out of the ordinary
authorities the half;penny envelope in- course. I can give you an apt illustration.
closure, the private post-card, the stamp- Two or three years ago I asked a Minis-
ing of postage hours on envelopes. He ter to grant’a reform in which I was par-
became known as the Unofficial Post- ticularly interested... It was only a very
master-General and “the member for insignificant matter, which did not affect
St. Martin’s-le-Grand.” Successive -Tory the public, and, in the routine of an ordi-
Governments would have made him the nary business, it could have been effected
official Postmaster-General had they not by the mere lifting of an official finger.
feared his irresistible raid on the money- My ministerial friend was delighted to
bags of the Treasury to carry out his pet be of service to me. “Certainly,” he
scheme ; and so he was left to assault the said, ‘it shallbe done. Just write me a
ramparts on his own responsibility. In formal letter, so that it goes through the
the House of Commons he assailed the regular channel, and I will sanction it.”
Government day after day. I wrote the application as directed, and
“Ts my right honorable friend the received a blue paper with the stereotyped
Postmaster-General aware,” cries the reply: “I am directed by the Secretary
member for Canterbury, “ that he charges of State for affairs to acknowledge
in a telegram ‘mother-in-law’ as one receipt of your: letter of inst., and to
word and ‘ father-in-law ’ as three ?” inform you that he regrets his inability,” ROME
AEbig
D

“Does my right honorable friend know etc. I met my high and mighty Cabinet
that the Post-Office telegraphs accept Minister several days afterwards, and held
Newcastle-on-Tyne as one word and St. the blue paper up for him to read and
Leonard’s-on-Sea as three ?” blush over. ‘ Well, you see,” he hummed, ore

‘Is my right honorable friend aware “you see, the Bak aters officials,”’ etc.
that M. P. is two words and P. M. one “ But what of the permanent officials?”
word, or Charing Cross two words and I protested, with assumed astonishment,
St. Pancras one word—the latter because knowing full well the impotence of great
it is the name of a saint ?” statesmen in their toils.
All this served to aid the agitator for “Oh, you don’t know,” was the plain-
reform, besides adding amusement to the tive reply. ‘If you knew, you wouldn’t
otherwise serious attack’ on the Govern- worry me.” :
ment of the day. But Henniker Heaton There it is. That is the thing that
knew then, as he does to-day, that the Henniker Heaton had to combat and ERE
EE
IRAE
Cina
aene
gener
a
SR
aNT

Postmaster-General whom he was han- defeat.

dling so roughly was merely a political So the fight went on. Henniker Hea-
figure, a puppet in the hands of perma- ton, traveling east, west, north, and south
nent officials, the bureaucracy which gov. to every civilized state of the -world,
erns England. Postmasters and Prime carried his banner of postal reform before
Ministers may come and go, but the per- him. He studied the postal guides of
manent official, wound round and round every country and learned them by heart.
with ancient red tape, remains in charge He knew every postal anomaly in the
of the Circumlocution Offices which do world. He became a perambulating time-
duty for governmental departments. The table, spouting forth figures and rates on
permanent officials have always been and the slightest provocation. In his pere-
still are opposed to postal reforms. Why grinations he reached Washington in
should they reform anything? The old 1889, when the Hon. John Wanamaker
shilling inland post served its purpose well was Postmaster-General in the Harrison
 742 THE OUTLOOK 27 March

Administration. He was received with tion, the Government gave imperative

sympathy then, and the next year, 1890, instructions to the British postal officials
when the Postage Committee of Congress, to vote for imperial penny postage. On
while expressing favorable views on the Christmas Day, 1898, imperial penny
~ subject, reported that they would like -to postage was inaugurated.
include Germany in the reduction to the Then came the first public recognition
two-cent rate when the time came. But of the man who had done the work. The
nothing more was done at the time. There city of London presented him with its free-
was some opposition in England on the dom i —_ golden casket, and the city of
part of certain Imperial Federationists to Cante. .ry did likewise. The permanent
the inclusion of the United States in the officials sulked. The Rt. Hon. Sir J. G.
scheme, but the protest was not well Ward, Postmaster-General of New Zea-
received. This year, 1890, was the jubilee land, now Prime Minister of that Domin-
of the British inland penny postage, and ion, followed this triumph with the an-
it was shown how the country had bene- nouncement that New Zealand had decided
fited by the reduction. The statistics to introduce universal penny postage from
were used with great effect, and may have the following January. Italy, Egypt, the
had something to-do with the Postmaster- United States, and several other countries
General’s decision to agree to an all-sea accepted the offer. The three thousand
fourpenny route to Australia ; that is, the and more bluejackets of Admiral Sperry’s
post was carried by ship all the way instead fleet will bear testimony to the benefit of
of by rail across the Continent to Brindisi, the penny rate. From New Zealand they
which was and is a somewhat expensive had only to pay two cents for their letters
affair. ‘The British Post-Office conducts to their homes in the United States.
its own special train from Calais to Brindisi From Australia, across the way, they paid
every Friday. It is the heaviest mail in five cents.
the world, and by chartering its own train But the victory was not yet secure, for
the Government obviates the necessity of within a short time the mandarins of the
paying extra rates to the countries through post-office, as ‘our reformer calls them,
which the train travels. The next year a attempted to kill the penny scheme by
reduction to twopence halfpenny was asking the Postal Union at Vienna to
announced for letters to, all the British rescind it. But they failed.
Colonies. Naturally, this was welcome And now we come to the next great
news to the people of the colonies, who step towards the universal penny, the
had for many years enjoyed the twopence- adoption of the reduced rate by the United
halfpenny rate to Germany, France, and States. Here, too, there was battling,
other countries. long and fierce, with officialdom. Mr.
At the quinquennial meeting of the Henniker Heaton had formed a league
Postal Union at Washington the perma- for the establishment of universal penny
nent officials sought to check the penny postage. On July 3, 1906, he summoned
agitation by proposing a twopenny (four a great deputation of leading public men
cent) universal postage, but they were de- -to wait on the Chancellor of the Ex- -
feated by a large majority. Later, the chequer and the Postmaster-General to
Canadians ‘proposed a three-cent universal plead for the penny stamp to the United
rate, and in order to settle the question States. Among those present was the
a conference of the imperial colonies was Hon. Nicholas Longworth. Both Minis-
called to meet in London on June 28, ters expressed themselves favorable to the
1898. The permanent officials were hard object, but “ regretted that the finances of
at it for three weeks trying to force the the country at present,” etc. On the fol-
twopenny rate. Things were going bad lowing Fourth of July the Hon. Whitelaw
for Henniker Heaton. He worked night Reid spoke as follows at the Independence
and day for the penny rate, but the offi- Day banquet at the Hotel Cecil :
cials were obdurate and were winning.
Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, Colonial Secre- The American people hope for closer and
cheaper communications with all other
tary, saved the day. Henniker Heaton nations as the best means of aoa
appealed to him, and, acting on his mo- better acquaintance and perpetuating friend-
 1909 AROUND THE WORLD FOR 2 CENTS : 743
ship. They were gratified to find the Brit- the bidding of the Post-Office, the British
ish apostle of penny postage at this moment Ambassador at Washington was busy on
focusing his efforts on what ought to be the behalf of Mr. Henniker Heaton. Mr.
easy task of persuading the authorities on
OD
=
Ss both sides of the Atlantic that it was as Bryce, Mr. Longworth, Mr. Moreton
cheap to carry a letter from London to New Frewen, and others carried on the agita-
York as from London to Calcutta or from tion ; and then, mradile dictu / the Amer-
Qe -New York to Manila, and quite as useful. ican Postmaster-General, Mr. Meyer, so
Backed by thi$ strong opinion, Mr. far forgot himself as to write direct to
Henniker Heaton sought a number of Mr. Heaton on the subject. It was an

THE RIGHT HON. SYDNEY BUXTON

The British Postmaster-General

rich men and induced them to offer the unpardonable sin which had its proper
Government a guarantee against loss. sequence. Here is the letter:
Mr. Carnegie was one of the guarantors.
Washington, July 17, 1907.
Mr. Sydney Buxton, the Postmaster- My dear Sir:
General, replied that the Government Referring to your letter, I desire to inform
‘could not accept private donations for you that I have given the question of two-
public purposes’ of this description.” cent (penny) postage between England and
the United States careful consideration, and
But why should not a Government accept I am favorably inclined towards the proposi-
a private guarantee of responsible busi- tion of establishing a restricted union with
ness men, unless there is the desire not to England, providing for a letter rate of two
nd cents for each half-ounce. You will notice
1er deal with the subject at all? But while
that for a letter weighing two ounces this
Mr. Buxton and the Chancellor of the would figure out the same as the Universal
Exchequer (then Mr. Asquith) were doing Union rate of eight cents established at the
744 THE OUTLOOK
last convention in Rome. You assured me pence halfpenny stamp on the letter of
that the British Parliament is most anxious acknowledgment.
to carry out two-cent postage reform so far
as America is concerned. t I desire to So far, so good. The Reformer is
learn from you is the attitude of your postal pleased, but not satisfied. He will not rest
authorities, for this reason: that if there is a until he has gathered in the whole Postal
fair opportunity of making an arrangement Union. Francenext. It costs one penny
with your Government to establish a two-
cent postage rate for each half-ounce, I to send a letter from Dover to Sydney.
would endeavor to be in London, if possible, twelve thousand miles away, and twopence
about the early days of September, but I do halfpenny to send a letter from Dover to
not wish to make the trip without a favor- Calais, twenty-one miles distant. The
able prospect of accomplishing the desired
result. I write you informallyan mmelicieby, letters go by the same packet.
in order that you may advise me informally I give herewith Mr. Henniker Heaton’s
what the possibilities are and what the atti- estimated loss on universal penny postage
tude of your Postmaster-General would be in Great Britain, both at its establishment
in the matter. Yours very truly,
(Signed) G. von L. MEYER, and on the assumption that the corre-
Postmaster-General. spondence would be doubled :
Lge ort to
Mr. Henniker Heaton was in Australia one penny when
at the time working at his favorite task. Giring 107; penny. “tsdoubled.
When the letter did reach him, he managed Austria-Hungary 413,125 44,325
to have its contents cabled officially through Belgium........... 32,500 7,384
Denmark........+.
Sir Joseph Ward and the Colonial Office (SE RRs 75,000 25,000
Germany ......... 75,000 25,000
to the British Government. - But, you see, = a Ggenesoen way 460
it was a private letter, and did not, therefore, -— Seer 12,500
SER Ce 16,250 5,480
exist. So nothing was done, and Mr. tate Ainehesseats He ret
iveneds gens
Meyer’s visit did not take place. The , REE 9,375 3,385
Reformer came back as fast as he could and SPAIN «1...0eeeevee re 31g

began the task again. In May Mr. White- Switzerland....... 12,500 4,168
eee 4,375 1,633
law Reid was waited on by Mr. Henniker - Rumania, etc...... 2,060 715
Heaton and Lord Blyth, another ardent re- RTE OS 3,820 1,255
SOOM cvcvestrcess 2,065 717
former. Theinterview must havedonesome ON re 2,500 909
Brazil, Argentine,
good. A few days later Mr. Buxton wrote BERT 000 7,500 2,726
to the Reformer and asked him to be good Chili and Peru.... 400,000 2,500 909
enough to be in his place in the House of Deducting one penny halfpenny per
Commons the next day to listen to some letter, there would be a loss of £300,000
remarks on penny postage. Mr. Heaton on fifty million letters sent to countries
went, and heard the announcement that not enjoying penny postage. Mr. Henni-
the thing he had been battling for so ker Heaton suggests the formation of a
many years had been arranged between stock company to guarantee the Post-Office
Great Britain and the United States, against loss for ten years, but, on the
Of course there will be a vast increase other hand, taking all profits for a similar
in the postage of letters between the two period. I imagine the permanent officials
countries, owing to the reduction. The will have something effective to say about
annual loss of $600,000 to the British this !
Government will not, I believe, be realized. In the meantime, more power to the
Heretofore the average of American letter- Reformer’s elbow! He points with pride
writing has been sixty-four and the British to a letter that Sir W. Howard Russell
seventy-five per head per annum. This received from a manin Canada. Itread:
must, naturally, increase enormously with- You know that Henniker Heaton. Tell
out adding much to the cost of adminis- the blackguard that he is the curse of my
tration. In 1907 British-born immigrants life. All my relatives in County Clare—you oe
<A
r
m
oFR
know there are a hundred -of them—have
in the United States remitted to poor written to me, taking advantage of the two- OQ.
relations in Great Britain and Ireland over cent post to ask me for assistance to enable
$7,000,000 in small money orders. In them to come over.
thousands of cases heretofore it has been That is the Reformer’s monument, and bi
a hardship tospare the money for the two- a proud one, too!
 ON THE BREEDING AND IMPROVEMENT
OF GIFTHORSES
.
BY J. CLEVELAND CADY

HILE volumes have been zealous way he guarded it against changes

.printed on nearly everything that might in any way mar its harmony or
concerning the ordinary equine impair its fine character.
steed, the only thing that has appeared Qn this occasion he seemed. quite dis-
regarding the very important “ Gifthorse ” turbed and restless ; presently he said:
seems to be merely the aphorism: “T wish you would come over with me
‘“* Never look a gifthorse in the mouth.” to St. Jude’s. Three great cases have
Why so little study and attention should arrived; they are gay with Italian stamps,
have been devoted to this vital and urgent and, I fancy, contain some important gift
theme is indeed a mystery—possibly the for the church; perhaps from the Sand-
wretched adage itself has frightened writers boys, who are now abroad, and, I know,
from the subject. have contemplated a memorial to their
From an analysis of the expression it is mother. Dear me! J wonder what they
clear that the compound word “ Gift- have done! I fear they have been the
horse” has a double significance, upon victims of some Italian fakir, or have by
which a sinister meaning is cast by the some mischance secured something en-
balance of the sentence. tirely out of harmony with dear St.
“Gift” is certainly expressive of value Jude’s |”
conferred, probably by reason of grateful The cases were found in the basement
or kindly intent, while ‘‘ Horse” suggests of the church, and as the carpenter un-
efficiency in “ getting there ” with speed packed them the worst apprehensions
and certainty—hence a gift that surely were realized, for there was gradually re-
and promptly reaches its destination. The vealed a large and elaborate font of cream-
command or advice contained in the rest colored stone, its surface a mass of carv-
of the maxim is, however, calculated to ings of vines, flowers, birds, butterflies,
put a damper on rising enthusiasm over and Cupids, rivaling Madame Furbelow’s
the prospect of delightful and grateful latest spring hat—a miracle of horticul-
tributes, warning against too close scrutiny, tural and other embellishment that must
and implying that quite probably the gift have involved a large outlay of time and
that will come so promptly and unavoid- labor, and necessarily a very great ex-
ably will be defective or for some reason pense.
undesirable—alas, it may be unendurable ! My friend seemed too overcome for
As I mused over the matter, my friend speech as he viewed this incongruous
Percy Bryce dropped in—a welcome affair, intended for a place among dignified
visitor always, for he was not only my and churchly surroundings. He realized
college chum, but the beloved minister of keenly the embarrassment of the situation :
St. Jude’s, a church in which our towns- the costliness of the gift ; the spirit which
people all took a great pride, on account prompted it; the disappointment and in-
of its noble work, its historic interest, and dignation that would follow its refusal;
ell the fine Gothic structure which the elder and, on the other hand, the disharmony
i: Upjohn had designed for it in years gone it would create standing at odds with
ell by—a design scholarly, pure, and yet with everything about it.
ny a simple and artistic freedom quite in As he gazed abstractedly upon it, the
ou keeping with his beautiful and guileless
ve
ancient adage came to me like art inspira-
10- character. tion, and I solemnly observed:
le Bryce, who was an appreciative lover of “* Never look a gifthorse in the mouth.”
church architecture, delighted in the old ‘“‘ A happy idea !’”’ he exclaimed ; “only
nd building. It was always a pleasure to we will not look at it at all, at least as little
witness his enthusiasm for it, and the as possible. A dark cover of heavy woolen
745
746 THE OUTLOOK 27 March

stuff shall be made to protect it from dust The relation of these experiences from
and injury, and we will be so zealous in its time to time brought to light many of a
care that the cover shall rarely if ever get similar character; evidently the plague of
removed.” the Gifthorse had been widespread!
Not long after I was giving an account One of its mostfrequent manifestations
of my friend Bryce’s unhappy experience seemed to have been the “ memorial
to an architect whose professional work window,” in which case the enterprising
had been mainly in ecclesiastical lines, stained-glass man induced the bereaved,
when he volunteered the information that tender of heart, to part freely with their
his best building had been ruined by the lucre for large windows in which bad—
entrance of a noisy, ungainly Gifthorse—a and often ludicrous—figure-drawing was
veritable Percheron among beasts. emphasized by most solid colors. Or,
It seemed that the church, which was a perchance, a landscape of more than trop-
memorial, had been designed and carried ical verdure recalled the drop scene of a
out with unusual care. It was cruciform theater. No sacrifice seemed too great to
in plan, and the treatment quite in the make for these “ works of art.” Indeed,
style of the early Christian churches, so nothing appeared to be considered but
beautiful in proportion and in simplicity of the memorial itself! Sometimes the im-
detail. portant framéwork of the windows, their
In this case care was taken that each mullions and tracery, were cut out to give
section of the cruciform should have its a broad, unbroken surface of glass for an
full value in the scheme. A small recess ambitious picture, at the same time de-
or chamber was built adjoining the apse, stroying the relative scale of the interior
that the sweet-toned little pipe-organ might and its architectural character.
not even seem to crowd it by its presence, An illustration of this is seen in one of
or destroy the balance of the plan. our finest college chapels. The great
Soon after its completion, an ambitious clearstory windows are divided by their
and impulsive member of the congrega- handsome stone tracery into many panels,
tion heard of a large second-hand organ, which increase the apparent size of the
for sale at a “ bargain ” by a church which windows, as well as that of the building,
had the offer of a finer and more costly giving dignity and character. The tracery
one, and, determining to make sure of the furnishes the architectural lines, while
prize before it was too late, immediately the shimmer and gleaiaing color of the
commenced a campaign among his friends, glass give decoration ‘and illumination—a
and secured the needed funds. charming combination.
Of course the apse, or upper portion In the transepts, however, the Gift-
of the cruciform, became the stall for this horse (which from its very equine nature
Gifthorse, a beast of such proportions seems always fated to “get there”) has
that it not only greedily filled it all, but, obtruded itself in the shape of two old
crowding the pulpit ruthlessly forward, memorial windows, with broad, unbroken
extended some distance out into the nave ! surfaces of glass, that somebody had given
Then it was realized that the interior to a former building, and which were re-
‘beauty of the church was destroyed, its garded with a superstitious veneration that
fine proportion lost—all for the sake of unfortunately prevented their destruction.
an overgrown second-hand organ of doubt- The architect carefully placed them at
ful quality. points where they would be least effective
There followed a loud outcry from those for mischief, but a thoughtful observer
who appreciated and loved the building, can but notice how weak and characterless
which was met by the all-sufficient injunc- they seem, and how they lower the tone
tion : of the building as compared with those of
“ Never look a Gifthorse in the mouth.” the clearstory.
To which came the indignant reply, “ If In one suburban church, whose glass,
you had not only looked it in the mouth, though not expensive, was well subordi-
but all over, or, better, got some compe- nated to the building and in fine tone with
tent person to investigate it for you, our it, a gifthorse appeared, chaperoned by a
church would-have been saved.” wealthy widow who wished in a memorial
 1999 ON THE BREEDING AND IMPROVEMENT OF GIFTHORSES 747
to apotheosize the virtues of her late hus- to him that if he took the matter thor-
band, who, strange to relate, had been most oughly in hand in the very beginning he
temperately abstemious of any aid to the might transform the evil powers of the
church during his lifetime. herd into a force for righteousness.
The unwary trustees, eager to grasp As he mused, the idea took strong hold
anything in the way of an offering, accept- upon him, for while his excellent taste and
ed the gift “sight unseen.” When it was judgment cried out against the hybrid
in place, however, it was realized that its chargers that might come prancing into
turgid colors and larger scale did not affect the very Holy of Holies, he realized quite
the church nearly as pleasantly as the deli- as clearly, on the other hand, the great value
cate window it had supplanted, and that, of the spirit which delights in making gifts
to the object of its affection (thereby
we
=
YF
s
weteFsé6UmM™/{“,*
although a costly donation, it was a most
unfortunate one. increasing affection); so, as the wakeful
As the notes of uncomplimentary and hours passed, his mind was busy with
|
even jocular criticism reached the ears of schemes for greatly arousing and encour-
the widow, she indignantly remarked, “ I aging such interests, as well as influences
wonder if they have never heard of the that would secure their judicious exercise.
command of Sacred Writ— It had been his excellent custom from
“« Never look a Gifthorse in the mouth.” time to time to hold in his study cozy
ee
Se
ae
“~~
It is not strange that those who have informal gatherings of the officers of the
suffered from gifthorses should in their church, where over the teacups they would
OO
~
disgust wish to call down fire from heaven discuss its affairs; gatherings so friendly
to exterminate the race altogether, or that and sincere that all were strengthened and
in various places societies should have been brought into deeper sympathy.
formed for their suppression, similar to the It was on one of these occasions that
Society for the Suppression of Unneces- he brought before them the cogitations of
sary Noises; but thoughtful minds will his wakeful night: the bare, unfinished
question whether, after all, this is the best church; tiie more prosperous condition
way. of many members who would now gladly
It will be recalled that from the most take part in its completion; the rumors
unpromising natural species by study and that already considerable gifts were con-
patience have been developed the very templated; the danger of a collection of
finest strains of life of which we have any unrelated and inharmonious offerings.
knowledge. May not, then, the subject of At this point Mr. Swift remarked: “I
our consideration by wise and thoughtful believe with the Scripture that a gift-
care be transformed from a bane to a horse is a vain thing for safety, but we
blessing ? can quickly eliminate the danger by a
Shall there not arise some Burbank in vote that a memorial or gift, to be
this field who will work a wonder that will accepted by the church, must have the
bless alike him who gives and him who unanimous approval of the architect and
receives ? trustees.”
Perhaps it was some idea of this kind “A wise rule, and one that should be
that led the Rev. Antiochus Abbe to give adopted as a safeguard,” said the Rev.
deep thought to the matter as it concerned Antiochus ; “ but have we not an oppor-
his own church—a building excellent in tunity to do a constructive work as well as
design as far as it went, but which for lack a repressive une? Shall we not seek to
of funds had never received the adornment arouse, especially among the young, a pas-
of detail and finish originally contemplated. sion for giving, an appreciation of it as a
While he well knew that there were great privilege, a knowledge of its joys?
members of his congregation who would Such a training, it seems to me, would be
now willingly give as memorials the cov- of even greater value than the most admi-
eted features, he really dreaded to start rable adornments that can be gained for the
the movement, lest a herd of detested gift- church. At the same time, by all mean;
horses should take possession of the place. let this training include instruction as to
One night when his— faculties were the wisest and best methods of giving.”
keenly awake, the brilliant thought occurred The scheme that the clergyman and his
748 THE OUTLOOK
officers carried out the ensuing winter proach of spring a strong desire was
embraced a variety of services, illustrated manifest to complete their church in a
lectures, and socials, all with a distinct manner worthy “the habitation of Thy
underlying object, and all so interesting ashouse,” but so well had the influences of
to draw out unusual audiences, the winter molded popular thought that
The first of these special gatherings no unwelcome gifthorse came along,
was held on a Sabbath. evening, the sub- bringing confusion to the enterprise.
ject being “‘ Thy House.” Great pains The committee in whose hands the
had been taken in the preparation of’ this business was placed invited Mr. Broadhead,
service that it might worthily set forth the architect of the church, to prepare
‘“‘the place where Thine honor dwelleth.” a complete scheme for the work in all its
The hymns and Scriptural selections allfeatures and detail. In due time the
expressed delight in God’s house; the result of the study was placed before
prayers, thankfulness for this “ very gate them, with samples of color and materials
of heaven ;” while the address recalled to be used.
with great tenderness what it had been to The walls were to be delicately treated
his people from infancy to old age, in in soft colors, giving a sense of texture
their seasons of joy and sorrow, in lives rather than detail, the emphasis and rich-
rescued from loss, in the d‘ffusion of the ness culminating in the chancel. The
knowledge and love of God, and in the great columns, whose rough stonework
final victory. had been temporarily inclosed in plaster,
The service concluded with the antiph- were now to be incased in a _ beautiful
onal rendering of the One Hundred and African marble. The tympani of the
Thirty-sixth Psalm, recited by two divisionsarches supporting the dome were to be
of young people and children, while the made eloquent with Scriptural cartoons by
audience, strengthened by the deep bass one of the most eminent mural painters
of the organ, gave with fine power the con- of the time. The windows were cared
stant refrain, “‘ For His mercy endureth for by designs not only beautiful in them-
forever.” selves, but harmonizing perfectly with the
The occasion made a deep impression. other features of the house ; nor was the
Later it was followed by illustrated lec- furnishing of even minor matters of any
kind neglected.
tures, gatherings and services, quite varied
in character, yet all bearing upon the great This well-considered scheme won gen-
purpose in view. On one of these occa-eral admiration and confidence. While the
sions a churchman from a_ neighboring costliest features were quickly appropri-
town gave an amusing account of the ated by some as memorials, others eagerly
experiences of their church with misfit assumed the balance; indeed, there was
gifts ; in closing he said: hardly “‘ enough to go around.”
“T’ve been personally the victim of When completed, the result was a great
such gifts from childhood—from the time delight even to those who could hardly
carpet slippers were given me when I understand why it pleased them so much;
needed skates. I became so hardened to but at length it was realized that it was
this kind of thing that I don’t mind, but largely on account of the harmony every-
the people of our church don’t feel so. where prevailing, whether in contrast of
They are hoping for a beneficent fire to light and shade, or materials, or surfaces,
clear out the whole outfit—they’d even or elaboration ; in them all was a delight-
rather live ‘ the simple life.’ ” ful unity, each feature combining with and
Some of the gatherings had consecra- enhancing the beauty of the other.
tion or personal service for their theme, So deeply has the Rev. Antiochus been
and were addressed by speakers whose impressed by the success, morally and
devoted and useful lives gave great weight physically, of the winter’s work that he
to their words. has under contemplation the establishment
As the winter passed, an increasing of a league (with branches in all our
change was evident; the services were churches) to be called “ Zhe Society for
more largely attended, all benevolences th: Breeding and Improvement of Gift-
far better supported, and with the ap- horses.”
 ALGERIAN SKETCHES
BY ALBERT EDWARDS
SIROCCO

T half-past four in the morning But there seemed to be hardly any wind
A there was a mighty pounding of at all—just a gentle breath from the °
my door. south, a pungent whiff from the orange
“ Diligence! Jl va partir,” the gargon orchards laden with their fragrant yellow
cried. fruit. The air was as soft as the cheek of one
Well, I must make the best of it! I of Memling’s virgins. It was appallingly
was on the quest of the primitive. I dark, too dark to get any idea of the clouds
had left Paris in a frain de luxe, had that hid the stars. I felt a sensuous de-
crossed the Mediterranean in a_ boat pression, a doleful lassitude, a sort of
decidedly less luxurious, had come from heavy breathlessness, which I attributed
Algiers to Orleanvill: in the most doleful to sleepiness and the unholy hour I had
railway train I had ever seen. Now I was left my bed.
waked at 4:30 to catch a stage-coach for In the utter darkness, a lantern, which
Ténés. From there I would go on horse- shone out suddenly on the road before us,
back to my destination—Geld-el-Haba. I almost hurt my eyes. The brake lightened
was getting what I came for, and I tried with a lugubrious screech; with a groan
to recall, as I dressed myself by candle- and jolt the diligence stopped. ‘There
light, how tired I was of such civilized com- were two people in the road, a man and a
forts as electricity and street cars. woman. The woman climbed up “on
In the little Café de la Poste I drank high” beside me. She seemed to be a
my coffee while the mail was being put on, friend of the driver, for he asked her how
and took a look at my fellow-passengers. her brother was getting along. And when
A couple of farmers and a nervous little she answered, her voice sounded young
woman—the wife of one of them—were and fresh. Once more the horses started ;
booked for the interior; a fat, pompous the jingle of their bells, the clatter of their
government official was in the coupé, th feet, made further conversation impossible.
aristocratic part of the vehicle ;and I had The feeble glow of the lantern was soon
engaged passage “ on high,” as the French lost, and we were in the dark again. I
picturesquely call the little bench atop of could faintly distinguish the tossing bodies
the coach behind the driver. of thc two white horses in our team, but
He, along, lean, cada 7erous personage— the woman beside me, two feet away,
as conceited as “whips” are the world was utterly invisible.
over—took his coffee with the coupé pas- I developed a weird interest in my
senger, not deigning to notice us more neighbor. What did she look like? Was
humble ones. As I was climbing up to her face as sweet and fresh as her voice ?
my place I heard him say to the fat One little sentence of .hers, that her
official : brother was doing well, thank you, sir,
ht- “ I fait Sirocco.” was all I knew about her.
Sirocco! 1 wender if the word calls I could guess that she was somewhere
the same picture to your mind it did to between fdéurteen and thirty. But a
en
mine—a hot, withering wind blowing up French countrywoman of fourteen is as
nd from the oven of the Sahara, a sun like scrawny and awkward as a calf. Often
he Daniel’s furnace heated seven times, Arabs at thirty they are worn and wrinkled.
ant
urging their camels toward some protect- This was not very satisfactory. Was
yur ing rock, some shelter from t'e devastat- she married? .What color was her hair?
for ing, sand-laden blast. This is what I A thousand and one impatient questions
ft- prepared for as we rumbled out of town, raced through my brain..
the bells on our six horses waking all the I felt strangely indignant—at whom I
dogs to a tumultuous protest. wasn’t quite sure; but it seemed unfair.
749
750 THE OUTLOOK 27 March

I felt that I was being cheated, defrauded. about. Did she realize the strange emo-
I figured out that it would be more than tions she had stirred in me? Why didn’t
an hour before the light would be strong she move, or cough, or sneeze, or give some
enough to get a good look at her. ‘That sign of life? My eyes ached with the
was altogether too long a wait. I stealth- strain of trying to penetrate the darkness.
ily took out my cigarette-case, not because Would she answer if I spoke to her?
I wanted to smoke, but because I wanted Would she scream if I touched her? I
to light a match. I did it very cautiously, only wanted to be sure she was still there.
as though I was committing a crime. I My cigarette had burned out, but some
seemed to be struggling against some strange paralysis kept me from lighting
strange inhibition. Most women like to be another match.
looked at, and why I should feel this way We rumbled into a village. The dogs
I didn’t know. But the slightest things barked. The brake screamed. Jolt!
seemed to take on momentous propor- Stop! A light sprang up in a window,
tions. I don’t know whether she read my and the postmaster, barefooted, his blue
intention and considered it an imperti- trousers pulled hastily over his nightgown,
nence, or whether it was just a chance, his red official cap on his tousled hair,
but for the moment, while the feeble flame opened the door. ‘There was a rustle in
shone out, her face was turned away. My the darkness at the other end of my seat.
cigarette was hopelessly lit. I tried to let I did not realize what was happening until
it go out, so I could light another match, she was half-way down the side. She
but it burned stubbornly. All I had was getting off! With a mighty effort I
caught was a faint glimpse of the back of stifled a cry of rage and protest.
her head. Her hair was dark brown or “ Bon jour, Monsieur,” she said to the
hlack. This made things worse than ever, postmaster.
as I do not like black hair—not the shiny, “* Bon jour, Simone,’’ he said.
blue-black kind. And it seemed desper- The driver had climbed down with the
ately important to assure myself that it mail-bag.
was brown. But how to do it? There “ Au revoir, Monsieur!” she said to
was a little comfort in the fact that her him in her fresh young voice, and then
hair seemed to have been done up with disappeared into the night.
care and néatness. Once she moved a For a moment she had stood, her back
little and her foot touched mine. to me, silhouetted against the yellow glow
“ Pardon, Madame,” 1 said, hoping to of the doorway. Then she had gone.
get areply. But there was none. Irresistibly I was moved to follow her. I
Why was I so exercised about this started to climb down, but the driver’
woman? I could not explain it to myself. already had his foot on the wheel ready to
It is not customary for me to.get so climb up.
excited about a strange woman I haven’t ‘“‘ No time to alight, Monsieur,” he said,
even seen. I told myself volubly thatI gruffly.
was a fool. I agreed with myself on this I began to hate him. Then he lit a
point—but it did no good. ‘This woman lantern to sort out the letters he had re-
in the dark corner beside me had cast a ceived. I hated him all the more. Why
spell over me. I was utterly, wretchedly hadn’t he done that before ‘“‘ Simone” left ?
restless. It took all the self-control I Then I might have had a good look at
possess not to reach out and touch her. her. “ Simone!” ‘The postmaster would
Was she still there, or only an hallucina- not have called her by her first name if
tion? I almost prayed for the dawn. I she had been married. And that momen-
felt that I could not answer for myself tary glimpse of her against the light had
much longer. Suddenly, off somewhere revealed a soft rounded figure—she was
in the blackness, a jackal began to wail. at least eighteen. I was convinced that
It startled me. For a moment I thought she was beautiful.
it was my own voice. -I sank back on my seat miserably de-
Strange exotic odors infested the air; pressed as we rumbled along. It was
at first I had thought them delicious. I an appalling tragedy—this unexpected
began to wonder what she was thinking descent of hers before the dawn had
1909 ALGERIAN SKETCHES 751
revealed her. ‘Simone, Simone!” The This certainly was the worst possible
name became a monotdnous, unchanging world, and Schopenhauer had only vaguely
refrain. I was oppressed by the convic- sensed the full significance of his famous
tion that Simone could have made me phrase. And most -pungent of all the
happy. And, now that she had passed overpowering pessimism was the thought
away into the night, the future stretched of the lost Simone. I could almost see
before me into an eternity of loveless Poe’s Raven sitting there in her corner,
loneliness. Simone took on all the rare croaking ‘“‘ Never more !”
traits of the wife of my imagination. But As noon approached, the heat became
somehow the idea of refinding her never deathly. ‘The jaded horses were painfully
occurred to me. She was utterly, eter- climbing up a long ascent. I had almost
nally, fatally lost. Allah, il Allah! I dropped asleep, lazily. dreaming of the
hardly cursed myself for not having been happiness which had so cruelly escaped me,
bolder while she was there. It had been when all of a sudden the six horses broke
fated so. The gods had willed that I into a glad whinny, and tossed their
should have this fleeting comprehension heads until the bells on their collars rang
of the Promised Land only to make my out as jollily as those of Santa Claus’s
eternal exile more bitter. reindeer. ‘The back of the driver in front
Gradually I realized that the day was of me straightened up with a snap, he
coming. It seemed as dark as ever, but stretched himself vigorously, let out a
the blackness was broken by a ragged, mighty sigh, and turned to me with a
uneven line—the mountain horizon. ‘The friendly grin.
ghastly wailing of the jackal ceased. And “ Ah!” he cried jovially, slapping his
one after another the dawn-birds began knee. ‘“ That’s better, isn’t it ?”
their chorus. But there was no hearty “What ?” I asked; “ what is it ?”
joyousness about it. They sang because ** Why, the wind has changed,” he said;
it was their habit to sing at this hour. * you can breathe now.”
The realization that at last the day Sure enough! I opened my mouth
was coming made me more sulky than and drank in great gulps of the new
ever. ‘Too late! ‘Too late! And as the north air, cool and keen from the sea. It
light grew clearer my evil mood intensi- was an intoxication. Never have I seen
fied. It seemed a sacrilege for the sun such a transformation. The yellow hills
to light up the corner where Simone had became golden, the red cliffs took on a
sat, to exhibit all the dust and dirt, the dazzling glory, the young grain in the
grimy, horsy old blanket she had wrapped fields waved under the refreshing breeze
about her feet. with a new and inspiring green. The
And then my pity for myself changed ruck of heavy black clouds, which the
into pity for Simone. Poor girl! She sun at the zenith had driven down to the
had to live—probably had lived all her horizon, broke up into delightful little
life—in this doleful country. Every day fragments which changed from their leaden
she must see these same dingy red and tint to whitc, then softly faded away into
yellow hills, the same scrawny gray olive the turquoise of the sky. The glare of
trees—how mournful, how funereal they the sun lost its metallic hardness. All that
looked! And every morning she must was oppressive and infectious was blown
listen to the insane, maddening, incon- out of the air, and there was left only a
gruous song of the larks! How sick one rich Arabian Nights perfume, like the
must get of the heavy scents that made incense which lovers used to burn at some
the air so oppressive ! long-forgotten shrine in the Vale of Tempe,
Then I pitied the horses, poor bony like the fragrance of the Oriental ointment
old things! How appallingly empty their with which Mary bathed her Master’s feet.
life was, trotting along day after day The birds began to sing again as though
over the same dismal road! _ I pitied some it were a new dawn.
Arabs working in the fields—slaving away In a field at the left-hand side of the
for the benefit of their French conquerors. road a white-robed Arab had left his plow
[ can’t begin to recall all the things I and was praying.
pitied as the morning wore painfully away. “ Voila ’’ exclaimed the driver, pointing
752 THE OUTLOOK
at him with his whip—‘ Thanking Allali marking him from the Midi, Narbonne
that the sirocco is over.” perhaps, or even nearer the Pyrenees; a
“ Sirocco,” I repeated mechanically. group of Spanish workmen in gorgeous
“Yes,” he said, looking at me curiously. red sashes and baggy corduroy trousers.
“Sirocco. Perhaps you’re a stranger and A dozen stolid Arabs sat on their heels
don’t know the sirocco ?” lined against the post-office. They looked
“Yes,” I said, “‘ I’m new to Algeria.” on unmoved at all the bustle. And a
“Tt’s a funny thing,” he said, philo- little way off, at the well, a group of
sophically knocking a fly off the flank of veiled wemen were filling their pig-skins
one of the leaders with the lash of his long, with water. Dirt? Yes, there was dirt.
supple whip. ‘ You never can know what But charming dirt, like Italy.
you’re going to do when the sirocco Fresh horses carried us quickly to the
strikes you. Why, last month in Trois top of the pass, and there below us was
Oliviers they had a man up for trial for the wide purple stretch of the sea. I
killing his wife. He had chopped her whistled merrily all the way down the
all to pieces. And when he came into gorge to Ténés. A gorge as highly
court all the defense he had was that the colored as the Grand Cajfion, and, withal,
sirocco was blowing. And the jury ac- much more warm and intimate. The
quitted him. They did just right, too. road twists frantically, now giving you a
For a man isn’t to blame no matter how glimpse of the sea, then squeezing itself
his head turns when the sirocco hits in between gorgeous overhanging cliffs.
him.” And at last you swing round a great knob
I began to laugh. Poor Simone! I of orange granite, and the road winds
would have liked to tell the driver about down rapidly past the old Moorish town
her, but I was afraid he might not under- to the new city and the harbor. And in
stand. Of course her finger nails are the cool freshness of the north breeze
dirty—probably she snores when she from the sea I forgot the sirocco, the
sleeps! barren plain, and Simone—almost. Not
Once more we stopped in a village for quite. I have felt a faint curiosity to
mail. What a fascinating medley! Two know what she was thinking about back
formidably armed but amiable-looking there in the darkness. Did the hot, mystic
gendarmes ; a cavalry officer with delight- breath of the Southland disquiet her too,
fully red cu/ottes; a prosperous-looking or-was it more likely that in fact she was
French colonist, his limp tam-o’-shanter thinking of her pigs and poultry?

LEFT UNDONE
BY EMILY SARGENT LEWIS

' At vesper-tide,
One virtuous and. pure in heart did pray,
* Since none I wronged in deed or word to-day,
From whom should I crave pardon? Master, say.”
A voice replied :
“From the sad child whose joy thou hast not planned;
The goaded beast whose friend thot didst not stand;
The rose that died for water from thy hand.”

me
QO
ga
as
oP
eh
DP
rf
io
Ow
-

ap
“h|
 A CENTURY OF COLONIAL HISTORY’ |
BY H. ADDINGTON BRUCE

HE characteristics which favorably 1760; five chapters follow on the labor

impressed one in reading the systems of the different colonies, the com-
first volume of Professor Chan- ing of non-English settlers, the growth of
ning’s “ History of the United States ” are education and religious toleration, and the
equally in evidence in the second volume, development of colonial industry and com-
now published after an interval of rather merce ; the volume closing with: a.recital
more than three years. It is a thoroughly of the events of the Seventy Years’ War.
scholarly book, serviceable to the general But the successive chapters are so linked
reader as well as to the student, and note- together, and the interrelations of their
worthy as containing the best account yet various themes so plainly indicated, that
written of the constitutional growth of the method adopted serves admirably to
the country during the century that closed elucidate the general truths and leading
with the fall of Quebec and the ending of principles underlying the mass of detail
the Seventy Years’ War between the Eng- with which he is called upon to deal.
te
mw
O
SS
O.
am>P lish and French colonists in America. Among: these none is of greater mo-
Like all writers of the modern scientific ment than the significance of the hundred
of school, its author lays stress on the im- years under review as a period in which
portance of securing accuracy of state- the colonists were not merely prepared
ment, and his pages bristle with foot-notes for their future independence but were
testifying to the ardor with which he has actually impelled towards it. In common ~°
pursued the task of research, and to the with other investigators who have care-
pains he has taken to justify himself by fully studied the evidence bearing on the
specific references to his sources of infor- subject, Professor Channing sees clearly
mation. But he is not so overborne by that it is no longer possible to view the
the prevailing fashion and passion for American Revolution—itself one of the
facts as to forget that the true duty of the supreme facts in the history of mankind—
historian lies in arranging far more than in as the outcome of a few years of mis-
collecting and confirming his facts, and government and oppression on the part
that they are of value only in so far as of the mother country. ‘Its causes were
they are presented and interpreted in an rooted much farther back, found their
understandable way. At first sight, to be germinal impulse in the ideals and struc-
sure, it would seem that he has regarded ture and administration of the English
the question of arrangement as of quite colonial system, and became increasingly
secondary importance. A few pages on operative with each “ reconstruction ” of
the colonial policy of the Restoration are that system. On the one hand was a
followed by a brief account of the first government which, it is true, looked upon
settlement of North and South Carolina; the colonies’ as component parts of an em-
the history of the older colonies from 1660 pire but also looked upon them as assets
to 1690, and of the founding of Pennsyl- to be controlled and regulated, politically
vania, forms the subject matter of the next and commercially, in the interests of the
half-dozen chapters; two chapters are superior part, England; on the other
given to a study of-the manner in which hand were the colonies themselves, with
the colonial system was reorganized after interests distinct from those of England,
the English Revolution of 1688-9, and the and, in accordance with the eternal prin-
beginnings of constitutional -controversy ciple of self-preservation, systematically
are then examined, with emphasis on the evading the obligations imposed on them
exceedingly stormy politics of Pennsyl- by the home government, whose failure
vania and the Carolinas from 1690 to to enforce. its laws was another factor
‘A History of the United States. By Edward
accelerating the movement toward sepa-
Channing. Vol. II. A Century of Colonial History, ration.
eo oe The Macmillan Company, New York.
32.50, net. Appreciating all this—appreciating the
vs
754 THE OUTLOOK

fact that his chief task is to make plain long and prosperous existence—from a
the workings of the colonial system with material point of view. A less ‘capable
reference to their effects on the political, and less self-assertive race of colonists
social, and industrial life of the American would perhaps have developed in Amer-
colonies—Professor Channing seldom al- ica; but, on the other hand, England
lows the attention of his readers to wander would probably have continued to’ enjoy
far from the central problem. Under his the profits to be derived from the devel-
skillful treatment a larger and truer opment of the resources of North America
meaning appears in much that usually for many years after 1775. Some such
seems sordid, wearisome, even inconse- scheme was actually proposed at this time,
quential. The perpetual and often petty but was set aside by William.” The pol-
quarrels between colonial governors and icy ultimately adopted involved merely a
colonial assemblies, or individual colonists ; modification of the existing system by
the disputes between rent-paying settlers re-establishing colonial representative in-
and rent-collecting proprietors; the con- stitutions substantially as they were before
niving of colonial officials in the illicit the “ reforms ” of Charles and James, by
trade carried on by the colonists in vio- bringing the colonies more within the
lation of the navigation laws; the variety scope of Parliamentary legislation, and by
and extent of that trade; the prevalence increasing the powers of the royal gov-
of piracy, and. of transactions between ernors. A cumbersome and inadequate
pirates and colonists ; the favoritism dis- administrative machinery was at the same
played by the English Government in time provided, which did little to check
legislating for the sugar-producing colo- the growth of constitutional freedom and
nies of the West Indies as against the personal liberty, and supplied the colonists
continental colonies—all this is shown to with fresh grounds for complaint.
have had in one way or another an im- Turning to the chapters detailing the
portant bearing on the constitutional progress of events in the several colonies,
growth of the American people and on there is much to commend and remark-
the drift towards independence. ably little to criticise. The account of
In his exposition of a system thus pro- King Philip’s War is scarcely proportion-
lific in far-reaching consequences, Pro- ate to its intrinsic importance or to the
fessor Channing is lucid, impartial, and light it throws on the gravest defects as
soundly informative. His chapter on the well as the brightest virtues of the early
reorganization effected in the years imme- Puritans. In explaining the Salem witch-
diately following the Revolutior; of 1688-9 craft craze, the influence, of the psycho-
is one of the best in the present volume. logical laws of dissociation and imitation
Perbaps never before have we had so is overlooked, resulting in an erroneous
convincing a demonstration of the truth solution of the problem. ‘The study of
that while the seeds of colonial discontent the Quakers, while full and scholarly, can-
were pretty freely sown by the later not be called sympathetic. Nor can we
Stuarts, the responsibility for the American unreservedly subscribe to the views set
Revolution lies largely at the door of Will- forth in the chapter on the growth of
iam of Orange, owing to his entire failure religious toleration. In many ways, how-
to grasp the opportunity for reconstruct- ever, this same chapter and the chapter
ing the colonial system either along lines on the progress of education are particu-
that should placate the colonists and draw larly good examples of their author’s skill
them closer to the mother country, or in marshaling a bewildering array of facts,
along lines making for a more rigid and unifying them, and getting at their ulti-
effective control. ‘Colonial affairs were mate significance. Altogether, if Pro-
so dislocated in 1689 that charters and fessor Channing can maintain the standard
precedents might easily have been aban- he has here set, he will assuredly gain for
doned and a system of absolute control himself an enviable and lasting reputation
established which would have enjoyed a as a historian of the United States.

ED BY
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