An Operator Theory Problem Book:

Introduction and references

Mohammed Hichem Mortad, Ph.D.

The University of Oran 1, Ahmed Ben Bella.
 Preface

Operator Theory is such a beautiful and elegant part of modern

(pure and applied) Mathematics. It belongs to a larger domain which
is Functional Analysis. It is also indispensable to Physics, in particular,
Quantum Mechanics as well as some parts of Engineering and Statistics.
The main subject treated in this manuscript is linear operators on
a Hilbert space (with a not negligible part on the foundations of Func-
tional Analysis). The book is mainly intended for an undergraduate
course: 3rd and 4th (even 5th in some cases) year students depend-
ing on each country and on each university. It is also a good source
of interesting exercises, problems, examples and counterexamples for
lectures and other researchers.
There are good books on Operator Theory and Functional Analy-
sis in the existing literature but only a very few propose such a wide
and varied range of exercises on many topics and with very detailed
solutions. So, this is one main value of this book. Other features
(among others) of this manuscript is the way positive operators and
square roots are presented. So is the case with the absolute value of
an operator. Also, a special treatment is given to the exponential of
an operator.
In general, I have tried as much as possible to stick to the classical
facts and notions of Operator Theory. At the same time, I have tried
to keep all the material involved readily reachable by an undergraduate
readership. This is why deeper notions on Spectral Theory or Operator
Theory have not been included or have only been mentioned superfi-
cially. For instance, the spectral theorem and the spectral measures
have been included but not too deeply. However, the way they are
presented and the good amount of examples (such as the important
properties of Aα , eA and log(A) with some conditions on A ∈ B(H))
will hopefully help students and beginners to understand this beautiful
and powerful theorem. Besides, due to the rarity of simple examples in
famous books dealing with the spectral theorem, students and nonspe-
cialists often find this theorem fairly hard to understand and they are
usually struggling with applying it. In the beginning, they regularly

3
4 PREFACE

wonder what is permissible? What is prohibited? This is not only my

point of view. This opinion is shared by many other mathematicians
including the "big names" as "The Halmos" who wrote in [93]: "An-
other reason the spectral theorem is thought to be hard is that its proof
is hard ".
Non-normal operators like subnormal, quasinormal and paranormal
operators have not been included. Hyponormal operators, however,
are presented in detail. Banach or C ∗ -algebras have not really been
considered either. As regards unbounded operators, they have been
covered without considering the concept of the adjoint. As a result,
self-adjoint and normal unbounded operators have not been considered.
There is, however, a good part on closed operators.
The prerequisites to use this book are basics of:
(1) Real Analysis.
(2) Linear Algebra.
(3) Metric Spaces.
(4) Basic Topology.
(5) Measure and Integration.
(6) Complex Analysis.
The topics covered in this book (split into 13 chapters) are:
(1) Banach Spaces.
(2) Hilbert Spaces.
(3) Bounded Linear Operators.
(4) Closed Operators.
(5) Spectral Theory.
(6) Spectral Theorem and Functional Calculi.
(7) Hyponormal Operators.
The manuscript is divided into two big parts: "Exercises et al."
and "Solutions". It contains more than 720 problems (and just over
100 are given without solutions) which are classified in four types and
the book is structured as follows (as in [155]):
(1) Basics: In this part, we recall the essential of notions and
results which are needed for the exercises. Some proofs are
given as solved exercises but not all of them. So, readers may
wish to consult the following standard references for further
reading: [2], [12], [13], [25], [48], [63], [64], [85], [97], [113],
[115], [125], [126], [127], [140], [180], [192], [193], [201],
[212] and [218].
(2) True or False: In this part (liked by many), some interest-
ing questions are proposed to the reader. Sometimes, the ques-
tions contain traps. Some of these are common errors which
 PREFACE 5

appear with different students almost every year. Thanks to

this section, students should hopefully assimilate well the pre-
sented material and should avoid making many silly mistakes.
Readers may even observe some redundancies in some cases,
but this is mainly because it is meant to deepen their under-
standing. I am certainly not a big fan of pleonasm, however,
I do believe that no detail is unnecessary!
(3) Exercises with Solutions: The major part and the core
of each chapter where many exercises are given with detailed
solutions, and as an illustration of this point, we notice that
the solutions of Exercises ?? & ?? are over twenty page long!
The exercises are culled from different sources (some are
classic, others are research papers and some are made by my-
self). I have cited most of the relevant references, and if there
is some source which I have forgotten to mention, then I sin-
cerely apologize for that. Finally, I have done my best to
include some elegant proofs on many topics.
(4) Tests: This section usually contains short exercises given with
just answers or simply hints.
(5) More Exercises: In this part, some exercises are proposed
without solutions to the interested reader.
Writing a book in mathematics is not an easy task and most authors
would certainly agree with me. I have written many papers and several
books but this one has really taken much of my time and in many times
I just wanted to abandon the whole project. Nonetheless, even with
the hard times I have gone through, I can say that overall I did enjoy
writing this book. I really hope that readers will enjoy reading it and
that it will benefit them. To conclude, I can say that the day I thought
would never come has finally and thankfully arrived! This manuscript
was accomplished on January the 06th , 2018 in the city of Oran.
I would like to warmly thank all the staff of World Scientific Pub-
lishing Company for their patience and help (in particular, Dr. Lim
Swee Cheng and Ms Tan Rok Ting).
Lastly, even though I believe that I have done my best, as a human
work, the book is certainly not perfect. So, I will be happy to hear
from readers about any possible errors, typos, suggestions or omissions
at my personal email address: mhmortad@gmail.com.
Mohammed Hichem Mortad
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